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Stress detection and monitoring is an active area of research with important implications for an individual's personal, professional, and social health. Current approaches for stress classification use traditional machine learning algorithms trained on features computed from multiple sensor modalities. These methods are data and computation-intensive, rely on hand-crafted features, and lack reproducibility. These limitations impede the practical use of stress detection and classification systems in the real world. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose Stressalyzer, a novel stress classification and personalization framework from single-modality sensor data without feature computation and selection. Stressalyzer uses only Electrodermal activity (EDA) sensor data while providing competitive results compared to the state-of-the-art techniques that use multiple sensor modalities and are computationally expensive due to the calculation of large number of features. Using the dataset collected in a laboratory setting from 15 subjects, our single-channel neural network-based model achieves a classification accuracy of 92.9% and an f1 score of 0.89 for binary stress classification. Our leave-one-subject-out analysis establishes the subjective nature of stress and shows that personalizing stress models using Stressalyzer significantly improves the model performance. Without model personalization, we found a performance decline in 40% of the subjects, suggesting the need for model personalization.

ImportanceNeurodevelopmental disabilities are commonly associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), but medical and sociodemographic factors explain only one-third of the variance in outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine whether potentially damaging de novo variants (dDNVs) in genes not previously linked to neurodevelopmental disability are associated with neurologic outcomes in CHD and, post hoc, whether some dDNVs or rare putative loss-of-function variants (pLOFs) in specific gene categories are associated with outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2017 to June 2020 in 8 US centers. Inclusion criteria were CHD, age 8 years or older, and available exome sequencing data. Individuals with pathogenic gene variants in known CHD- or neurodevelopment-related genes were excluded. Cases and controls were frequency-matched for CHD class, age group, and sex.ExposuresHeterozygous for (cases) or lacking (controls) dDNVs in genes not previously associated with neurodevelopmental disability. Participants were separately stratified as heterozygous or not heterozygous for dDNVs and/or pLOFs in 4 gene categories: chromatin modifying, constrained, high level of brain expression, and neurodevelopmental risk.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were neurodevelopmental assessments of academic achievement, intelligence, fine motor skills, executive function, attention, memory, social cognition, language, adaptive functioning, and anxiety and depression, as well as 7 structural, diffusion, and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging metrics.ResultsThe study cohort included 221 participants in the post hoc analysis and 219 in the case-control analysis (109 cases [49.8%] and 110 controls [50.2%]). Of those 219 participants (median age, 15.0 years [IQR, 10.0-21.2 years]), 120 (54.8%) were male. Cases and controls had similar primary outcomes (reading composite, spelling, and math computation on the Wide Range Achievement Test, Fourth Edition) and secondary outcomes. dDNVs and/or pLOFs in chromatin-modifying genes were associated with lower mean (SD) verbal comprehension index scores (91.4 [20.4] vs 103.4 [17.8]; P = .01), Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition, scores (57.3 [17.2] vs 49.4 [11.2]; P = .03), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, working memory scores (73.8 [16.4] vs 97.2 [15.7]; P = .03), as well as higher likelihood of autism spectrum disorder (28.6% vs 5.2%; P = .01). dDNVs and/or pLOFs in constrained genes were associated with lower mean (SD) scores on the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition (immediate story memory: 9.7 [3.7] vs 10.7 [3.0]; P = .03; immediate picture memory: 7.8 [3.1] vs 9.0 [2.9]; P = .008). Adults with dDNVs and/or pLOFs in genes with a high level of brain expression had greater Conners adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder rating scale scores (mean [SD], 55.5 [15.4] vs 46.6 [12.3]; P = .007).Conclusions and RelevanceThe study findings suggest neurodevelopmental outcomes are not associated with dDNVs as a group but may be worse in individuals with dDNVs and/or pLOFs in some gene sets, such as chromatin-modifying genes. Future studies should confirm the importance of specific gene variants to brain function and structure.

BACKGROUND Previous research has highlighted the role of stress in substance misuse and addiction, particularly for relapse risk. Mobile health interventions that incorporate real-time monitoring of physiological markers of stress offer promise for delivering tailored interventions to individuals during high-risk states of heightened stress to prevent alcohol relapse. Before such interventions can be developed, measurements of these processes in ambulatory, real-world settings are needed. OBJECTIVE This research is a proof-of-concept study to establish the feasibility of using a wearable sensor device to continuously monitor stress in an ambulatory setting. Toward that end, we first aimed to examine the quality of 2 continuously monitored physiological signals—electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate variability (HRV)—and show that the data follow standard quality measures according to the literature. Next, we examined the associations between the statistical features extracted from the EDA and HRV signals and self-reported outcomes. METHODS Participants (N=11; female: n=10) were asked to wear an Empatica E4 wearable sensor for continuous unobtrusive physiological signal collection for up to 14 days. During the same time frame, participants responded to a daily diary study using ecological momentary assessment of self-reported stress, emotions, alcohol-related cravings, pain, and discomfort via a web-based survey, which was conducted 4 times daily. Participants also participated in structured interviews throughout the study to assess daily alcohol use and to validate self-reported and physiological stress markers. In the analysis, we first used existing artifact detection methods and physiological signal processing approaches to assess the quality of the physiological data. Next, we examined the descriptive statistics for self-reported outcomes. Finally, we investigated the associations between the features of physiological signals and self-reported outcomes. RESULTS We determined that 87.86% (1,032,265/1,174,898) of the EDA signals were clean. A comparison of the frequency of skin conductance responses per minute with previous research confirmed that the physiological signals collected in the ambulatory setting were successful. The results also indicated that the statistical features of the EDA and HRV measures were significantly correlated with the self-reported outcomes, including the number of stressful events marked on the sensor device, positive and negative emotions, and experienced pain and discomfort. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the physiological data collected via an Empatica E4 wearable sensor device were consistent with previous literature in terms of the quality of the data and that features of these physiological signals were significantly associated with several self-reported outcomes among a sample of adults diagnosed with alcohol use disorder. These results suggest that ambulatory assessment of stress is feasible and can be used to develop tailored mobile health interventions to enhance sustained recovery from alcohol use disorder.

We study the long-time behavior of solutions to a measure-valued selection–mutation model that we formulated in [14] . We establish permanence results for the full model, and we study the limiting behavior even when there is more than one strategy of a given fitness; a case that arises in applications. We show that for the pure selection case the solution of the dynamical system converges to a Dirac measure centered at the fittest strategy class provided that the support of the initial measure contains a fittest strategy; thus we term this Dirac measure an Asymptotically Stable Strategy. We also show that when the strategy space is discrete, the selection–mutation model with small mutation has a locally asymptotically stable equilibrium that attracts all initial conditions that are positive at the fittest strategy.

The four ideas for urban transformation that we’ve described alter cities in fundamental ways. Cities responding to the imperatives of climate change incubate business innovation so they will thrive during the economic transition brought on by global decarbonization. They reduce their consumption of the planet’s bounty. They reengage and collaborate with nature to obtain its life-enhancing benefits. They develop new capacities to prepare for a future filled with unprecedented challenges.

Urban climate innovations for transportation and other city systems generate what innovators call cobenefits—positive effects that go beyond carbon reduction.

City laboratories around the world pursue radical goals for climate change. They want to eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the production of electricity, heating and cooling of buildings, and powering of vehicles—replacing it with renewable energy sources. They want to end the dominance of automobiles and trucks over city streets—replacing them with flows of pedestrians, bicyclists, buses, trams, and light rails that invigorate city life. They want to ensure that every new and existing building, from single- family houses to office and apartment towers and industrial facilities, uses only a small fraction of the energy and water that is currently consumed or produces surplus energy for sale. They want to eliminate the vast amount of solid waste that cities bury in landfills, dump into waterways, or ship to other places—replacing waste management with a circular economy that reduces consumption of materials while reusing and recycling nearly everything.

Cities learn from and teach each other. They naturally “connect, interact, and network,” points out Benjamin Barber in If Mayors Ruled the World.

Urban climate innovation labs are cities that have come to understand themselves, their place in the world, in a new way and act boldly on their changed awareness. They take to heart the challenge of climate change. They publicly commit to do more about it than many national governments have pledged. They immerse themselves in figuring out what they can do. And they start doing it, despite the many technical, political, economic, and social difficulties involved.

Thousands of residents of Copenhagen purchased stock in the city’s offshore and onshore wind turbines, providing investment capital that is helping the city reach its goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2025.

Nearly two centuries have passed between the birth of modern Melbourne along the Yarra River and the rise of Stockholm’s Royal Seaport district next to the Baltic Sea, between Dean Stewart’s song and Christina Salmhofer’s story. That’s a barely noticeable period on Gaia’s lifeline of billions of years and only a small fraction of the time that humanity has been making cities. In that short span, the modern city emerged as a paradigm for economic, energetic, ecological, and social life and spread across the planet. More recently, though, the modern urban model has been losing its hold on imagination and action, because it cannot solve the climate problem it helped cause. New ideas are in play and a new model for urban development, a better paradigm, is forming.

As climate innovations proliferate in cities, it has become common to hear urban innovators talk about the “transformation” of urban systems, neighborhoods, the economy, and the entire city. But what exactly about the city is being transformed, and how does transformation happen? The answers lie in our understanding of the essence of both cities and innovation.

An attempt is made to find a comprehensive mathematical framework in which to investigate the problems of well-posedness and asymptotic analysis for fully nonlinear evolutionary game theoretic models. The model should be rich enough to include all classical nonlinearities, e.g., Beverton–Holt or Ricker type. For several such models formulated on the space of integrable functions, it is known that as the variance of the payoff kernel becomes small the solution converges in the long term to a Dirac measure centered at the fittest strategy; thus the limit of the solution is not in the state space of integrable functions. Starting with the replicator–mutator equation and a generalized logistic equation as bases, a general model is formulated as a dynamical system on the state space of finite signed measures. Well-posedness is established, and then it is shown that by choosing appropriate payoff kernels this model includes all classical density models, both selection and mutation, and discrete and continuous strategy (trait) spaces.

The IAEA has organized a coordinated research project (CRP) on “Natural Circulation Phenomena, Modelling, and Reliability of Passive Systems That Utilize Natural Circulation.” Specific objectives of CRP were to (i) establish the status of knowledge: reactor start-up and operation, passive system initiation and operation, flow stability, 3-D effects, and scaling laws, (ii) investigate phenomena influencing reliability of passive natural circulation systems, (iii) review experimental databases for the phenomena, (iv) examine the ability of computer codes to predict natural circulation and related phenomena, and (v) apply methodologies for examining the reliability of passive systems. Sixteen institutes from 13 IAEA Member States have participated in this CRP. Twenty reference advanced water cooled reactor designs including evolutionary and innovative designs were selected to examine the use of natural circulation and passive systems in their designs. Twelve phenomena influencing natural circulation were identified and characterized: (1) behaviour in large pools of liquid, (2) effect of non-condensable gases on condensation heat transfer, (3) condensation on the containment structures, (4) behaviour of containment emergency systems, (5) thermo-fluid dynamics and pressure drops in various geometrical configurations, (6) natural circulation in closed loop, (7) steam liquid interaction, (8) gravity driven cooling and accumulator behaviour, (9) liquid temperature stratification, (10) behaviour of emergency heat exchangers and isolation condensers, (11) stratification and mixing of boron, and (12) core make-up tank behaviour. This paper summarizes the achievements within the CRP for the first five phenomena (1–5).

The ideas and techniques developed in [12,3] are extended to a basic stage structured model. Each strategy consists of two stages: a Juvenile (L for larvae), and Adult (A). A general model of this basic stage structure is formulated as a dynamical system on the state space of finite signed measures. Nonnegativity, well-posedness and uniform eventual boundedness are established under biologically natural conditions on the rates. Similar to [12] we also have the unifying of discrete and continuous systems and the containment of the classic nonlinearities.

Although a major focus of nuclear power reactor development efforts in industrialised countries is on large evolutionary units and design modifications that take maximum advantage of successful proven features and components, consideration is also given to utilisation of passive safety systems and inherent safety features. The various advanced reactor designs: evolutionary, large water-cooled reactor designs; evolutionary, medium size water-cooled reactor designs; concepts requiring substantial development; gas-cooled reactor concepts; and liquid metal-cooled fast reactors, incorporate a wide variety of passive safety features for initiation of safety systems, for residual heat removal and for containment heat removal. Organizations have established testing programmes to confirm their performance. A number of IAEA activities have lead to the conclusion that the use of passive safety features can be a desirable method of achieving simplification and increasing the reliability of the performance of essential safety functions. However, care should be taken to evaluate possible new failure mechanisms, and both passive and active systems should be assessed from the standpoint of reliability and economics. Key technical issues include: the quantification of reliability over a wide range of conditions: economics, speed of action, plant ageing, demonstration of technical feasibility, in-service testing, ease of maintenance and minimization of personnel radiation exposure. Many member states conduct substantial work on the design, modelling, development and reliability assessments of passive safety systems. Continued information exchange can benefit the involved member states, and the IAEA is providing a forum for review of programmes, project directions, and the results achieved.

The Bcl-2 oncoprotein is a key regulator of apoptosis and the Bag-1 protein interacts with Bcl-2 and cooperates with Bcl-2 to suppress apoptosis. The human Bag-1 cDNA is essentially identical with a previously described cDNA encoding RAP46, which interacts with activated steroid hormone receptors. However, there is considerable confusion over the structure of Bag-1/RAP46 proteins and their relationship to endogenous Bag-1 proteins. Here we have characterized Bag-1 expression in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that, in addition to the previously identified 32 kDa murine and 36 kDa human Bag-1 proteins, cells express a second 50 kDa Bag-1 isoform. In some murine cell lines p50 is expressed at the same level as p32 Bag-1, and p50 and p32 Bag-1 proteins have distinct subcellular localizations, suggesting that they are functionally distinct. The published mouse Bag-1 cDNA is partial, and sequencing of additional murine Bag-1 RNA 5ʹ sequences demonstrated that human and murine Bag-1 cDNAs contain longer open reading frames than originally suspected. We determined which open reading frames gave rise to the Bag-1 isoforms in human cells. Suprisingly, translation of neither protein initiated at the first in-frame methionine, and cells do not express Bag-1/RAP46 proteins with the previously proposed structures; p50 Bag-1 initiates at an upstream CUG codon, whereas p36 Bag-1 initiates at a downstream AUG codon. Therefore, cells express two differently localized Bag-1 isoforms generated by alternative translation initiation, and Bag-1 proteins may play a dual role in regulating apoptosis and steroid hormone-dependent transcription.

Origami is the ancient Japanese art of paper folding. It is possible to fold many intriguing geometrical shapes with paper [M]. In this article, the question we will answer is which shapes are possible to construct and which shapes are impossible to construct using origami. One of the most interesting things we discovered is that it is impossible to construct a cube with twice the volume of a given cube using origami, just as it is impossible to do using a compass and straight edge. As an unexpected surprise, our algebraic characterization of origami is related to David Hilbert's 17th problem. Hilbert's problem is to show that any rational function which is always non-negative is a sum of squares of rational functions [B]. This problem was solved by Artin in 1926 [Ar]. We would like to thank John Tate for noticing the relationship between our present work and Hilbert's 17th problem. This research is the result of a project in the Junior Fellows Program at The University of Texas. The Junior Fellows Program is a program in which a junior undergraduate strives to do original research under the guidance of a faculty mentor. The referee mentioned two references which the reader may find interesting. "Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding" addresses practical problems of paper folding [R]. Arnong many other things, Sundara Row gives constructions for the 5-gon, the 17-gon, and duplicating a cube. His constructions, however, use more general folding techniques than the ones we consider here. Felix Klein cites Row's work in his lectures on selected questions in elementary geometry [K]. In order to understand the rules of origami construction, we will first consider a sheet of everyday notebook paper. Our work with notebook paper will serve as an intuitive model for our definition of origami constructions in the Euclidean plane. There are four natural methods of folding a piece of paper. The methods will serve as the basis of the definition of an origami pair. We construct the line L1, by folding a crease between two different corners of the paper. Another line may be constructed by matching two corners. For example, if corners or and Sy are matched, the crease formed, L2, will be the perpendicular bisector of the segment orSy. Another natural construction is matching one line to another line. For instance, ,8^y, the paper's edge, and L2 are lines. If we lay ,8^y upon L2 and form the crease, then we obtain L3 which is the angle bisector of the two lines. If we start with two parallel lines in this third construction, then we will just get a parallel line half way in between. The fourth and final construction which seems natural is consecutive folding. This is similar to rolling up the sheet of paper only one does not roll it up, he folds it up. More explicitly, start with a piece of paper with two creases on it as in Figure 2. Fold along line Ll and do not unfold the piece of paper. Notice that line L2 lies

The first electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements for the divalent aluminum radical HA1OH with sufficient resolution to confirm its non-linear geometry are presented. Isotopic substitutions permitted the study of Ha1OH, DA1OD and HA1 17 OH in neon and argon matrices at 4 K. The radicals were generated by the reaction of laser vaporized aluminum with H 2 O (g) . New electronic structure information was obtained from the nuclear hyperfine interactions ( A tensors) of H, D and 17 ( I = 5 2 ). Configuration interaction (CI) calculations of the isotropic and dipolar components of the A tensors were conducted for comparison with these experimental results for both the cis and trans conformers of Ha1OH.

Clinically significant upper limb vascular disease is much less common than lower limb vascular disease.

It gives us great pleasure to bring out this special issue on “Natural circulation in nuclear reactor systems” which assumes special significance in the context of present energy technology scenarios. Today nuclear energy produces about 15% of total world electricity. However, public concern about the safety of nuclear plants has resulted in sociopolitical constraints on its use in some countries. Now a worldwide renewed interest in nuclear energy is evident which is caused mainly by the following factors: (a) progressively dwindling world reserve of fossil fuel, (b) a deep-rooted concern about global warming, (c) increasing oil price, and (d) good performance of current plants. These factors are leading to rising expectations for nuclear energy for the future. For the sustenance of this renewed interest, besides fuel resource, a number of important issues are being addressed leading to the development of advanced reactor designs as well as fuel cycle technologies. The major issues, which these advanced reactors and fuel cycle concepts are addressing, include economic competitiveness, achieving very high level of safety, waste disposal, environmental effects and proliferation resistance. An important feature of several advanced reactors designs is the incorporation of passive safety systems. The IAEA conference on “The Safety of Nuclear Power: Strategy for the Future,” convened in 1991, recommended that for new plants “the use of passive safety features is a desirable method of achieving simplification and increasing the reliability of the performance of essential safety functions and should be used wherever appropriate.” Nuclear plant designers select active safety systems, passive safety systems, or combinations considering fulfilment of required safety functions with sufficient reliability, and the impact on plant operation and cost. A number of passive systems incorporated in advanced reactors employ natural circulation as the mode of energy removal underlining the importance of natural circulation in nuclear reactor design By definition, natural circulation is a process in which the fluid motion is driven by a density gradient and no external source of energy is required. However, the driving head for natural circulation is low and can be influenced by small changes in operating conditions. Sometimes the flow is not fully developed and can be multidimensional in nature. All these have led to the need of thoroughly understanding the phenomena involved to ensure reliability of natural circulation systems. This has necessitated dissemination of knowledge in this complex and important area. This special issue is a timely and very effective step in this direction. The papers in this issue cover most of the important aspects of natural circulation-modeling and code development, experimental investigations, development of performance evaluation tools, flow instabilities, safety analysis, and lastly reliability of natural circulation systems. This issue has been a modest effort to bring to the readers an update on a subject of importance to the reactor designers. We are sure that the readers of this issue will find the papers of immense value and get provoked to explore further in this area.

The research reported here has been conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Division of Regulatory Applications of the Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. The short-term thermal response of the Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR) is analyzed for a range of flow and reactivity transients. These transients include loss of forced circulation without scram, spurious withdrawal of a control rod group, moisture ingress, control rod and control rod group ejections, and a rapid core cooling event. For each event analyzed, an event description, a discussion of the analysis approach and assumptions, and results are presented. When possible, results of these analyses are compared with those presented by the designers in the MHTGR Preliminary Safety Information Document and in the MHTGR Probabilistic Risk Assessment. The importance of inherent safety features is illustrated, and conclusions are presented regarding the safety performance of the MHTGR. Recommendations are made for a more in-depth examination of MHTGR response for some of the analyzed transients. The coupled heat transfer-neutron kinetics model is described in detail in Appendix A.