104 results on '"John L. Worrall"'
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2. Smart policing in Frisco, Texas: geographic and temporal displacement in a micro place
- Author
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John L. Worrall
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Effects on calls for service of police ‘scarecrow’ cars
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John L. Worrall, Quinn Gordon, and P.A. Zanolini
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Law ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2022
4. The Changing Role of the American Prosecutor
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John L. Worrall, M. Elaine Nugent-Borakove, John L. Worrall, M. Elaine Nugent-Borakove and John L. Worrall, M. Elaine Nugent-Borakove, John L. Worrall, M. Elaine Nugent-Borakove
- Published
- 2014
5. Social disorganization and police arrest trajectories
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Ivan T Wong and John L. Worrall
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050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Criminology ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Social disorganization - Abstract
Prior police decision-making research is limited by (1) its emphasis on individual and organizational predictors and (2) cross-sectional designs, which fail to account for the time-varying aspects of police activities and the factors explaining them. Using group-based trajectory modeling, this study tested the ability of social disorganization theory to explain arrest activity at the Census block group level in Dallas, Texas. Social disorganization variables helped predict certain arrest trajectories, but not all of them. Specifically, socio-economic status was significant in low and medium arrest trajectory groups. An interaction between racial heterogeneity and family disruption was also significant in the medium arrest trajectory group. Theoretical implications are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
6. Use of vascular neck restraints in law enforcement: A case-study of Spokane, WA
- Author
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Matthew J. Hickman, Jared Strote, John L. Worrall, and Robert M. Scales
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George (robot) ,Law ,Political science ,education ,Law enforcement ,Legislature ,sense organs ,humanities ,health care economics and organizations ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
The high-profile deaths of Eric Garner and George Floyd have led to legislative actions banning the use of neck restraints by law enforcement officers. The debates behind these policy changes are i...
- Published
- 2021
7. Citation Data and Analysis: Limitations and Shortcomings
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John L. Worrall and Ellen G. Cohn
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Law - Abstract
As a means for measuring scholarly influence, citation analysis has several limitations and shortcomings. We first review the main sources of citation data (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and information collected directly from reference lists) and discuss the shortcomings of each source. Next, we review five significant limitations of citation analysis as a methodology (academic over popular interest, various motivations for citing, manipulation potential, failure to account for author ordering, and citations only appearing in “indexed” journals). The issues we touch on set the stage for the remainder of the articles in this special issue.
- Published
- 2023
8. Beyond Citation Counts: Reassessing Top Criminologists’ 'Influence' With Altmetric Scores
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Whitney S. Sanders, Jessica Corey, and John L. Worrall
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Law - Abstract
Criminal justice and criminology (CCJ), like many academic disciplines, conducts its share of rankings. Citation-based ranks of individual scholars are particularly popular, and they tend to consistently identify the field’s supposedly “top” scholars and “academic stars.” Whether citations equate with “influence,” however, is up for debate. At the least, citation-based metrics are unidimensional and fail to capture attention outside academia. Accordingly, we drew on the work of Cohn et al. and re-ranked top-cited scholars using the Google Chrome “Altmetric it!” bookmarklet. As expected, the Altmetrics methodology fundamentally altered past rankings. The most influential scholars in our rankings, Terrie E. Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi, received higher Altmetric scores than all the remaining ranked scholars combined.
- Published
- 2023
9. Willingness to Pay for Police Reform
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John L. Worrall and Zachary A. Powell
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Willingness to pay ,Consent decree ,Political science ,Law ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Control (management) ,Section (typography) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Violent crime ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Consent decrees, authorized by Section 14141 of the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act, represent one of the most powerful governmental tools used to encourage—and possibly force—police reform. The consent decree process, however, carries a significant fiscal burden; in some cases, the cost of police reform inhibits agencies’ cooperation with the decrees. One possible solution to this problem calls for the creation of a public-supported police reform fund, whose monies are reserved strictly for consent decrees. Guided by focal concerns theory, this study reports on a factorial survey experiment used to assess variation across individuals’ willingness to pay for police reform. Results indicate that the seriousness of a police reform issue and the agency’s ability to pay for reform act as significant drivers of endorsement of a police reform fund.
- Published
- 2021
10. Police Stress and Race: Using General Strain Theory to Examine Racial Differences in Police Misconduct
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Alex R. Piquero, Stephen A. Bishopp, Jessica Melonnie Rosenthal, John L. Worrall, and Nicole Leeper Piquero
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biology ,Distrust ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General strain theory ,Criminology ,humanities ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Misconduct ,Race (biology) ,Toll ,Stress (linguistics) ,biology.protein ,Racial differences ,Psychology ,Law ,media_common - Abstract
A large body of research demonstrates the toll stress takes on police. However, with recent high-profile force incidents that have fueled distrust of police especially within minority communities, there is reason to expect that minority officers experience stress differently than their white counterparts. Within the context of Agnew’s (1992) General Strain Theory, this study examines the relationship between police stress and misconduct. As well, since a police stress/anger relationship has been found, we also analyze racial differences in the extent to which negative affect (anger) mediates the stress/outcome relationship. Using data from a survey of over 1,400 police officers working in three large cities in Texas, we find that stress is significantly related to officers’ acts of misconduct within both races. Moreover, there are noticeable differences in the role anger plays in the stress/misconduct relationship among white and minority officers.
- Published
- 2020
11. The effect of suspect race on police officers’ decisions to draw their weapons
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William Terrill, Stephen A. Bishopp, and John L. Worrall
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050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Context (language use) ,Criminology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Race (biology) ,Deadly force ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Racial bias ,0509 other social sciences ,Suspect ,Psychology ,Law ,Use of force ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
Researchers are working to identify appropriate benchmarks for exploring racial bias in the officer-involved shooting (OIS) context. Two recent studies benchmarked OIS against incidents in which of...
- Published
- 2020
12. Correction to: Marijuana Legalization and U.S. Postal Inspection Service Seizures: An Exploration of Black Market Activity
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John L. Worrall, Sungil Han, and Merin Sanil Mannumood
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Law - Published
- 2022
13. Criminal Procedure : From First Contact to Appeal
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John L. Worrall and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
Criminal Procedure is an authentic study of criminal procedure, for both the novice reader and aspiring law student. It provides a comprehensive introduction to criminal procedure, from a first encounter with the police, all the way through to appeal. Assuming no legal expertise, the text connects criminal procedure cases to real-life implications through innovative pedagogy. For example, decision-making exercises position you as judge and challenge you to decide cases based on the facts presented. Conversational and easy to read, the 7th Edition adds Supreme Court decisions through the 2021-22 term and analyzes their impact on criminal and legal processes. Topics covered include qualified immunity, pretrial detentions, victim impact statements and warning shots, among many others.
- Published
- 2023
14. Policing (Justice Series)
- Author
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John L. Worrall, Frank Schmalleger, John L. Worrall, and Frank Schmalleger
- Abstract
Policing is a clear, thought-provoking exploration of core concepts, the latest research and current events shaping criminal justice today. As part of the Justice Series, it's built to be affordable without sacrificing academic rigor, and it will move you beyond memorization to true understanding. The concise, conversational writing style keeps the content engaging while supporting your comprehension. The 4th Edition has been extensively revised with the latest research and court cases. Changes appear throughout, including coverage of procedural justice, defunding the police and de-escalation. Updated case studies at the start and end of each chapter highlight the latest issues confronting US police forces.
- Published
- 2023
15. ARTICLE: Determining Intellectual Disability in Death Penalty Cases: A State-by-State Analysis
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John L. Worrall and Jennifer LaPrade
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Actuarial science ,Variation (linguistics) ,State (polity) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Intellectual disability ,medicine ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,Burden of proof ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,medicine.disease ,Psychology ,Supreme court ,media_common - Abstract
In Moore v. Texas (2017), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Texas death penalty definitions of intellectual disability were inadequate because they strayed too far from clinical definitions. This study examines how each state defines intellectual disability with regard to death penalty eligibility. It reveals a wide variation in the standards used by states, with no clear consensus on definitions of intellectual disability or who should measure it. Variations pertain to age at onset, proof of intellectual disability status at the time of the crime, burden of proof required to make the intellectual disability determination, and who makes the final decision. Implications and suggestions for the future are discussed.
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- 2020
16. Negative Affective Responses to Stress among Urban Police Officers: A General Strain Theory Approach
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Nicole Leeper Piquero, Alex R. Piquero, Stephen A. Bishopp, and John L. Worrall
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General strain theory ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Burnout ,Organizational stress ,Anger ,Officer ,Clinical Psychology ,Misconduct ,Stress (linguistics) ,050501 criminology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,0505 law ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,media_common - Abstract
The larger literature on police stress indicates that much of their stress emanates from two sources: organizational and environmental. These sources coexist in officers’ lives but function differently across police agencies. Officer experiences with stress also tend to lead to emotional reactions, some of which can be negative and increase the risk of misconduct. Agnew’s general strain theory provides one useful theoretical framework within which the relationship between officer strain and negative emotions can be investigated. Using data from three urban Texas police agencies, this study investigates the main sources of police strain as predictors of anger, depression, and burnout. Further, differences in negative emotions across agencies are also examined. Results show that organizational stress is significantly related to all three negative emotions across agencies. Implications and future research directions are highlighted.
- Published
- 2018
17. Exploring Bias in Police Shooting Decisions With Real Shoot/Don’t Shoot Cases
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Scott W. Phillips, Stephen A. Bishopp, Scott C. Zinser, John L. Worrall, and Andrew P. Wheeler
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05 social sciences ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Criminology ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Race (biology) ,050501 criminology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Narrative ,Suspect ,Psychology ,Law ,Use of force ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,0505 law - Abstract
The controversy surrounding recent high-profile police shootings (e.g., Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri; Laquan McDonald in Chicago) has prompted inquiry into the possible existence of bias in officers’ use-of-force decisions. Using a balanced mix of shoot/don’t shoot cases from a large municipal police department in the Southwestern United States, this study analyzed the effect of suspect race on officers’ decisions to shoot—while accounting for other theoretically relevant factors. Findings suggest that Black suspects were not disproportionately the target of police shootings; Black suspects were approximately one third as likely to be shot as other suspects. This finding challenges the current bias narrative and is consistent with the other race-related findings in recently published research.
- Published
- 2018
18. Criminal Law (Justice Series)
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Jennifer L. Moore, John L. Worrall, Jennifer L. Moore, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
For courses in criminal law.Brief. Affordable. Visual.Criminal Law provides an affordable, thought-provoking look at criminal law that uses clear writing and eye-catching visuals to get you straight to the important concepts. By focusing on the core concepts, you'll gain true understanding of the material, without becoming overwhelmed with unnecessary information. The book's conversation-starting pedagogy encourages active participation in learning, moving you beyond memorization by engaging you in the latest research findings and current events shaping the field. The text also covers all of the latest hot-button issues in criminal law and includes interesting, fresh, and controversial cases.
- Published
- 2021
19. Introduction to Criminal Justice
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Larry Siegel, John L. Worrall, Larry Siegel, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
Take a close look at the intriguing concepts, policies and processes at work in today's criminal justice system with Siegel/Worrall's best-selling INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 17E. Known for trusted, solidly researched content, this reader-friendly presentation examines the impact of recent events, such as the coronavirus pandemic, racial unrest and publicized shootings, on crime and the criminal justice system. This edition is packed with provocative, high-profile examples and the latest developments and trends -- from new crime-countering technology to efforts in criminal justice reform. Inviting narratives, vivid illustrations, fascinating cases and special topic features delve into the intricate workings of policing, courts and correctional systems. You examine issues such as stereotyping, recent scandals and the implications of court decisions. MindTap digital resources further reinforce your skills with short audiocast episodes, career decision-making scenarios and riveting examples.
- Published
- 2021
20. What Factors Influence an Officer’s Decision to Shoot? The Promise and Limitations of Using Public Data
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Stephen A. Bishopp, John L. Worrall, Andrew P. Wheeler, and Scott W. Phillips
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fungi ,05 social sciences ,food and beverages ,Police department ,Criminology ,Officer ,Political science ,Agency (sociology) ,050501 criminology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Racial bias ,Set (psychology) ,Use of force ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,0505 law - Abstract
We analyze a set of 207 Dallas Police Department officer-involved shooting incidents in reference to 1,702 instances in which officers from the same agency drew their firearms but did not shoot at the suspect. We find that situational factors of whether the suspect was armed and whether an officer was injured were the best predictors of the decision to shoot. We also find that African Americans are less likely than Whites to be shot. It is important to collect data on encounters in which weapons are and are not discharged. Analyses examining only shootings is fundamentally limited in assessing racial bias.
- Published
- 2017
21. Validating media-driven and crowdsourced police shooting data: a research note
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Haley R. Zettler, John L. Worrall, and Turgut Ozkan
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GeneralLiterature_INTRODUCTORYANDSURVEY ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Civilian casualties ,05 social sciences ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Crowdsourcing ,Data science ,050501 criminology ,business ,Law ,computer ,0505 law - Abstract
Researchers have yet to explore the validity of ‘unofficial’ media-driven and crowdsourced police-involved killings data. This omission is important because unofficial data are touted as providing ...
- Published
- 2017
22. A Psychosocial Test of the Maturity Gap Thesis
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John L. Worrall and Turgut Ozkan
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media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Test (assessment) ,Developmental psychology ,Maturity (psychological) ,050501 criminology ,Juvenile delinquency ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Psychosocial ,General Psychology ,Autonomy ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
Previous tests of the maturity gap thesis incorporated one-dimensional autonomy-based measures of social maturity. We present the first test of the maturity gap thesis to incorporate psychosocial measures (i.e., temperance, responsibility, and perspective). Four delinquency and substance abuse variables from Wave 2 of the Add Health data were regressed on the following variables developed from Wave 1: relative pubertal development, relative psychosocial maturity, personal autonomy, and interactions among each ( n = 4,530 participants younger than 18 and 294 older than 18). Personal autonomy lost significance when psychosocial maturity, personal autonomy, and pubertal development were included in the same model. However, psychosocial maturity did not clearly interact with either personal autonomy or pubertal development. Psychosocial maturity was associated with deviant behaviors for both males and females, above and below age 18.
- Published
- 2017
23. General strain and police misconduct: the role of organizational influence
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John L. Worrall, Stephen A. Bishopp, and Nicole Leeper Piquero
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Public Administration ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General strain theory ,05 social sciences ,Stressor ,Anger ,Work experience ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Officer ,Misconduct ,Originality ,050501 criminology ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Deviance (sociology) ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the utility of general strain theory in explaining the relationship between organizational stress and police deviance. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a non-random sample of 1,389 police officers in three large cities in Texas. The survey instrument used for this research was the Police Work Experience Survey. Results from regression analyses are presented. Findings Findings showed that the organization influenced police misconduct, but misconduct was dependent upon the specific type of strain encountered. Research limitations/implications Results show that instances of police deviance depend on the types of strains encountered. Additionally, anger plays a significant role when examining organizational strain. Police administrators should move to reduce organizational strains to reduce instances of police misconduct. Originality/value Currently, there is very little theoretical work in understanding police misconduct. And no studies have drawn linkages between organizational stressors and self-reported officer misconduct. At a time when police behavior is at the forefront of the social policy reform, the examination of potential correlates of police misconduct is the first step toward controlling it.
- Published
- 2016
24. Consent Decrees and Police Reform
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John L. Worrall and Zachary A. Powell
- Subjects
Political science ,Consent decree ,Law - Abstract
Charged with enforcing the law and regulating human behavior, the police have considerable leeway in their ability to control the population. On occasion, situations arise in which police officers misuse their authority, resulting in racially discriminatory practices, illegal searches and seizures, abusive use of force, or other forms of misbehavior. In some cases, unconstitutional practices are isolated incidents that are restricted to the actions of a small group of officers; in other cases, misbehavior may be more emblematic of a systemic problem within a criminal justice agency. To the extent that a pattern or practice of unconstitutional behavior exists, the interest of any government, and the people governed, is in limiting official misconduct. One method of correcting unconstitutional behavior is through a consent decree, a court-ordered agreement following a major U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) investigation that is designed to correct long-standing unconstitutional practices within police departments. Despite the fact that consent decrees have been available to the DOJ for nearly 25 years, their use is somewhat limited (especially lately, in light of the Trump administration’s resistance to their use). A small body of evidence suggests there is promise for consent decrees as a tool for correcting police misbehavior. Existing studies show consent decrees are correlated with boosted citizen perceptions of treated police departments, lower counts of civil rights litigation, and improved methods for recording and disciplining police misbehavior. The influence of a consent decree may gradually build up over time before lapsing post-treatment. In addition, focus group interviews with law enforcement officers suggest that many express apprehension about the goals of reform and the impact on the day-to-day lives of police officers. A number of questions remain unanswered that require further exploration from the field.
- Published
- 2019
25. Community Prosecution Code Enforcement in Dallas, Texas
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Andrew P. Wheeler, Justine Medrano, and John L. Worrall
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Law ,Code enforcement ,Business - Published
- 2018
26. Predicting firearm and CEW displays as police officers' response to resistance
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John L. Worrall and Jordan R. Riddell
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Applied psychology ,Police department ,Resistance (psychoanalysis) ,Subject Characteristics ,Variance (accounting) ,Logistic regression ,Officer ,Racial bias ,Situational ethics ,Psychology ,Law ,Applied Psychology - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with officer firearm and conducted energy weapon displays. Our specific concern was whether black subjects were more likely to have firearms drawn against them relative to other subjects. Methods Officer- and incident-level “response to resistance” data from the New Orleans Police Department were analyzed. Logistic regression models controlling for officer, subject, and situational factors were estimated to predict officer weapon draws. Results When analyzing all officer-level actions, black subjects were more likely to have firearms drawn against them than other subjects, but subject race was insignificant in incident-level analyses. Additionally, situational characteristics explained more variance in the data than officer or subject characteristics alone. Conclusions We found no consistent evidence of racial bias in firearm draws. Results hinged to an extent on the samples analyzed and statistical models estimated. In addition, our findings apply solely to one city and highlight the complexity of use-of-force research and the need for further replication.
- Published
- 2021
27. Investigative Resources and Crime Clearances: A Group-Based Trajectory Approach
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John L. Worrall
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Group based ,Crime type ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Law enforcement ,Workload ,social sciences ,Criminology ,Criminal investigation ,Property crime ,Clearing ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Psychology ,Law ,health care economics and organizations ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Multinomial logistic regression - Abstract
Past studies of crime clearance rates have largely ignored the role of investigators in the process. This omission is important because criminal investigation is essential to clearing crimes, particularly those in which offenders are not readily identifiable. Using data from 570 law enforcement agencies spanning a 13-year period from 2000 to 2012, this study developed group-based trajectories of violent and property crime clearance rates (an approach not taken in previous clearance rate research), then modeled group membership with two measures of investigative spending and one of the proportion of investigators in sampled agencies (“investigative resources”), while controlling for factors such as workload and crime type. Results from a series of multinomial regression models suggest investigative resources play only a marginal role in crime clearance trajectories. This finding is consistent with early detective research, including the classic RAND criminal investigative process study.
- Published
- 2016
28. Does Minority Representation in Police Agencies Reduce Assaults on the Police?
- Author
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Turgut Ozkan, Alex R. Piquero, and John L. Worrall
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African american ,Officer ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050501 criminology ,Law enforcement ,Sociology ,Law ,Social psychology ,0505 law ,Diversity (politics) ,media_common ,Representation (politics) - Abstract
Following recent high-profile deaths of unarmed African American suspects at the hands of police, a number of reforms have been proposed, among them improved minority representation in the ranks of law enforcement organizations. Previous research has explored the effects of minority representation on complaints against the police and other behaviors, but very few studies have examined violence toward the police. We merged several data sources together and tested the hypothesis that minority representation within police departments is inversely associated with assaults against the police. In an extension of prior research, we also conducted separate analyses for African American, Hispanic, and Asian officer representation. The results did not support the expectation that diversity within police organizations results in improved police-citizen interactions, as measured by assaults on police. This study is one of the few to examine how different measures of minority representation in police agencies relates to assaults on the police.
- Published
- 2016
29. Editorial
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John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Law ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2019
30. Criminal Procedure : From First Contact to Appeal
- Author
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John L. Worrall and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. This print textbook is available for students to rent for their classes. The Pearson print rental program provides students with affordable access to learning materials, so they come to class ready to succeed. For courses in criminal procedure.Basic introductory approach to criminal procedure, with a real-world slantCriminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal is a comprehensive introduction to criminal procedure, from the point where individuals first come into contact with the police, all the way through to appeal. Presupposing no legal expertise, the text connects criminal procedure cases to their real-world implications through innovative pedagogy, such as decision-making exercises that position students as judge. The 6th edition adds Supreme Court decisions through the 2016-17 term and analyzes their impact on criminal and legal processes.Criminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal, 6th Edition, is also available via Revel™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
- Published
- 2018
31. Crime Control in America : What Works?
- Author
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John L. Worrall and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in crime prevention, introduction to criminal justice, and criminal justice policy.Balanced, comprehensive introduction to crime controlCrime Control in America: What Works? provides comprehensive coverage of what works in policing, prosecution, courts, and legislative methods of crime control. It also moves beyond the justice system and examines the effectiveness of crime control at the individual, family, school, and community levels. Finally, it covers environmental criminology and explanations of large-scale crime trends. The 4th edition includes new sections covering the most current and controversial topics in crime control, including the alleged Ferguson effect, immigration enforcement, raising the age of majority, and mass shootings.
- Published
- 2018
32. Essentials of Criminal Justice
- Author
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Larry Siegel, John L. Worrall, Larry Siegel, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
Master the ins and outs of the criminal justice system and succeed in your course with ESSENTIALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 11th Edition. With its cutting-edge high-profile cases, detailed career information and resources, integrated learning objectives, and unique myth-busting theme, this eye-opening text and its supporting resources will help you excel in this course and beyond. The accompanying MindTap digital resource guides you through your course and includes video cases, career scenarios, visual summaries, and chapter quizzes with feedback to help you prepare for exams.
- Published
- 2018
33. Validating Peer Review in Criminal Justice Evaluation Research: Evidence from CrimeSolutions.gov
- Author
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John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Scientific enterprise ,Government ,Operationalization ,Impact factor ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public relations ,Education ,Social Sciences Citation Index ,Quality (business) ,business ,Psychology ,Law ,media_common ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Peer review is the bedrock of the scientific enterprise, yet it enjoys scant validation. The federal government’s CrimeSolutions.gov initiative provides a unique opportunity to address this limitation. As part of the initiative, trained experts evaluate criminal justice evaluation research on several of the same criteria editors use to make publication decisions. Data from a sample of articles published in Social Sciences Citation Index journals were obtained from the CrimeSolutions.gov database, then used to model publication quality, operationalized as the product of the journal’s five-year impact factor and article citations per year (an article-level measure). The model explained only five percent of the variation in publication quality, raising several questions about the validity of peer review in criminal justice evaluation research.
- Published
- 2015
34. Criminal Law (Justice Series) (2-downloads)
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Jennifer L. Moore, John L. Worrall, Jennifer L. Moore, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in Criminal Law Brief. Affordable. Visual. Criminal Law provides an affordable, thought-provoking look at criminal law that uses clear writing and eye-catching visuals to get your students straight to the important concepts. By focusing on the core concepts, students will gain true understanding of the material, without becoming overwhelmed with unnecessary information. The book's conversation-starting pedagogy encourages active participation in learning, moving students beyond memorization by engaging them in the latest research findings and current events shaping the field. Updated throughout, the Second Edition covers all of the latest hot-button issues in criminal law and includes interesting, fresh, and controversial cases. All of the existing Court Decision boxes are expanded so that instructors can assign them as case briefs or delve deeper into the cases in the classroom. Criminal Law, Second Edition is also available via Revel™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
- Published
- 2017
35. Courts and Criminal Justice in America
- Author
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Larry J Siegel, Frank Schmalleger, John L. Worrall, Larry J Siegel, Frank Schmalleger, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For all courses in courts and criminal justice A balanced, modern, comprehensive approach to the court system in America today Courts and Criminal Justice in America, Third Edition, is the collaboration of the most popular criminal justice authors of the century. Featuring a balanced and modern presentation, this book not only looks at the basic structure of the court system and court process, but also covers cutting-edge topics and all sides of the most controversial issues facing courts today. This student-friendly text does not presuppose any knowledge about the courts or how they operate. Highlighted controversial cases illustrate the tremendous power that the court system has to regulate citizens'lives, to shape what is acceptable and what is forbidden, and to ensure that criminal justice policy balances both rights and liberties. Extensively revised throughout, the Third Edition features new and updated statistics, chapter-opening stories, and Courts in the News and What Will You Do? features that challenge readers to think critically and draw their own conclusions. This respected author team delivers the most comprehensive introduction to America's courts, their personnel, and the context in which they operate on the market today. Courts and Criminal Justice in America, Third Edition, is also available via Revel™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
- Published
- 2017
36. Policing (Justice Series)
- Author
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John L. Worrall, Frank Schmalleger, John L. Worrall, and Frank Schmalleger
- Abstract
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in Introduction to Policing Brief. Affordable. Visual. Policing, Third Edition, provides an affordable, thought-provoking look at policing that uses clear writing and eye-catching visuals to get your students straight to the important concepts. By focusing on these core concepts, students will gain true understanding of the material, without becoming overwhelmed with unnecessary information. The book's conversation-starting pedagogy encourages active participation in learning, moving students beyond memorization by engaging them in the latest research findings and current events shaping the field. Policing, Third Edition, is also available via Revel™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
- Published
- 2017
37. Introduction to Criminal Justice
- Author
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Larry Siegel, John L. Worrall, Larry Siegel, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
Engaging, visually dynamic, and packed with vivid illustrations, INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Sixteenth Edition, gives you an exciting behind-the-scenes look at the workings of the police, courts, and correctional systems while equipping you with a solid understanding of criminal justice concepts. With its balanced and objective presentation, to-the-point writing style, and interactive online tools, the text effectively guides you through the intricate workings of the processes of justice as well as key policy issues. In addition, an emphasis on today's career options -- including insight from numerous professionals on the rewards and realities of their jobs -- prepares you for success beyond the classroom.
- Published
- 2017
38. Criminal Procedure (Justice Series)
- Author
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John L. Worrall and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in Criminal Procedure Brief. Affordable. Visual. Criminal Procedure, Third Edition, provides an affordable, thought-provoking look at criminal procedure that uses clear writing and eye-catching visuals to get your students straight to the important concepts. By focusing on these core concepts, students will gain true understanding of the material, without becoming overwhelmed with unnecessary information. The book's conversation-starting pedagogy encourages active participation in learning, moving students beyond memorization by engaging them in the latest research findings and current events shaping the field. Criminal Procedure, Third Edition, is also available via Revel™, an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience.
- Published
- 2017
39. How Far From the Tree Does the Apple Fall? Field Training Officers, Their Trainees, and Allegations of Misconduct
- Author
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Robert G. Morris, Ryan M. Getty, and John L. Worrall
- Subjects
business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Multilevel model ,Applied psychology ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Quarter (United States coin) ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Misconduct ,FTOS ,050501 criminology ,Medicine ,business ,Law ,Social psychology ,0505 law - Abstract
Grounded in both organizational- and individual-level theories, this study examined the relationship between police field training officers (FTOs) and their trainees’ subsequent allegations of misconduct. Trainees in the sample were each exposed to multiple FTOs, which presented a unique methodological problem. As such, multilevel models that permitted the nesting of individual trainees within multiple higher order groups of FTOs were estimated. Results revealed that approximately one quarter of the variation in trainees’ allegations of postsupervision misconduct was attributed to FTOs, suggesting the apple (trainee) indeed falls close to the tree (FTO). Implications for FTO selection and training are discussed.
- Published
- 2014
40. Essentials of Criminal Justice
- Author
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Larry J. Siegel, John L. Worrall, Larry J. Siegel, and John L. Worrall
- Abstract
Are you an unsuspecting'victim'of the'CSI effect'? Master the ins and outs of the criminal justice system and succeed in your course with ESSENTIALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Tenth Edition. With its cutting-edge high-profile cases, detailed career information and resources, integrated learning objectives, and unique myth-busting theme, this eye-opening text and its supporting resources will help you excel in this course and beyond. The MindTap that accompanies this text guides you through your course and includes video cases, career scenarios, visual summaries, and interactive labs that allow you to explore investigative techniques.
- Published
- 2016
41. Analyzing the Presence and Consequences of Unobserved Heterogeneity in Recidivism Research
- Author
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Robert G. Morris, John L. Worrall, J. C. Barnes, and Erin A. Orrick
- Subjects
Engineering ,Recidivism ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Prison ,Context (language use) ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Injury prevention ,Covariate ,050501 criminology ,Econometrics ,Mixture modeling ,business ,Law ,computer ,0505 law ,media_common - Abstract
This study extends research on recidivism by examining the phenomenon via a survival mixture modeling approach, a method that is analogous to mixture modeling approaches used in trajectory analyses. Using this approach, the authors discover that multiple recidivism profiles are identifiable within a random sample of inmates released from Florida prisons between January 1998 and June 2001. Findings revealed that certain covariates predicted class membership and operated differently across the groups in predicting the hazard of recidivism, suggesting that a unilateral approach to reducing recidivism risk is an ineffective strategy. The Discussion section presents the findings in the context of theory, research, and policy.
- Published
- 2013
42. The Moderating Effects of Informal Social Control in the Sanctions-Compliance Nexus
- Author
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Alex R. Piquero, Nicole R. Els, Michael TenEyck, and John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Vignette ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sanctions ,Informal social control ,Deterrence theory ,Situational ethics ,Certainty ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Social control ,Compliance (psychology) ,media_common - Abstract
Deterrence researchers have abandoned a one-size-fits-all approach and identified a wide range of individual characteristics (e.g., low self-control, emotional arousal) associated with the decision to offend. Comparatively less attention has been given to the moderating effects of purely situational factors on intentions to break the law. Drawing on social control and rational choice literatures, we utilized a vignette-based survey and asked a sample of young adults to report on their likelihood of driving drunk under conditions of high and low informal social control. We then explored the effects of certainty and severity of punishment on offending likelihood across both conditions. Among deterrable offenders, we found that the relationship between severity and compliance manifested only in the presence of high informal social control. Certainty was significantly and inversely associated with offending likelihood in both high and low informal social control conditions—among both deterrables and the full sample. Implications for deterrence theory are discussed.
- Published
- 2013
43. Prison gang integration and inmate violence
- Author
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Robert G. Morris and John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Misconduct ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Multilevel model ,Group conflict ,Prison ,Criminology ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Purpose Gang membership has been linked in a number of prior studies with inmate misconduct; known gang members are more prone than non-gang members to act violently behind bars. Theories of intergroup conflict suggest, however, there is reason to expect that broader within-prison gang dynamics, not just gang membership alone, are associated with the incidence of violence. Methods We collected data on inmates from a large southern state and estimated multilevel models of inmate-on-inmate violence. Included in our models were a variety of common individual-level correlates of violent misconduct, among them gang membership. Substantive prison-level correlates included the percentage of gang members and “gang integration,” the latter being a measure of gang heterogeneity. Results We found a modest association between both gang variables and inmate-on-inmate violence, with gang integration being the most significant of the two. Conclusions Gang membership is an important correlate of inmate violence, but attention to broader prison gang dynamics is clearly necessary. We discuss the implications of this finding for theories of inmate violence.
- Published
- 2012
44. The Police Sixth Sense: An Observation in Search of a Theory
- Author
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John L. Worrall
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Common sense ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Experiential learning ,media_common ,Intuition - Abstract
Police officers are said to possess a “sixth sense,” defined in terms of suspicion, fear, intuition, and even common sense. Research and training on the sixth sense, however, lack theoretical guidance. To address this shortcoming, the author likens the sixth sense to an experiential thinking style, which not only explains why police officers presumably have it, but also makes it possible to know whether they even have a sixth sense at all.
- Published
- 2012
45. Theorizing Criminal Justice Evaluation and Research
- Author
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Jonathon A. Cooper and John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Theory of criminal justice ,Research evaluation ,Injury control ,Accident prevention ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Sociology ,Criminology ,Law ,Suicide prevention ,Criminal justice - Abstract
Theories of the criminal justice process continue to develop and mature, as do theories of crime; however, less need has been perceived for theory in evidence-based policy evaluations. The authors ...
- Published
- 2012
46. Criminology and Criminal Justice Faculty Perceptions of a Multi-Paper Option in Lieu of the Dissertation
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Aaron Lee Bartula and John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Graduate students ,Status quo ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Perception ,Opposition (politics) ,Sociology ,Criminology ,Law ,Discipline ,Education ,media_common ,Criminal justice - Abstract
A number of academic disciplines permit doctoral students to choose between completing a traditional dissertation or a multi-paper option that replaces the dissertation. We surveyed members of ASC and ACJS and gathered data on their perceptions of the suitability of a multi-paper option in lieu of the dissertation for criminology and criminal justice graduate students. Responses revealed a fair degree of opposition to the multi-paper option. We also estimated a series of regression models in an effort to model the correlates of support for the multi-paper option. Faculty in Ph.D. programs were most opposed to the option, suggesting preference for the status quo. Finally, we included several responses to open-ended questions, thus shedding light on respondents’ reason for supporting or opposing the multi-paper option.
- Published
- 2012
47. Testing Social Support Theory: A Multilevel Analysis of Recidivism
- Author
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Robert G. Morris, Alex R. Piquero, Erin A. Orrick, Xia Wang, William D. Bales, and John L. Worrall
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,Recidivism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Multilevel model ,Sample (statistics) ,Prison ,Outcome (game theory) ,Social support ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Purpose Tests of social support theory have relied on aggregate crime rates as the outcome of interest, but such a focus ignores the potentially important macro-level processes and effects on individual-level behavior We thus perform the first multi-level investigation of social support theory. Methods Multilevel modeling is used to explore whether the two varieties of county-level social support – the presence of charitable organizations and AFDC expenditures – are associated with recidivism in a sample of Florida prison releasees. Results Results show that while social support explains little variation in individual-level recidivism, a combination of private and public social support may reduce the likelihood of reconviction for drug offenses. Conclusion Findings provide mixed evidence for the prospect that social support—whether governmental or nongovernmental—is associated with recidivism among recently-released inmates.
- Published
- 2011
48. Inmate Custody Levels and Prison Rule Violations
- Author
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Robert G. Morris and John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Misconduct ,Variation (linguistics) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Prison ,Endogeneity ,Criminology ,Psychology ,Level of analysis ,Law ,Social psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,media_common - Abstract
Researchers have recently combined individual-level data with institutional measures to detect prison-level correlates of inmate misconduct. Although this body of literature has yielded insights into how the prison environment contributes to misconduct, we argue that it has ignored an important level of analysis, namely the custody level. As some inmates are placed in more restrictive confinement than others, custody levels may absorb some of the variation in individual-level and/or prison-level correlates of misconduct. Accordingly, we analyzed data from over 70,000 inmates who were housed in Texas prisons during 2008 and found that custody levels were strongly and positively associated with misconduct, even (a) after accounting for the endogeneity of custody levels and (b) once inmate- and prison-level measures were included. We draw on labeling theory in our efforts to explain the relationship between custody levels and misconduct.
- Published
- 2011
49. Do Federal Law Enforcement Grants Reduce Serious Crime?
- Author
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John L. Worrall
- Subjects
Actuarial science ,Political science ,Injury prevention ,Law enforcement ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Public administration ,Enforcement ,Law ,Suicide prevention ,Federal law ,Block grant - Abstract
A number of researchers have concluded that federal assistance to local law enforcement agencies reduces serious crime. This article critiques such studies, makes recommendations for improvement, and then implements the recommendations using data from a 12-year panel of approximately 5,000 cities, focusing in particular on the relationship between Local Law Enforcement Block Grants and serious crime. Results suggest researchers should be cautious in attributing crime reductions to grant funding programs.
- Published
- 2010
50. Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct
- Author
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John L. Worrall and Robert G. Morris
- Subjects
Engineering ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Prison ,Criminology ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Misconduct ,Architecture ,business ,education ,Law ,media_common - Abstract
Researchers have not yet devoted sufficient attention to the effect of prison architecture on inmate misconduct. Using data from the population of male prisoners in Texas, the authors explored the association between two prison architectural design types (as determined by satellite imagery) and inmate misconduct. The results from multilevel statistical analyses suggest that architectural design is associated with nonviolent misconduct but not violent misconduct. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
- Published
- 2010
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