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Francisco Suárez was the main channel through which medieval philosophy flowed into the modern world. He was educated first in law and, after his entry into the Jesuits, in philosophy and theology. He wrote on all three subjects. His philosophical writing was principally in the areas of metaphysics, psychology and philosophy of law, but in both his philosophical and theological works he treated many related epistemological, cosmological and ethical issues. While his basic outlook is that of a very independent Thomist, his metaphysics follows along a line earlier drawn by Avicenna (980–1037) and Duns Scotus (1266–1308) to treat as its subject ‘being in so far as it is real being’. By the addition of the word ‘real’ to Aristotle’s formula, Suárez emphasized Aristotle’s division of being into categorial being and ‘being as true’, as well as Aristotle’s exclusion of the latter from the object of metaphysics. Divided into a general part dealing with the concept of being as such, its properties and causes, and a second part which considers particular beings (God and creatures) in addition to the categories of being, Suárez’s metaphysics ends with a notable treatment of mind-dependent beings, or ‘beings of reason’. These last encompass negations, privations and relations of reason, but Suárez’s treatment centres on those negations which are ‘impossible’ or self-contradictory. Inasmuch as such beings of reason cannot exist outside the mind, they are excluded from the object of metaphysics and relegated to the status of ‘being as true’. In philosophy of law he was a proponent of natural law and of a theory of government in which power comes from God through the people. He was important for the early development of modern international law and the doctrine of just war. While his brand of Thomism was opposed in his own time and after by some scholastics, especially Dominicans, he had great authority among his fellow Jesuits, as well as other Catholic and Protestant authors. Outside scholasticism, he has influenced a variety of modern thinkers.

Toletus had an independent, somewhat eclectic, but fundamentally Thomistic outlook. In philosophy his most important works were his commentaries on Aristotle in the areas of logic and natural philosophy. In these commentaries he drew upon the whole previous scholastic tradition to raise and answer questions which were debated in his time and later. In theology he commented upon the greater part of Aquinas’ Summa theologiae. Here again he drew upon scholastic philosophers to raise and discuss a wide variety of metaphysical, epistemological and ethical topics. Far from being a slavish follower of Aquinas or Aristotle, he expressed his respectful disagreement with them wherever reason compelled it.

The Collegium Conimbricense (‘Coimbra group’) or the Conimbricenses were late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Jesuit philosophy professors at the University of Coimbra, specifically in the College of Arts, which in 1555 had been placed under the direction of the Society of Jesus. Encouraged by their religious superiors and especially by Pedro da Fonseca, between 1592 and 1606 the Conimbricenses published five volumes containing eight treatises of commentary on Aristotle. Distributed particularly through the Jesuits, these volumes were widely influential in Europe, America, and the Far East, including Japan and China. On this last, Sommervogel (1891) has cited the seventeenth-century Jesuit, Athanasius Kircher, to the effect that by his time all the Coimbra commentaries had been translated into Chinese.

The seventeenth-century Portuguese Dominican, John of St Thomas or John Poinsot, was a major figure in late scholastic philosophy and theology. Educated at Coimbra and Louvain, he taught both disciplines in Spain: at Madrid, Plasencia and Alcalá. Aspiring to be a faithful disciple of Thomas Aquinas, he published a three-volume Cursus philosophicus thomisticus (Thomistic Philosophical Course) and before he died began the publication of a Cursus theologicus (Theological Course). His philosophical writing was explicitly on logic and natural philosophy. However, in both his philosophical and theological works, he treated many metaphysical, epistemological and ethical issues. His logic is divided into two parts, formal and material. Of particular interest is his semiotic doctrine which appears in the second part. In natural philosophy, he explained Aristotle with a Thomistic slant. While following Aquinas in theology, John at times developed his master’s doctrine along new lines. Both in his own time and after he has had considerable authority within scholasticism, especially for Thomists. Among those whom he has influenced in twentieth-century Thomism are Joseph Gredt, Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Santiago Ramirez, Jacques Maritain and Yves Simon.

The sixteenth-century Spanish Dominican, Domingo de Soto, was a mainstay of the Thomistic revival begun at Salamanca by Vitoria. After study at Paris (where he was taught by the nominalist John Major) and Alcalá, Soto taught both philosophy and theology. He was influential within the Dominican Order and the Catholic Church; he served as Emperor Charles V’s theologian at the Council of Trent and played an active role in the development of the Council of Trent’s teaching on original sin. Besides his theological writings, Soto composed philosophical works chiefly in logic, natural philosophy and juridical theory. In logic, he authored an exposition of the Summulae of Peter of Spain and a commentary, by way of questions, on three of Aristotle’s works. His natural philosophy anticipated later scientific approaches, while in his philosophy of law Soto presented a basically Thomistic doctrine updated to confront sixteenth-century issues.

An extensive comparison between radiative transfer codes in the atmosphere–ocean system is proposed and performed. The full angular radiance distribution at several optical depths in atmosphere and water is intercompared on a set of idealized problems designed to study codes’ accuracy in modeling separate, specific system features. In-water profiles of upwelling nadir radiance, upwelling and downwelling irradiance are intercompared for a realistic case extracted from an experimental data set. Two models are involved: the FEM numerical algorithm, based on the finite element method, and the P HO-TRAN 3D backward Monte Carlo code. The results show an optimal agreement between the codes under any condition. Codes’ relative differences are always lower than the estimated statistical error on the P HO-TRAN results.

A field campaign was performed to estimate the shading effect induced on in-water irradiance and radiance measurements taken in the immediate vicinity of the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT), located in the northern Adriatic Sea, which is regularly used to support ocean color validation activities. Sequences of downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance profiles were collected at varying distances from the tower to evaluate the shading effects during clear-sky conditions as a function of the deployment distance. The experimental data, as well as Monte Carlo simulations, indicate that the shading effect is negligible for both downwelling irradiances and upwelling radiances at deployment distances greater than 15 and 20 m, respectively. At closer distances, for example, at the 7.5-m deployment distance regularly used at the AAOT for the collection of underwater optical measurements, the shading effect is remarkable: both field and simulated data at a depth of 7 m and a wavelength of 443 nm ...

Etude de la reception de la doctrine aristotelo-scolastique des trois degres d'abstraction des sciences theoriques (physique, mathematiques, metaphysique) chez le jesuite italien S. Mauro (1619-1687). Examinant la division des sciences speculatives dans les commentaires aristoteliciens et les «Quaestiones philosophicae» de Mauro, l'A. montre que celui-ci definit un quatrieme degre d'abstraction correspondant aux essences cognitives (esse cogniti) de la logique, voire un cinquieme degre designant un intelligible quasi-intentionnel

Fillet yield, defect levels, thaw drip, cooked texture and bacteriological content were determined for rock sole (lepidopsetta bilineata) heandled and Processed under a variety of conditions. Fillets having the highest quality were boxed, hand unloaded, hand filleted and wet trimmed. Lowest quality fillets were from fish bulkstowed, unloaded by wet pump and machine filleted. The lowest bacterial counts were found in machine-filleted, wet-trimmed fish. Morsxella predominated the microbial flora of whole rock sole and Flavobacterium predominated that for the fillets.

Adepte de la vision commune postulant la division des etres en etre reel en soi et en etre de raison, John Poinsot en fut un propagateur fervent

Cowton's Commentary ostensibly provoked the reaction of the famous Dominican Thomas Sutton, who is well known as an enthusiastic defender of Thomas Aquinas' teaching. In questions 1, 3 and 4 edited in this chapter, which deal with the nature of theology as a science. The chapter points out that, according to Sutton, Aquinas did not consider theologia nostra to be a scientia subalternata scientiae Dei et beatorum . Two questions concerning the nature of Sutton's Quaestiones in Sententias deserve to be touched upon: The first question regards the title Cowton Critique . The second question concerns a passage in Sutton's prooemium . Franz Pelster, one of the pioneering researchers on Sutton, is surely right to suggest that medieval polemical pamphlets like Sutton's Quaestiones in Sententias sometimes have limited value, in that they tend to do scant justice to the positions attacked. Keywords: Cowton Critique ; Franz Pelster; prooemium ; Sententias ; theology; Thomas Aquinas; Thomas Sutton

The mechanistic role of the yeast kinase CDC5, in allowing cells to adapt to the presence of irreparable DNA damage and continue to divide, is revealed., The Saccharomyces cerevisiae polo-like kinase Cdc5 promotes adaptation to the DNA damage checkpoint, in addition to its numerous roles in mitotic progression. The process of adaptation occurs when cells are presented with persistent or irreparable DNA damage and escape the cell-cycle arrest imposed by the DNA damage checkpoint. However, the precise mechanism of adaptation remains unknown. We report here that CDC5 is dose-dependent for adaptation and that its overexpression promotes faster adaptation, indicating that high levels of Cdc5 modulate the ability of the checkpoint to inhibit the downstream cell-cycle machinery. To pinpoint the step in the checkpoint pathway at which Cdc5 acts, we overexpressed CDC5 from the GAL1 promoter in damaged cells and examined key steps in checkpoint activation individually. Cdc5 overproduction appeared to have little effect on the early steps leading to Rad53 activation. The checkpoint sensors, Ddc1 (a member of the 9-1-1 complex) and Ddc2 (a member of the Ddc2/Mec1 complex), properly localized to damage sites. Mec1 appeared to be active, since the Rad9 adaptor retained its Mec1 phosphorylation. Moreover, the damage-induced interaction between phosphorylated Rad9 and Rad53 remained intact. In contrast, Rad53 hyperphosphorylation was significantly reduced, consistent with the observation that cell-cycle arrest is lost during adaptation. Thus, we conclude Cdc5 acts to attenuate the DNA damage checkpoint through loss of Rad53 hyperphosphorylation to allow cells to adapt to DNA damage. Polo-like kinase homologs have been shown to inhibit the ability of Claspin to facilitate the activation of downstream checkpoint kinases, suggesting that this function is conserved in vertebrates., Author Summary Cellular surveillance mechanisms, termed checkpoints, have evolved to recognize the presence of DNA damage, halt cell division, and promote repair. The purpose of these checkpoints is to prevent the next generation of cells from inheriting a damaged genome. However, after futile attempts at repair over several hours of growth arrest, yeast cells eventually adapt and continue with cell division despite the presence of persistent DNA lesions. This process of adaptation employs CDC5, a kinase that also has essential roles in promoting cell division in the absence of DNA damage. We found that increasing levels of Cdc5 promote adaptation by suppressing the hyperphosphorylation of the checkpoint kinase Rad53, which in turn suppresses the DNA damage checkpoint and relieves cell division arrest. Intriguingly, overexpression of PLK1, the human homolog of CDC5, has been reported in various tumor types and has been linked to poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of adaptation in yeast may provide valuable insight into the role of PLK1 overexpression in tumor progression. Two related papers, published in PLoS Biology (van Vugt et al., doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000287) and PLoS Genetics (Donnianni et al., doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000763), similarly investigate the phenomenon of checkpoint adaptation.

In the Middle Ages: from the Latin Avicenna on, the term "intentio" can be found throughout the thirteenth century. The actual word, "intentionalitas", surprisingly appears first only in the fourteenth-century writing of Hervaeus Natalis. A bigger surprise is that Brentano in one place actually mentioned Hervaeus and listed three of his works. But the biggest surprise of all was to discover that for Hervaeus the direction of intentionality as such was not from knower to known but rather opposite wise-from known to knower! This chapter aims to sharpen that discovery as well as to touch on some of its wider Wirkungsgeschichte . In addition to his Sentences commentary, Hervaeus authored other works and engaged in various controversies resulting in polemical writings, especially some directed against Durandus of St.-Pourcain. The work most relevant for this chapter is Hervaeus's Treatise on Second Intentions , thought to have been composed between 1307 and 1316. Keywords: Durandus of St.-Pourcain; Franz Brentano; Hervaeus Natalis; intentionality; knower; Latin Avicenna; polemical writings; Treatise on Second Intentions

“Hispanic scholastic philosophy” in this chapter designates a sixteenth- and seventeenth-century stream of philosophy which flowed out of medieval universities, increased to a torrent on the Iberian peninsula, then poured into other regions of Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. Arising in the wake of Spanish and Portuguese explorations and conquests, which at the end of the fifteenth and through the sixteenth century brought radically new, and usually bloody, encounters between European and non-European peoples, it was at its core concerned with such encounters. Other background themes were furnished by the Counter-Reformation, especially the reforms of the Council of Trent (1545-63) and its aftermath; the late Renaissance debates among philosophers, humanists and skeptics; and the revival of Thomistic texts and thought. Two subjects stand out as particularly important and influential: (1) moral and juridical philosophy centering on “the law of nations” (the jus gentium). and (2) theoretical philosophy, which included Aristotelian physics but culminated in metaphysics. For present purposes the birth year of Hispanic philosophy was 1526, when Francisco de Vitoria, OP (1492-1546), was elected to the Catedra de Prima in theology at Salamanca and began lectures on the “Second Part of the Second Part” (II a -II ae ) of the Summa theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. This introduced the Summa as the principal textbook in theology and also inaugurated a Thomistic revival in theology and in philosophy at Salamanca, then elsewhere. Choosing a terminal date for Hispanic philosophy here is more arbitrary, but a plausible one is 1718, when Miguel Vinas, SJ (1642-1718) died. It may immediately be noted that while Vitoria taught in Spain and belonged to the older religious order of the Dominicans, Vinas was a Jesuit who taught at Santiago in Chile.