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Eyewitness misidentifications have contributed to many wrongful convictions. However, despite expressing high confidence at trial, eyewitnesses often make inconclusive misidentifications on the first test conducted early in a police investigation. According to a new scientific consensus, it is important to focus on the results of the first test because, if the perpetrator is not in the lineup, the test itself leaves a memory trace of the innocent suspect in the witness’s brain. Thus, all subsequent tests of the witness’s memory for that suspect constitute tests of contaminated memory. Unfortunately, when an initial inconclusive identification comes up at trial, the Federal Rules of Evidence require that the witness be given an opportunity to explain the inconsistency. In response, witnesses often provide a believable story about why they did not confidently identify the suspect on the initial test despite doing so now (e.g., “I was nervous on the first test”). However, witnesses lack expertise in—and have no awareness of—the subconscious mechanisms that underlie memory contamination. Therefore, the explanations they provide at trial have minimal information value. The combination of a sincerely held (false) memory and a believable (but erroneous) explanation for a prior inconsistent statement is often persuasive to jurors. This is a recipe for a wrongful conviction, one that has been followed many times. The Federal Rules of Evidence were enacted almost a half-century ago, and it may be time to revisit them in light of the principles of memory that have been established since that time.

PDF - 529K, Expression of alphavbeta6 does not affect PC3-2 integrin profile (S1); alphavbeta6 promotes osteolysis in vivo (S2); alphavbeta6 increases osteolytic lesions and osteoclast recruitment in vivo (S3); Downregulation of alphavbeta6 reduces MMP2 levels in RWPE cells (S4); Exogenous expression of alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta3 in C4-2B transfectants (S5); MMP2 is co-expressed with alphavbeta6 in human prostate cancer osteolytic metastases (S6).

PDF - 69K, Description of additional methods and procedures used in the study. Also includes supplementary references.

The molecular circuitries controlling osseous prostate metastasis are known to depend on the activity of multiple pathways, including integrin signaling. Here, we demonstrate that the αvβ6 integrin is upregulated in human prostate cancer bone metastasis. In prostate cancer cells, this integrin is a functionally active receptor for fibronectin and latency-associated peptide-TGF-β1; it mediates attachment and migration upon ligand binding and is localized in focal contacts. Given the propensity of prostate cancer cells to form bone metastatic lesions, we investigated whether the αvβ6 integrin promotes this type of metastasis. We show for the first time that αvβ6 selectively induces matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) in vitro in multiple prostate cancer cells and promotes osteolysis in vivo in an immunodeficient mouse model of bone metastasis through upregulation of MMP2, but not MMP9. The effect of αvβ6 on MMP2 expression and activity is independent of androgen receptor in the analyzed prostate cancer cells. Increased levels of parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP), known to induce osteoclastogenesis, were also observed in αvβ6-expressing cells. However, by using MMP2 short hairpin RNA, we demonstrate that the αvβ6 effect on bone loss is due to upregulation of soluble MMP2 by the cancer cells, not due to changes in tumor growth rate. Another related αv-containing integrin, αvβ5, fails to show similar responses, underscoring the significance of αvβ6 activity. Overall, these mechanistic studies establish that expression of a single integrin, αvβ6, contributes to the cancer cell—mediated program of osteolysis by inducing matrix degradation through MMP2. Our results open new prospects for molecular therapy for metastatic bone disease. Cancer Res; 74(5); 1598–608. ©2014 AACR.

Slamecka and McElree (1983) and Rivera-Lares et al. (2022), like others before them, factorially manipulated the number of learning trials and the retention interval. The results revealed two unsurprising main effects: (a) the more study trials, the higher the initial degree of learning, and (b) the longer the retention interval, the more items were forgotten. However, across many experiments, the interaction was not significant, a finding that is often interpreted to mean that the degree of learning is independent of the absolute rate of forgetting (i.e., the absolute number of items forgotten per unit time). Yet there is considerable tension between that interpretation and the fact that forgetting has long been characterized by a power law, according to which the absolute rate of forgetting is not a particularly meaningful measure. When the power function is fit to the same data, the results show that a higher degree of learning results in a lower relative (i.e., proportional) rate of forgetting. This raises an interesting question: which of the two definitions of "forgetting rate" (absolute vs. relative) is theoretically relevant? Here, I make the case that it is the relative rate of forgetting. Theoretically, the explanation of why a higher degree of learning is associated with a lower relative rate of forgetting may be related to why, as observed by Jost (1897) long ago, the passage of time itself is associated with a lower relative rate of forgetting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Fasciotomy is the standard of care to treat acute compartment syndrome (ACS). Although fasciotomies often prevent serious complications, postoperative complications can be notable. Surgical site infection (SSI) in these patients is as high as 30%. The objective of this study was to determine factors that increase the risk of SSI in patients with ACS.A retrospective review of 142 patients with compartment syndrome over 10 years was done. We collected basic demographics, mechanism of trauma, time to fasciotomy, incidence of SSI, use of prophylactic antibiotics, and type and time to wound closure. Statistical analysis of continuous variables was done using the Student t-test, ANOVA, multivariable regression model, and categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test.Twenty-five patients with ACS (17.6%) developed infection that required additional treatment. In the multivariate regression model, there were significant differences in median time to closure in patients with infection versus those without, odds ratio: 1.06 (Confidence Interval 95% [1.00 to 1.11]), P = 0.036. No differences were observed in infection based on the mechanism of injury, wound management modality, or the presence of associated diagnoses.In patients with ACS, the time to closure after fasciotomy is associated with the incidence of SSI. There seems to be a golden period for closure at 4 to 5 days after fasciotomy. The ability to close is often limited by multiple factors, but the correlation between time to closure and infection in this study suggests that it is worth exploring different closure methods if the wound cannot be closed primarily within the given timeframe.

Change detection tasks are commonly used to measure and understand the nature of visual working memory capacity. Across two experiments, we examine whether the nature of the latent memory signals used to perform change detection are continuous or all-or-none, and consider the implications for proper measurement of performance. In Experiment 1, we find evidence from confidence reports that visual working memory is continuous in strength, with strong support for equal variance signal detection models. We then tested a critical implication of this result without relying on model comparison or confidence reports in Experiment 2 by asking whether a simple instruction change would improve performance when measured with K, an all-or-none-measure, compared to d’, a measure based on continuous strength signals. We found strong evidence that K values increased by roughly 30% despite no change in the underlying memory signals. By contrast, we found that d’ is fixed across these same instructions, demonstrating that it correctly separates response criterion from memory performance. Overall, our data call into question a large body of work using threshold measures, like K, to analyze change detection data since this metric confounds response bias with memory performance in standard change detection tasks.

Fracture repair is based both on the macrolevel modulation of fracture fragments and the subsequent cellular activity. Surgeons have also long recognized other influences on cellular behavior: the effect of the fracture or subsequent surgery on the available pool of cells present locally in the periosteum, the interrelated effects of fragment displacement, and construct stiffness on healing potential, patient pathophysiology and systemic disease conditions (such as diabetes), and external regulators of the skeletal repair (such as smoking or effect of medications). A wide variety of approaches have been applied to enhancing fracture repair by manipulation of cellular biology. Many of these approaches reflect our growing understanding of the cellular physiology that underlies skeletal regeneration. This review focuses on approaches to manipulating cell lineages, influencing paracrine and autocrine cell signaling, or applying other strategies to influence cell surface receptors and subsequent behavior. Scientists continue to evolve new approaches to pharmacologically enhancing the fracture repair process.

Loss of contact between radial head fracture fragments is strongly associated with other elbow or forearm injuries. If this finding has adequate interobserver reliability, it could help examiners identify and treat associated ligament injuries and fractures (eg, forearm interosseous ligament injury or elbow dislocation). (1) What is the interobserver agreement on radiographic loss of contact between radial head fracture fragments? (2) Are there factors associated with the observer such as location of practice or subspecialization that increase interobserver reliability? Fully trained practicing orthopaedic and trauma surgeons from around the world evaluated 27 anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of radial head fractures on a web-based platform for the following characteristics: (1) loss of contact between at least one radial head fracture fragment and the remaining radial head and neck; (2) a gap between fragments of 2 mm or greater; (3) anticipated fracture instability (mobility) on operative exposure; (4) anticipated associated ligament injuries; and (5) recommendation for treatment. Agreement among observers was measured using the multirater kappa measure. Kappas for various observer characteristics were compared using 95% confidence intervals. The overall interobserver agreement was moderate (range, 0.49-0.55) for each question except associated ligament injury, which was fair (0.33). Shoulder and elbow surgeons had substantial agreement (range, 0.51-0.61) in many areas, but kappas were generally in the moderate range (0.41-0.59) based on number of years in practice, radial head fractures treated per year, and trainee supervision. Radiographic signs of radial head fracture instability such as loss of contact have moderate reliability. This characteristic seems clinically useful, because loss of contact between at least one radial head fracture fragment and the remaining radial head and neck is strongly associated with associated ligament injury or other fractures. Level III, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence

Nairne, Roddy Roediger's Memory. Bjork, Bjork, Caughey, Retrieval as a Self-Limiting Process: Part II. Tulving, Are There 256 Different Kinds of Memory? Greene, Foxes, Hedgehogs, and Mirror Effects: The Role of General Principles in Memory Research. Wixted, Signal-Detection Theory and the Neuroscience of Recognition Memory. Balota, Duchek, Logan, Is Expanded Retrieval Practice a Superior Form of Spaced Retrieval? A Critical Review of the Extant Literature. Surprenant, Bireta, Farley, A Brief History of Memory and Aging. Neath, Brown, Making Distinctiveness Models of Memory Distinct. Schmidt, Unscrambling the Effects of Emotion and Distinctiveness on Memory. Craik, Turk-Browne, The Effects of Attention and Emotion on Memory for Context. Klein, Shiffrin, Criss, Putting Context in Context. Healy, Cunningham, Shea, Kole, The Effects of Familiarity on Reconstructing the Order of Information in Semantic and Episodic Memory. Rajaram, Attentional Requirements of Perceptual Implicit Memory. McDaniel, Einstein, Spontaneous Retrieval in Perspective Memory. Unsworth, Engle, Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Retrieval: A Cue-Dependent Search Approach. Martin, Biegler, Competition and Inhibition in Word Retrieval: Implications for Language and Memory Tasks. Schweickert, The Structure of Semantic and Phonological Networks and the Structure of a Social Network in Dreams. McDermott, Inducing False Memories Through Associated Lists: A Window Onto Everyday False Memories? Neely, Tse, Semantic Relatedness of Effects on True and False Memories in Episodic Recognition: A Methodological and Empirical Review. Schacter, Gallo, Kensinger, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Implicit and False Memories: Perspectives on Processing Specificity. Rhodes, Jacoby, Toward Analyzing Cognitive Illusions: Past, Present, and Future. Marsh, Fazio, Learning From Fictional Sources. Loftus, Cahill, Memory Distortion: From Misinformation to Rich False Memory.

The chapters in this volume all reference causes of forgetting, but the variety of possible causes (and continued lack of consensus regarding them in different strands of the literature) is striking. Here we examine insights into trace decay, interference, and consolidation that have emerged from recent computational and mathematical models of memory. We suggest that such models: (1) allow rejection of temporal decay as a primary cause of forgetting even in short-term memory tasks; (2) undermine the inference from forgetting data to a distinction between separate short-term and long-term memory systems (STS vs. LTS); (3) offer an alternative explanation, in terms of temporal distinctiveness and interference, for most if not all of the behavioural evidence that has previously been taken as evidence for consolidation.