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1. Survey of Salmonella in raw tree nuts at retail in the United States

Author

Zhang, Guodong, primary, Hu, Lijun, additional, Luo, Yan, additional, Santillana Farakos, Sofia M, additional, Johnson, Rhoma, additional, Scott, Virginia N., additional, Curry, Phillip, additional, Melka, David, additional, Brown, Eric W., additional, Strain, Errol, additional, Bunning, Vincent K., additional, Musser, Steven M., additional, and Hammack, Thomas S., additional

Published
2021
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6. Prevalence of Salmonella in Cashews, Hazelnuts, Macadamia Nuts, Pecans, Pine Nuts, and Walnuts in the United States

Author

Zhang, Guodong, primary, Hu, Lijun, additional, Melka, David, additional, Wang, Hua, additional, Laasri, Anna, additional, Brown, Eric W., additional, Strain, Errol, additional, Allard, Marc, additional, Bunning, Vincent K., additional, Musser, Steven M., additional, Johnson, Rhoma, additional, Farakos, Sofia M.Santillana, additional, Scott, Virginia N., additional, Pouillot, Régis, additional, Van Doren, Jane M., additional, and Hammack, Thomas S., additional

Published
2017
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8. A Quantitative Risk Assessment of Human Salmonellosis from Consumption of Pistachios in the United States.

Author

SANTILLANA FARAKOS, SOFIA M., POUILLOT, RÉGIS, DAVIDSON, GORDON R., JOHNSON, RHOMA, SPUNGEN, JUDITH, SON, INSOOK, ANDERSON, NATHAN, and VAN DOREN, JANE M.

Abstract

We developed a quantitative risk assessment model to assess the risk of human nontyphoidal salmonellosis from consumption of pistachios in the United States and to evaluate the impact of Salmonella treatments (1- to 5-log reductions). The exposure model estimating prevalence and contamination levels of Salmonella at consumption included steps in pistachio processing such as transport from grower to huller, removal of the hull through wet abrasion, separation of pistachio floaters (immature, smaller nuts) and sinkers (mature, larger nuts) in a flotation tank, drying, storage, and partitioning. The risks of illness per serving and per year were evaluated by including a Salmonella dose-response model and U.S. consumption data. The spread of Salmonella through float tank water, delay in drying resulting in growth, increased Salmonella levels through pest infestation during storage (pre- and posttreatment), and a simulation of the 2016 U.S. salmonellosis outbreak linked to consumption of pistachios were the modeled atypical situations. The baseline model predicted one case of salmonellosis per 2 million servings (95% CI: one case per 5 million to 800,000 servings) for sinker pistachios and one case per 200,000 servings (95% CI: one case per 400,000 to 40,000 servings) for floater pistachios when no Salmonella treatment was applied and pistachios were consumed as a core product (.80% pistachio) uncooked at home. Assuming 90% of the pistachio supply is sinkers and 10% is floaters, the model estimated 419 salmonellosis cases per year (95% CI: 200 to 1,083 cases) when no Salmonella treatment was applied. A mean risk of illness of less than one case per year was estimated when a minimum 4-log reduction treatment was applied to the U.S. pistachio supply, similar to the results of the Salmonella risk assessment for almonds. This analysis revealed that the predicted risk of illness per serving is higher for all atypical situations modeled compared with the baseline, and delay in drying had the greatest impact on consumer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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9. Prevalence of Salmonellain Cashews, Hazelnuts, Macadamia Nuts, Pecans, Pine Nuts, and Walnuts in the United States

Author

Zhang, Guodong, Hu, Lijun, Melka, David, Wang, Hua, Laasri, Anna, Brown, Eric W., Strain, Errol, Allard, Marc, Bunning, Vincent K., Musser, Steven M., Johnson, Rhoma, Farakos, Sofia M.Santillana, Scott, Virginia N., Pouillot, Régis, Van Doren, Jane M., and Hammack, Thomas S.

Abstract

Nuts have been identified as a vector for salmonellosis. The objective of this project was to estimate the prevalence and contamination level of Salmonellain raw tree nuts (cashews, pecans, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pine nuts, and walnuts) at retail markets in the United States. A total of 3,656 samples of six types of tree nuts were collected from different types of retail stores and markets nationwide between October 2014 and October 2015. These samples were analyzed using a modified version of the Salmonellaculture method from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Of the 3,656 samples collected and tested, 32 were culturally confirmed as containing Salmonella. These isolates represented 25 serotypes. Salmonellawas not detected in pecans and in-shell hazelnuts. Salmonellaprevalence estimates (and 95% confidence intervals) in cashews, shelled hazelnuts, pine nuts, walnuts, and macadamia nuts were 0.55% [0.15, 1.40], 0.35% [0.04, 1.20], 0.48% [0.10, 1.40], 1.20% [0.53, 2.40], and 4.20% [2.40, 6.90], respectively. The rates of Salmonellaisolation from major or big chain supermarkets, small chain supermarkets, discount, variety, or drug stores, and online were 0.64% [0.38, 1.00], 1.60% [0.80, 2.90], 0.00% [0.00, 2.40], and 13.64% [2.90, 35.00], respectively (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test: P= 0.02). The rates of Salmonellaisolation for conventional and organic nuts were not significantly different. Of the samples containing Salmonella,60.7% had levels less than 0.003 most probable number (MPN)/g. The highest contamination level observed was 0.092 MPN/g. The prevalence and levels of Salmonellain these tree nut samples were comparable to those previously reported for similar foods.

Published
2017
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10. LETTERS

Author

Foster, David, Lewis, M.H., Glen, Tannahill, Craw, Laurie, Cronon, Steve, Jackson, Richard, Wells, Bob, Handsfield, James, Curtis, Margaret, Ferrari, Pierre, Reed, Elizabeth, Loehle, Richard, Garner, Andrew, Hubbard, Mike, Johnson, Rhoma, and Couch, James

Subjects
General interest, News, opinion and commentary
Abstract

Zell Miller Readers aren't swayed by the Democratic senator's story, in which he said he has never been blindly loyal. Currying favor with Bush Thank you for giving Sen. Zell [...]

Published
2001

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