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Objective: This case series explored the integration of smartwatches in a community mental health service to support severe mental illness (SMI) management and intervention. We examined whether biometric data provided by smartwatches could help to predict relapse and inform treatment decisions. Method: Four Australian SMI outpatients of mixed diagnoses (age range = 19–24) were selected from a prior study. Clinicians accessed patients' biometric data (activity, sleep, heart rate, and electrodermal activity) through smartwatches. Results: Changes in circadian rhythm and electrodermal activity preceded hospitalization in two cases. Additionally, smartwatch data was effectively used to guide targeted interventions, improving patient treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Integrating smartwatches in community mental health services offers promise as adjunct tools for SMI management. However, ethical considerations on data privacy and technology reliance require further evaluation. Additionally, as this is a small case series, randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are required to provide evidence for generalisability of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After major adversity, some people rely on their religious faith and networks for comfort, support, and material goods and services. Consistent with this behavior are findings that adversity has a positive causal effect on the importance of religion in people's lives. Using a large high‐frequency US dataset, we estimate the causal effects of natural disasters on stated religious importance and attendance at religious services. Effects are identified by comparing changes in outcomes over time within counties affected by a natural disaster with changes over time in other counties from the same state. We find that most estimates are near‐zero in magnitude; for the full sample, for subgroups defined by religious affiliation, demographics, and income, and for different disaster types. However, significant negative effects are found immediately postdisaster, suggesting a short‐term crowding‐out effect in which recovery activities limit time for worship. This explanation is supported by a finding that people are less "well rested" in the first weeks postdisaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinniped species undergo uniquely amphibious life histories that make them valuable subjects for many domains of research. Pinniped research has often progressed hand‐in‐hand with technological frontiers of wildlife biology, and drones represent a leap forward for methods of aerial remote sensing, enabling data collection, and integration at new scales of biological importance. Drone methods and data types provide four key opportunities for wildlife surveillance that are already advancing pinniped research and management: 1) repeat and on‐demand surveillance, 2) high‐resolution coverage at large extents, 3) morphometric photogrammetry, and 4) computer vision and deep learning applications. Drone methods for pinniped research represent early stages of technological adoption and can reshape the field as they scale towards the full potential of their techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After near extirpation by nineteenth century whaling, New Zealand's southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) are recovering strongly, calving almost exclusively at the subantarctic Auckland Islands. Right whales are capital breeders; body condition is an important driver of their breeding success. Here we use unmanned aerial vehicles to characterise variation in individual size and shape, and to quantify the size structure of the subset of the population we sampled. Of 108 whales photographically identified we gained a comprehensive set of measurements from 63 individuals, as well as length measurements for 29 calves and six non-calf whales for which the full suite of measurements were not obtainable. Lactating females (n = 32) ranged in length from 11.84 to 15.22 m, apparent non-breeding adults (n = 9) were between 11.96 and 14.92 m, while subadults (n = 28) were between 8.82 and 11.72 m long. Calves were between 5.15 and 7.53 m. Principal component analysis of the measurement data showed that widths (particularly at the positions of 30–80% along total body length) were most influential in PC1 (40.3% variance explained). Measurements of structural features (i.e. head and flukes) related more closely to PC2 (18.2% variance explained) and PC3 (14.8% variance explained). We, therefore, interpret PC2 and PC3 as representing structural size, while PC1 represents body condition. Subadults and non-breeding adults showed more variation in body condition than lactating females, highlighting the need for this demographic to maintain their body condition within a tighter range to meet the high nutritional demands of raising calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper explores the association between income and stated views on minimum living standards. • Data from a large nationally representative survey reveal the rich deem fewer items to be essential. • At baseline, the bottom of the income distribution reports 10% more items as essential than the top. • Area-level inequality amplifies the negative income gradient; rich are equally uncaring for kids. • Views are stable, formed primarily in childhood, and have strong effects on views during adulthood. This paper explores the association between income and stated views on minimum living standards; that is, views on items and activities that no one in today's society should have to go without. Using data from a large nationally representative survey, we find the rich deem fewer items to be essential. In our baseline model, people at the bottom of the income distribution report 10% more items as essential than do people at the top of the income distribution. The negative relationship between income and recommended minimum living standards is robust to conditioning on a large covariate set, and remains evident when we use alternative measures of economic status, such as wealth and neighborhood advantage. We find that area-level income inequality amplifies the negative income gradient, and that the rich are no more considerate towards children than they are towards adults. We also find that changes in people's views across time are relatively small, and unrelated to major economic life events. An explanation for this stability is that views are formed primarily in childhood. We find that economic status in childhood has strong effects on views during adulthood, but that intergenerational economic mobility is unimportant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the economic impacts of having your home damaged or destroyed by a natural disaster. Regressions with individual, area and time fixed-effects, indicate that experiencing a natural disaster has no impact on employment and income, but substantial impacts on financial hardship and risk aversion. Impacts are particularly large for smaller isolated disasters, which attract little government support. Conversely, impacts of residing in a disaster zone without experiencing residential destruction are small. Using a Group Fixed Effects estimator, we find predictors of financial vulnerability to destruction include age, parenthood, illness, and social support. These results can help improve the allocation of government assistance after future disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nociceptive input diminishes recovery and increases lesion area after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent work has linked these effects to the expansion of hemorrhage at the site of injury. The current article examines whether these adverse effects are linked to a pain-induced rise in blood pressure (BP) and/or flow. Male rats with a low-thoracic SCI were treated with noxious input (electrical stimulation [shock] or capsaicin) soon after injury. Locomotor recovery and BP were assessed throughout. Tissues were collected 3 h, 24 h, or 21 days later. Both electrical stimulation and capsaicin undermined locomotor function and increased the area of hemorrhage. Changes in BP/flow varied depending on type of noxious input, with only shock producing changes in BP. Providing behavioral control over the termination of noxious stimulation attenuated the rise in BP and hemorrhage. Pretreatment with the α-1 adrenergic receptor inverse agonist, prazosin, reduced the stimulation-induced rise in BP and hemorrhage. Prazosin also attenuated the adverse effect that noxious stimulation has on long-term recovery. Administration of the adrenergic agonist, norepinephrine 1 day after injury induced an increase in BP and disrupted locomotor function, but had little effect on hemorrhage. Further, inducing a rise in BP/flow using norepinephrine undermined long-term recovery and increased tissue loss. Mediational analyses suggest that the pain-induced rise in blood flow may foster hemorrhage after SCI. Increased BP appears to act through an independent process to adversely affect locomotor performance, tissue sparing, and long-term recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the wellbeing effects of the 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires, the deadliest wildfire event in Australia's known history. Using subjective wellbeing data from a nationally representative longitudinal study and adopting an individual fixed-effects approach, our results identify a significant reduction in life satisfaction for individuals residing in close proximity of the wildfires. The negative wellbeing effect is valued at A$52,300. This corresponds to 80% of the average annual income of a full-time employed adult in the state of Victoria. The satisfaction domain most negatively affected is how safe the person feels, and the group most affected are people with low social support. A delayed adverse mental health effect is also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about rapid change in the way education was delivered in terms of online teaching and how this was managed by families in their homes. This study looks at the relationship between home (first space) and school (second space) and uses the concept of the 'third space' (Bhabha, H. [1994]. The Location of Culture, London: Routledge) to explore home-school links. Nine participants working in six local authorities in Scotland were questioned during the first lockdown in 2020 and then interviewed during the second national lockdown in 2021. Their responses were analysed in terms of the awareness they had of home funds of knowledge and the influence this had on their pedagogy online. The researchers investigated whether a third space had emerged and, if so, what the features of this hybrid space were. A key finding relates to the role of parents in the third space, in loco magister. In the first lockdown, glimpses of third space learning were visible in children's achievements online. In the second lockdown, however, parental concerns to preserve some semblance of orderly family life led to the colonisation of the spatio-temporal dimensions of online teaching, seeing the return to more transmissive teacher approaches and missed opportunities for children's learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spasticity is a potentially debilitating symptom of various acquired and congenital neurologic pathologies that, without adequate treatment, may lead to long-term disability, compromise functional independence, and negatively impact mental health. Several conservative as well as non-nerve targeted surgical strategies have been developed for the treatment of spasticity, but these may be associated with significant drawbacks, such as adverse side effects to medication, device dependence on intrathecal baclofen pumps, and inadequate relief with tendon-based procedures. In these circumstances, patients may benefit from nerve-targeted surgical interventions such as (i) selective dorsal rhizotomy, (ii) hyperselective neurectomy, and (iii) nerve transfer. When selecting the appropriate surgical approach, preoperative patient characteristics, as well as the risks and benefits of nerve-targeted surgical intervention, must be carefully evaluated. Here, we review the current evidence on the efficacy of these nerve-targeted surgical approaches for treating spasticity across various congenital and acquired neurologic pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Passive House (PH) standard is a voluntary quality assurance standard focused upon maximising the health and wellbeing of occupants, whilst reducing space heating demand to a very low level. To meet the PH standard, well-defined criteria have to be met. However, given literature that suggests a 'performance gap' for energy savings, the question remains, how well do PH dwellings perform in situ? This paper presents results from in situ building fabric thermal performance measurements, along with a comparison between the design intent and the measured space heating energy used by over 2000 newly built and retrofitted PH dwellings. The results reveal the in situ thermal performance of the building fabric is close to the design predictions. Within space heating measurements, a standard deviation of up to 50% has to be attributed to the broad spectrum of user behaviour; this is not specific for PH, but a general observation. Despite this, the average values for the PH developments ranged within the uncertainty of the demand calculations. With over 2000 PH dwellings averaging a space heating energy consumption of 14.6 kWh/(m2a), the in situ performance is close to the original design intent and extraordinary low compared to the consumption in ordinary buildings. The results suggest the PH standard is capable of producing dwellings in a verifiable manner. This means, on average, the in situ thermal performance of the building fabric and the energy consumption for space heating match the design intent, i.e. there is no significant 'performance gap'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prototypical model of a one-dimensional metallic monatomic solid containing noninteracting electrons is studied, where the argument of the cosine potential energy, periodic with the lattice, contains the first reciprocal lattice vector G 1 = 2 π / a , where a is the lattice constant. The time-independent Schrödinger equation can be written in reduced variables as a Mathieu equation for which numerically exact solutions for the band structure and wave functions are obtained. The band structure has band gaps that increase with increasing amplitude q of the cosine potential. In the extended-zone scheme, the energy gaps decrease with increasing index n of the Brillouin-zone boundary k a = n π , where k is the crystal momentum of the electron. The wave functions of the band electron are derived for various combinations of k and q as complex combinations of the real Mathieu functions with even and odd parity, and the normalization factor is discussed. The wave functions at the bottoms and tops of the bands are found to be real or imaginary, respectively, corresponding to standing waves at these energies. Irrespective of the wave vector k within the first Brillouin zone, the electron probability density is found to be periodic with the lattice. The Fourier components of the wave functions are derived versus q, which reveal multiple reciprocal-lattice-vector components with variable amplitudes in the wave functions unless q = 0. The magnitudes of the Fourier components are found to decrease exponentially as a power of n for n ∼ 3 to 45 for k a = π / 2 and q = 2, and a precise fit is obtained to the data. The probability densities and probability currents obtained from the wave functions are also discussed. The probability currents are found to be zero for crystal momenta at the tops and bottoms of the energy bands, because the wave functions for these crystal momenta are standing waves. Finally, the band structure is calculated from the central equation and compared to the numerically exact band structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is described for deriving the genetic matrix G needed for breeders to select across breeds for any breeding objective. The matrix comprises partitions among selection criteria (G11), between selection criteria and the breeding objective traits (G12), and among the breeding objective traits (G22). A weighting procedure is used to combine the G matrix of individual breeds with known breed differences. Between‐breed variances are added to the diagonals of the matrix. Selection across many breeds can be quite different from that across a subset of the breeds. The particular breeds, and the numbers of each breed, that the breeder is prepared to consider in selection changes the genetic matrix and the selection index that should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with autologous hamstring graft can be attributed to both arthroscopic surgery and the graft donor site. This study investigated whether donor site pain control was superior with the addition of either peri-hamstring injection or anterior division obturator nerve block in comparison with adductor canal block (ACB) alone.Methods: Patients scheduled to undergo knee arthroscopy with ACLR using a graft from the ipsilateral hamstring were randomised to one of three groups. All patients received ACB and multimodal analgesia. Subjects in Group H received peri-hamstring local anaesthetic injection while subjects in Group O received an anterior division of the obturator nerve block, and subjects in Group C served as a control group (ACB alone).Results: In 105 subjects undergoing ACLR, there was no significant difference between groups H, O, and C for the primary outcome of pain on movement as assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) on knee flexion at 2 h after operation (P=0.11). There was no difference in NRS at any time point in the first 48 h after operation, nor was there a difference in oxycodone consumption between the three groups at 24 h (P=0.2). Worst knee pain was initially at the graft donor site in all three groups, which transitioned to anterior knee pain after 12 h.Conclusions: The addition of ultrasound-guided peri-hamstring injection or anterior division of obturator nerve block to ACB did not result in a significant reduction in pain or opioid consumption after ACLR with ipsilateral hamstring graft.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01868282. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: From September 2015 through March 2016, Hawaii had the largest outbreak of locally transmitted dengue since 1944. We report on the Hawaii Department of Health's (HDOH's) investigation, findings, and response to the outbreak. Methods: We defined cases of dengue using a modified version of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists' case definition for dengue virus infections. We conducted epidemiologic investigations, including interviews with case-persons, review of medical records, laboratory testing, genetic sequencing of specimens, and geographic information system (GIS) data analysis. Outbreak response included community outreach and vector-control activities. Results: We identified 264 confirmed cases of dengue; illness onset dates ranged from September 11, 2015, to March 17, 2016, all with reported travel to or residence on the Island of Hawaii. Of 264 persons with confirmed dengue, 238 (90.2%) were Hawaii residents. Thirty-seven (14.0%) persons required hospitalization; no cases of severe dengue or death were reported. GIS hot-spot analysis identified a cluster of cases on the western side of the island. Established risk factors for dengue exposure included holes in window or door screens, presence of standing water, and not using insect repellent or wearing protective clothing. Conclusions: To prevent or mitigate the spread of future arboviral introductions and outbreaks, the public health response should focus on behavioral and cultural attitudes, emphasizing personal mosquito protection and mosquito control at the community level. Outbreak responses can also be enhanced through the use of advanced GIS techniques, such as hot-spot analysis, to provide situational awareness and guide response efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plants with a commitment to safety, discipline, prevention and participation were capable of safe production, while plants without those values were neither safe nor productive. • These four value-in-actions work together in a self-reinforcing manner to enact routines involving workers and managers in safe production. • Culture and climate aligns to lower rates of injury. • Managers of both operations and safety functions reduce injuries by creating a participatory environment that encourage learning that in turn improves simultaneously both safety and production routines. Introduction: Safe production is a sustainable approach to managing an organization's operations that considers the interests of both management and workers as salient stakeholders in a productive and safe workplace. A supportive culture enacts values versus only espousing them. These values-in-action are beliefs shared by both management and workers that align what should happen in performing organizational routines to be safe and be productive with what actually is done. However, the operations and safety management literature provides little guidance on which values-in-action are most important to safe production and how they work together to create a supportive culture. Method: The researchers conducted exploratory case studies in 10 manufacturing plants of 9 firms. The researchers compared plant managers' top-down perspectives on safety in the performance of work and workers' bottom-up experiences of the safety climate and their rates of injury on the job. Each case study used data collected from interviewing multiple managers, the administration of a climate survey to workers and the examination of the plant's injury rates over time as reported to its third party health and safety insurer. Results: The researchers found that plants with four values-in-action —a commitment to safety, discipline, prevention and participation—were capable of safe production, while plants without those values were neither safe nor productive. Where culture and climate aligned lower rates of injury were experienced. Discussion and conclusion: The four value-in-actions must all be present and work together in a self-reinforcing manner to engage workers and managers in achieving safe production. Practical application: Managers of both operations and safety functions do impact safety outcomes such as reducing injuries by creating a participatory environment that encourage learning that improves both safety and production routines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this work was to develop a quantitative, flow cytometric method for tracking the endolysosomal escape of a fluorescently labelled saporin toxin. Methods: Flow cytometric measurements of fluorescent pulse width and height were used to track the endocytic uptake into Daudi cells of a fluorescently labelled saporin toxin and the saporin based immunotoxin, OKT10-SAP. Subsequently, measurement of changes in pulse width were used to investigate the effect of a triterpenoid saponin on the endolysosomal escape of internalised toxin into the cytosol. Live cell confocal microscopy was used to validate the flow cytometry data. Results: Increased endolysosomal escape of saporin and OKT10-SAP was observed by confocal microscopy in cells treated with saponin. Fluorescent pulse width measurements were also able to detect and quantify escape more sensitively than confocal microscopy. Saponin induced endolysosomal escape could be abrogated by treatment with chloroquine, an inhibitor of endolysosomal acidification. Chloroquine abrogation of escape was also mirrored by a concomitant abrogation of cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Poor endolysosomal escape is often a rate limiting step for the cytosolic delivery of protein toxins and other macromolecules. Pulse width analysis offers a simple method to semi-quantify the endolysosomal escape of this and similar molecules into the cytosol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycloidal paths are ubiquitous in physics. Here, we show that representative cycloidal paths in physics can be described as superpositions of translations and rotations of a point through space. Using this unifying principle, the parametric equations of the path of a point on a rolling disk are derived for rolling without slipping, rolling with frictionless slipping, and when kinetic solid-on-solid friction is present during rolling with slipping. In a similar way, the parametric equations versus time for the orbit with respect to a star of a moon in a circular orbit about a planet that is in a circular orbit about a star are derived, where the orbits are coplanar. The parametric equations versus time for the path of the magnetization vector during undamped electron-spin resonance are found using the same principle, which show that cycloidal paths can occur under specified conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phaffia rhodozyma cultivation performance depends on sweet sorghum sugar source. • Sweet sorghum juice generates greater astaxanthin titers than bagasse hydrolysate. • 53.3 mg/L astaxanthin and 34.9 g/L biomass was produced from sweet sorghum juice. • Bagasse hydrolysate detoxification was necessary to improve astaxanthin generation. • 48.9 mg/L astaxanthin and 23.6 g/L biomass was produced from bagasse hydrolysate. Sweet sorghum contains non-structural and structural sugars that can be converted to co-products in biorefinery processes. Astaxanthin is one such co-product that can be produced through fermentation with the yeast strain Phaffia rhodozyma and utilized in high value market applications such as aquaculture feed. This work investigated P. rhodozyma cultivation in sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) with increased nitrogen supplementation and supplemented sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) hydrolysate to determine biomass growth and carotenoid production. Batch bioreactor fermentation on SSJ with ammonium sulfate supplementation produced 34.9 g/L biomass with 53.3 mg/L astaxanthin at a productivity of 0.352 mg/L/h after 168 h of cultivation. Alternatively, supplemented SSB hydrolysate was found to be an inadequate media for P. rhodozyma cultivation likely due to inhibition by phenolic compounds. Improved biomass growth and carotenoid production occurred after activated carbon (AC) detoxification by generating 23.6 g/L biomass and 48.89 mg/L astaxanthin at a productivity of 0.291 mg/L/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, measurement protocols for the estimation of the total aggregate building heat transfer coefficient (HTC) have provided sufficient empirical evidence to indicate that buildings often do not perform as intended. However, little research has been carried out into the associated uncertainties. Within this context, this paper reviews sources of uncertainty associated with co-heating tests; characterises these uncertainties and their impact on HTC estimates; and devises a method for the calculation of HTC uncertainty. The method proposed was applied to 14 co-heating tests, showing estimated total uncertainty ranging between 2.2-21.1 ▪ (or 4.6-26.7% of the measured value) with a mean of 10.1 ▪ (or 8.7%). The natural variation of HTC and often-observed inaccuracy of design calculations (the 'prediction gap') suggest that more accurate measurements may be of little benefit. Additionally, results suggest that weather conditions, challenging building design and poor experimental technique can all significantly contribute to HTC uncertainty. However, when suitable buildings are tested by experienced technicians and under suitable weather conditions, HTC estimates from the co-heating protocol are likely to provide a useful tool to assess and understand real-world building fabric performance. • Uncertainties in steady state co-heating measurements are reviewed. • Uncertainties are characterised by their nature and impact upon HTC estimates. • A framework for estimating uncertainty in HTC estimates if given. • Range of estimated uncertainty on 14 tests is 5-27%. • Cases with poor experimental control and problematic test buildings result in higher uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme heat negatively impacts cognition, learning, and task performance. With increasing global temperatures, workers may therefore be at increased risk of work-related injuries and illness. This study estimates the effects of temperature on worker health using records spanning 1985–2020 from an Australian mandatory insurance scheme. High temperatures are found to cause significantly more claims, particularly among manual workers in outdoor-based industries. These adverse effects have not diminished across time, with the largest effect observed for the 2015–2020 period, indicating increasing vulnerability to heat. Within occupations, the workers most adversely affected by heat are female, older-aged and higher-earning. Finally, results from firm-level panel analyses show that the percentage increase in claims on hot days is largest at "safer" firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper focuses on the long-term impacts of attending a high school with inadequate sports facilities. We use prospective data from the British National Child Development Study, a continuing panel of a cohort of 17,634 children born in Great Britain during a single week of March 1958. Our empirical approach exploits the educational system they were exposed to: children were sorted by educational ability at age 11, but conditional on educational ability, attended their closest school. This produces quasi-random variation in the quality of the school sports facilities across respondents. We use this variation between cohort members residing within the same local authority area, and focus on outcome measures of physical activity, health, health-related lifestyle activities, and socioeconomic status, collected at ages between 33 and 50 years. We control for any potential links between the inadequacy of sports facilities and inadequacy of other facility types, and test that allocation to school type is random with respect to pre-high school observables. We find that attending a school with inadequate sports facilities led to a statistically significant, modest decrease in the likelihood of physical activity participation during adulthood. In contrast, we find no evidence that inadequate sports facilities worsened adulthood measures of physical and mental health, lifestyle or socioeconomic status. Highlights • Inadequate school sports facilities leads to a decrease in adulthood exercise. • The reduction in exercise is modest. • Inadequate school sports facilities has no long-term health effects. • Inadequate school sports facilities has no long-term socioeconomic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression are common, there is little research on whether individuals in poor mental health react differently from others to financial incentives. This paper exploits an experiment from the UK Understanding Society Innovation Panel to assess how the participation response to randomly-assigned financial incentives differs by mental health status. We find that individuals in good mental health are more likely to respond when offered a higher financial incentive, whereas those in poor mental health are indifferent to the increased incentive. We find no comparable differences for physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracers injected into CSF pass into the brain alongside arteries and out again. This has been recently termed the “glymphatic system” that proposes tracers enter the brain along periarterial “spaces” and leave the brain along the walls of veins. The object of the present study is to test the hypothesis that: (1) tracers from the CSF enter the cerebral cortex along pial-glial basement membranes as there are no perivascular “spaces” around cortical arteries, (2) tracers leave the brain along smooth muscle cell basement membranes that form the Intramural Peri-Arterial Drainage (IPAD) pathways for the elimination of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brain. 2 μL of 100 μM soluble, fluorescent fixable amyloid β (Aβ) were injected into the CSF of the cisterna magna of 6-10 and 24-30 month-old male mice and their brains were examined 5 and 30 min later. At 5 min, immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy revealed Aβ on the outer aspects of cortical arteries colocalized with α-2 laminin in the pial-glial basement membranes. At 30 min, Aβ was colocalised with collagen IV in smooth muscle cell basement membranes in the walls of cortical arteries corresponding to the IPAD pathways. No evidence for drainage along the walls of veins was found. Measurements of the depth of penetration of tracer were taken from 11 regions of the brain. Maximum depths of penetration of tracer into the brain were achieved in the pons and caudoputamen. Conclusions drawn from the present study are that tracers injected into the CSF enter and leave the brain along separate periarterial basement membrane pathways. The exit route is along IPAD pathways in which Aβ accumulates in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in Alzheimer’s disease. Results from this study suggest that CSF may be a suitable route for delivery of therapies for neurological diseases, including CAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian rainfed cotton is grown in regions with highly variable rainfall, with in-crop rainfall ranging from 100 mm to 800 mm. The CSIRO cotton breeding program conducts rainfed germplasm evaluations at its core research site, as well as a number of regional locations. As a direct result of our variable rainfall environment, yields <550 kg ha −1 are observed in 20% of years. Historically, these low yielding seasons result in variable experimental data with an increased risk of experimental failure as a non-significant result. Therefore, the aim of this research was twofold. Firstly, to develop and evaluate a managed stress environment (MSE) protocol where ‘rainfed’ germplasm evaluations are irrigated when yield is expected to fall below the minimum threshold for our target breeding environment (550 kg ha −1 ). Secondly, to assess the reliability of germplasm performance under rainfed conditions and limited water situations, clarifying whether germplasm selected under very dry rainfed conditions has the ability to produce high lint yield in seasons with higher than average rainfall. It was hypothesised that applying one furrow irrigation in very dry seasons will reduce within experiment variability and increase experimental yields to better reflect our breeding target environment. As irrigation timing will impact its efficacy, the OZCOT simulation model for cotton crop management was used to determine the most effective irrigation date with respect to soil water content and crop growth stage. The simulation, conducted with weather data from a 151 year period, concluded that yields >550 kg ha −1 were not achieved in 27 seasons (18%). These 27 seasons underwent further simulations to determine the most suitable soil water content and crop growth stage where yield was increased with a single irrigation. It was determined that an irrigation should be applied to a ‘rainfed’ experiment if plant available water (PAW) reached approximately 40% by peak flowering (100-110 DAS). Paired rainfed and MSE experiments with 21 genotypes were established in 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 to provide field validation of the developed protocol. Genotype performance was assessed in terms of lint yield and fibre quality. Results show that in dry seasons (2013/14) irrigating the ‘rainfed’ treatment was necessary to reduce within experiment variability and increase yields above 550 kg ha −1 . However, once rainfed yield levels increase due to greater in-crop rainfall (2014/15 and 2015/16), irrigation was no longer necessary. This was further supported by the result that genotype yield ranking differed between rainfed and MSE treatments. Genotype changes in fibre quality between treatments were small. It was concluded that a MSE, designed to produce experimental data better matched to our breeding target environment as well as reducing the risk of experimental failure, would be a worthwhile addition to rainfed evaluations conducted in variable rainfall environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assessed health (SAH) measures are widely used in models of health and health inequalities. Such models assume that SAH is a reliable measure of health status. We utilise a unique feature of a national longitudinal survey to examine the consistency of responses to a standard SAH question that is asked twice to the same individual in close temporal proximity in up to three waves (2001, 2009, and 2013). In particular, we analyse whether the consistency of responses varies with personal characteristics. The main analysis sample includes 18,834 individual-year observations. We find that 57% of respondents provide inconsistent reports at least once. Characteristics that are associated with significantly higher inconsistencies are age, education, cognitive ability, and time between responses. The results suggest that there are systematic differences in the ability of individuals’ to self-evaluate and summarise their own health. Consequently, failure to account for such error may lead to large estimation biases in models of health outcomes, particularly with respect to the relationship between education, cognitive ability, and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performing large scale simulation analyses using complex process-driven models can be very time consuming and incur significant computational expense. These analyses involve generating synthetic datasets and include processes such as impacts analysis (IA) and variance-based sensitivity analysis (SA). Machine learning (ML) provides a potential alternative path to reduce computational costs incurred when generating output from large simulation experiments. We assessed the accuracy and computational efficiency of three ML-based emulators (MLEs): artificial neural networks, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and random forest algorithms, to replicate the outputs of the APSIM-NextGen chickpea crop model. The MLEs were trained to predict seven outputs of the process-driven model. All the MLEs performed well (R2 > 0.95) for predicting outputs for the training data set locations but did not perform well for previously unseen test locations. These findings indicate that modellers using process-driven models can benefit from using MLEs for efficient data generation, provided suitable training data is provided. • Machine learning emulators of process-driven models produce accurate predictions. • Some emulator types produce more consistently accurate predictions than others. • Comprehensive training data is essential to ensure emulators can predict accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational use of wild spaces is increasingly popular, resulting in a burgeoning tourism industry. Such activities can degrade the environment and disrupt the behaviour and natural function of organisms. A small population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) is resident in Dusky Sound, New Zealand, a fjord with increasing human use. Dolphins, as top predators, play an important role within ecosystems and are at risk of long-term negative consequences from behavioural changes when exposed to high levels of vessel activity. A better understanding of the distribution of the dolphins in Dusky Sound would provide a framework for developing management within the fjord. Here we describe where dolphins were most frequently found, based on >40,000 km of photo-ID survey effort conducted over 10 years. Kernel density estimation revealed two large core areas that remained consistent over the duration of this study. This information could be used to determine areas within Dusky Sound where human activities around dolphins could be managed to avoid anthropogenically driven detrimental impacts. We suggest the following: (1) establish dolphin protection zones, (2) create a marine mammal sanctuary, (3) extend marine reserve boundaries, and/or (4) lower catch limits for fish within the fjord boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between health and work is frequently investigated using self-assessments of disability from social surveys. The complication is that respondents may overstate their level of disability to justify non-employment and welfare receipt. This study provides new evidence on the existence and magnitude of justification bias by exploiting a novel feature of a large longitudinal survey: each wave respondents are asked identical disability questions twice; near the beginning and end of the face-to-face interview. Prior to answering the second disability question, respondents are asked a series of questions that increase the salience of their employment and welfare circumstances. Justification bias is identified by comparing the variation between the two measures within-individuals over time, with the variation in employment status over time. Results indicate substantial and statistically significant justification bias; especially for men and women who receive disability pensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euxinic conditions, which are defined by the presence of sulfide in the water column, were common in ancient oceans. However, it is not clear how the presence of sulfide in the water column affects the balance between rates of sulfide oxidation and sulfate reduction, which plays a major role in regulating the net redox state of the ocean-atmosphere system. Euxinia could lead to higher rates of sulfide oxidation because sulfide may diffuse more rapidly into the oxic zone in solution than in sediment. Alternatively, sulfide oxidation could be inhibited by low overall availability of suitable oxidants in euxinic settings. Here, we constrain rates of sulfide oxidation versus sulfate reduction in four euxinic water columns in coastal ponds by modeling the evolution of the concentration and sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions of sulfate from post-hurricane, well-oxygenated conditions to modern, euxinic conditions. The results of the one-dimensional, depth-dependent models of water column sulfate geochemistry indicate that the fraction of sulfate reduced that is subsequently reoxidized is low (0.11–0.42) in euxinic systems relative to the modern well-oxygenated ocean (0.75–0.90). This implies that sulfide reoxidation rates are low in euxinic systems because of oxidant limitation and physical transport. Low fractional sulfide reoxidation in euxinic systems has important implications for exploring how oxygen levels in the ocean and atmosphere have changed through Earth history. We use a marine sulfate isotope box model to explore how low reoxidation rates in euxinic systems affect marine sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope records. Model results indicate that marine sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions increase during the expansion of euxinia with patterns that are distinct from other isotopic changes to the marine sulfate reservoir. Thus, marine sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope box models can be applied to ancient isotope records in order to evaluate the expansion of euxinia in ancient oceans because sulfide oxidation rates are low relative to sulfate reduction rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine if the compositional difference between grain sorghum and corn impact ethanol yields and coproduct value when grain sorghum is incorporated into existing corn ethanol facilities. Fermentation properties of corn and grain sorghum were compared utilizing two fermentation systems (conventional thermal starch liquefaction and native starch hydrolysis). Fermentation results indicated that protease addition influenced the fermentation rate and yield for grain sorghum, improving yields by 1–2% over non-protease treated fermentations. Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles produced from sorghum had a statistically significant higher yields and significantly higher protein content relative to corn. Lipid analysis of the Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles showed statistically significant differences between corn and sorghum in triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and free fatty acid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using detailed longitudinal data that tracks couples for 8 years, and asks each partner annually about who is responsible for making major financial decisions, we examine multiple potential determinants of financial decision-making allocations. An important focus is on the role that non-economic dimensions have in determining financial decision-making, in particular the physical and mental health of each partner, as well as their cognitive ability and personality traits. We find that increased employment and wages are positively associated with own decision-making responsibility in both cross-sectional and within-couple panel models, and that non-economic characteristics of couples are also important. Interestingly, we find that many results are sensitive to whether we use male or female reports of who is the decision-maker, suggesting that studies with information from only one person in the household need to consider that their results may be partially dependent upon the gender of the respondent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent Review of Teacher Education in Scotland reports that 23% of respondents (n= 2381) encountered variable or very poor school placement experiences. This paper uses Lave and Wenger’s ideas concerning Communities of Practice (1998) and Legitimate Peripheral Participation (1991) as analytical tools with which to understand the nature and impact of student teachers’ problematic experiences of school placement. A total of 14 Professional Graduate Diploma in Education students on a one-year Secondary English course were followed through the practice elements of their Initial Teacher Education programme and data were constructed from learning logs and semi-structured interviews. Analysis provided a nuanced account of the student teachers’ difficulties in attaining member status as Legitimate Peripheral Participants in communities of practising teachers, with the concepts ‘joint enterprise’, ‘mutual engagement’ and ‘shared repertoire’ being found to be useful in explaining these difficulties. Limitations in the theoretical framework were also discovered and these are highlighted and developed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach for measuring the triple oxygen isotope composition of sulfate minerals was developed using fluorine gas and an infrared laser to generate O 2 . A correction for the mass-dependent isotope effect observed during barite fluorination was rigorously calibrated. Analyte gas purification was performed via numerous cryofocus steps and the introduction of an in-line gas chromatograph. As with previous methods, our fluorination technique still requires pairing with independent δ 18 O measurements made by TC/EA conversion to carbon monoxide, but leads to higher yields than BrF 5 -based methods. We first calibrated our method against known silicate standards (UWG-2, SCO, NBS-28). Following from this, we report high-precision triple oxygen isotope ratios for international sulfate standards (IAEA-SO-5, IAEA-S O-6, NBS-127), and an internal laboratory standard, JMG. Replicate analyses of JMG yielded a Δ ′ 17 O value of −0.057 ± 0.004‰ (standard error), demonstrating per-meg level precision that approaches instrumental limits. We provide δ 17 O and δ 18 O values that can be translated into any preferred reference frame for comparison with gases, water, or rocks/minerals. Quantification of differences in triple oxygen isotope composition of the standard reference materials further enables application of this measure and approach on environmental and geological materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of iron(II) complexes incorporating the silylated pentalene ligands (Pn † H = 1,4-{Si i Pr 3 } 2 C 8 H 5 and Pn † = 1,4-{Si i Pr 3 } 2 C 8 H 4 ) have been investigated as model molecules/building blocks for metallocene-based polymers. Six complexes have been synthesised and extensively characterised by a range of techniques, including by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray diffraction studies. Amongst these compounds are the homobimetallic [Cp ∗ Fe] 2 (μ-Pn † ) which is a fused analogue of biferrocene, and the 3 d /4 s heterobimetallic [Cp ∗ Fe(η 5 -Pn † )][K] which forms an organometallic polymer in the solid state. DFT calculations on model mono-Fe(η 5 -Pn) compounds reveal the charge densities on the uncoordinated carbon atoms of the pentalene ligand, and hence the potential for incorporating these units into heteronuclear bimetallic complexes is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exist remarkably large differences in body weights and obesity prevalence between black and white women in the United States; and crucially, these differences are a significant contributor to black-white inequalities in health. In this article, we investigate the most proximal explanations for the weight gap: namely, differences in diet and exercise. More specifically, we decompose black-white differences in body mass index and waist-to-height ratio into components reflecting black-white differences in energy intake and energy expenditure. The analysis indicates that overconsumption is much more important than a lack of exercise in explaining the weight gap, which suggests that diet interventions will have to play a fundamental role if the weight gap between black and white women is to decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the methodology, along with some of the initial findings and observations from tests performed on two dwellings, of differing construction and form, in which a coheating test was performed using the dwelling’s central heating system; this method is referred to as integrated coheating. Data obtained during the integrated coheating tests using a dwelling’s heating system have been compared with data obtained during electric coheating of the same dwelling. In one instance, integrated coheating test data from one dwelling was compared to a similar adjoining control dwelling that was simultaneously subject to an electric coheating test. The results show a good agreement between the heat loss coefficients (HLC) obtained using a dwelling’s own heating system and those obtained through electrical coheating. Initial analysis suggests the HLC estimate obtained from integrated coheating is likely to be more representative of how a dwelling performs in-use. The findings question the appropriateness of comparing current steady-state HLC predictions to those derived from in-use monitoring data. Integrated coheating has the potential to provide a more cost-effective and informative indication of whole house heat loss than electric coheating, as it enables in situ quantification of both fabric and heating system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a historical survey of Protestant attitudes toward and writings about Muslims since colonial New England to the present time, mostly leaning on Thomas S. Kidd's American Christians and Islam (2009). The author makes three main arguments. First, there is an impressive amount of continuity in the polemical discourse that conservative Protestants have deployed against Islam and Muslims, some of which picks up tropes that go back to the early centuries of Christian-Muslim polemics. Second, this discourse is best studied through the lens of three principal matrices: the political, the prophetic/eschatological, and Christian mission to Muslims. Finally, since 9/11, there has been a hardening of evangelical Islamophobia, as well as a growing wing that seeks reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the long-term health effects of Vietnam-era military service using Australia's National conscription lotteries for identification. Our primary contribution is the quality and breadth of our health outcomes. We use several administrative sources, containing a near-universe of records on mortality (1994-2011), cancer diagnoses (1982-2008), and emergency hospital presentations (2005-2010). We also analyse a range of self-reported morbidity indicators (2006-2009). We find no significant long-term effects on mortality, cancer or emergency hospital visits. In contrast, we find significant detrimental effects on a number of morbidity measures. Hearing and mental health appear to be particularly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of magnetic dipole interactions (MDIs) on the magnetic properties of local-moment Heisenberg spin systems is investigated. A general formulation is presented for calculating the eigenvalues λ and eigenvectors û of the MDI tensor of the magnetic dipoles in a line (one dimension, 1D), within a circle (2D) or a sphere (3D) of radius r surrounding a given moment μi for given magnetic propagation vectors k for collinear and coplanar noncollinear magnetic structures on both Bravais and non-Bravais spin lattices. Results are calculated for collinear ordering on 1D chains, 2D square and simple-hexagonal (triangular) Bravais lattices, 2D honeycomb and kagomé non-Bravais lattices, and 3D cubic Bravais lattices. The λ and û values are compared with previously reported results. Calculations for collinear ordering on 3D simple tetragonal, body-centered tetragonal, and stacked triangular and honeycomb lattices are presented for c/a ratios from 0.5 to 3 in both graphical and tabular form tofacilitate comparison of experimentally determined easy axes of ordering on these Bravais lattices with the predictions for MDIs. Comparisons with the easy axesmeasured for several illustrative collinear antiferromagnets (AFMs) are given. The calculations are extended to the cycloidal noncollinear 120° AFM ordering on the triangular lattice where λ is found to be the same as for collinear AFM ordering with the same k. The angular orientation of the ordered moments in the noncollinear coplanar AFM structure of GdB4 with a distorted stacked 3D Shastry-Sutherland spin-lattice geometry is calculated and found to be in disagreement with experimental observations, indicating the presence of another source of anisotropy. Similar calculations for the undistorted 2D and stacked 3D Shastry-Sutherland lattices are reported. The thermodynamics of dipolar magnets are calculated using the Weiss molecular field theory for quantum spins, including the magnetic transition temperature Tm and the ordered moment, magnetic heat capacity, and anisotropic magnetic susceptibility X versus temperature T . The anisotropic Weiss temperature θp in the Curie-Weiss law for T >Tm is calculated. A quantitative study of the competition between FM and AFM ordering on cubic Bravais lattices versus the demagnetization factor in the absence of FM domain effects is presented. The contributions of Heisenberg exchange interactions and of the MDIs to Tm and to θp are found to be additive, which simplifies analysis of experimental data. Some properties in the magnetically-ordered state versus T are presented, including the ordered moment and magnetic heat capacity and, for AFMs, the dipolar anisotropy of the free energy and the perpendicular critical field. The anisotropic X for dipolar AFMs is calculated both above and below the Néel temperature TN and the results are illustrated for a simple tetragonal lattice with c/a > 1, c/a = 1 (cubic), and c/a < 1, where a change in sign of the X anisotropy is found at c/a = 1. Finally, following the early work of Keffer [Phys. Rev. 87, 608 (1952)], the dipolar anisotropy of X above TN = 69 K of the prototype collinear Heisenberg-exchange-coupled tetragonal compound MnF2 is calculated and found to be in excellent agreement with experimental single-crystal literature data above 130 K, where the smoothly increasing deviation of the experimental data from the theory on cooling from 130 K to TN is deduced to arise from dynamic short-range collinear c-axis AFM ordering in this temperature range driven by the exchange interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]