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1. Prior vaccination promotes early activation of memory T cells and enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection

Author

Painter, Mark M., Johnston, Timothy S., Lundgreen, Kendall A., Santos, Jefferson J. S., Qin, Juliana S., Goel, Rishi R., Apostolidis, Sokratis A., Mathew, Divij, Fulmer, Bria, Williams, Justine C., McKeague, Michelle L., Pattekar, Ajinkya, Goode, Ahmad, Nasta, Sean, Baxter, Amy E., Giles, Josephine R., Skelly, Ashwin N., Felley, Laura E., McLaughlin, Maura, Weaver, Joellen, Kuthuru, Oliva, Dougherty, Jeanette, Adamski, Sharon, Long, Sherea, Kee, Macy, Clendenin, Cynthia, da Silva Antunes, Ricardo, Grifoni, Alba, Weiskopf, Daniela, Sette, Alessandro, Huang, Alexander C., Rader, Daniel J., Hensley, Scott E., Bates, Paul, Greenplate, Allison R., and Wherry, E. John

Published
2023
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3. Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones

Author

Lima, Noemia S., Musayev, Maryam, Johnston, Timothy S., Wagner, Danielle A., Henry, Amy R., Wang, Lingshu, Yang, Eun Sung, Zhang, Yi, Birungi, Kevina, Black, Walker P., O’Dell, Sijy, Schmidt, Stephen D., Moon, Damee, Lorang, Cynthia G., Zhao, Bingchun, Chen, Man, Boswell, Kristin L., Roberts-Torres, Jesmine, Davis, Rachel L., Peyton, Lowrey, Narpala, Sandeep R., O’Connell, Sarah, Serebryannyy, Leonid, Wang, Jennifer, Schrager, Alexander, Talana, Chloe Adrienna, Shimberg, Geoffrey, Leung, Kwanyee, Shi, Wei, Khashab, Rawan, Biber, Asaf, Zilberman, Tal, Rhein, Joshua, Vetter, Sara, Ahmed, Afeefa, Novik, Laura, Widge, Alicia, Gordon, Ingelise, Guech, Mercy, Teng, I-Ting, Phung, Emily, Ruckwardt, Tracy J., Pegu, Amarendra, Misasi, John, Doria-Rose, Nicole A., Gaudinski, Martin, Koup, Richard A., Kwong, Peter D., McDermott, Adrian B., Amit, Sharon, Schacker, Timothy W., Levy, Itzchak, Mascola, John R., Sullivan, Nancy J., Schramm, Chaim A., and Douek, Daniel C.

Published
2022
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4. mRNA-1273 protects against SARS-CoV-2 beta infection in nonhuman primates

Author

Corbett, Kizzmekia S., Werner, Anne P., Connell, Sarah O’, Gagne, Matthew, Lai, Lilin, Moliva, Juan I., Flynn, Barbara, Choi, Angela, Koch, Matthew, Foulds, Kathryn E., Andrew, Shayne F., Flebbe, Dillon R., Lamb, Evan, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., Provost, Samantha J., Bock, Kevin W., Minai, Mahnaz, Nagata, Bianca M., Ry, Alex Van, Flinchbaugh, Zackery, Johnston, Timothy S., Mokhtari, Elham Bayat, Mudvari, Prakriti, Henry, Amy R., Laboune, Farida, Chang, Becky, Porto, Maciel, Wear, Jaclyn, Alvarado, Gabriela S., Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, Todd, John-Paul M., Bart, Bridget, Cook, Anthony, Dodson, Alan, Pessaint, Laurent, Steingrebe, Katelyn, Elbashir, Sayda, Sriparna, Manjari, Pekosz, Andrew, Andersen, Hanne, Wu, Kai, Edwards, Darin K., Kar, Swagata, Lewis, Mark G., Boritz, Eli, Moore, Ian N., Carfi, Andrea, Suthar, Mehul S., McDermott, Adrian, Roederer, Mario, Nason, Martha C., Sullivan, Nancy J., Douek, Daniel C., Graham, Barney S., and Seder, Robert A.

Published
2021
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6. High frequency of HIV precursor-target-specific B cells in sub-Saharan populations

Author

Matassoli, Flavio, primary, Cagigi, Alberto, additional, Shen, Chen-Hsiang, additional, Henry, Amy R., additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Schramm, Chaim A., additional, Cottrell, Christopher A., additional, Kalyuzhniy, Oleksandr, additional, Spangler, Abby, additional, Eller, Leigh, additional, Robb, Merlin, additional, Eller, Michael, additional, Naluyima, Prossy, additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Schief, William R., additional, Andrews, Sarah F., additional, and McDermott, Adrian B., additional

Published
2023
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7. Depleting CD103+ resident memory T cells in vivo reveals immunostimulatory functions in oral mucosa

Author

Stolley, J. Michael, primary, Scott, Milcah C., additional, Joag, Vineet, additional, Dale, Alexander J., additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Saavedra, Flavia, additional, Gavil, Noah V., additional, Lotfi-Emran, Sahar, additional, Soerens, Andrew G., additional, Weyu, Eyob, additional, Pierson, Mark J., additional, Herzberg, Mark C., additional, Zhang, Nu, additional, Vezys, Vaiva, additional, and Masopust, David, additional

Published
2023
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8. Prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection with early activation of memory T cells followed by production of potent neutralizing antibodies

Author

Painter, Mark M., Johnston, Timothy S., Lundgreen, Kendall A., Santos, Jefferson J.S., Qin, Juliana S., Goel, Rishi R., Apostolidis, Sokratis A., Mathew, Divij, Fulmer, Bria, Williams, Justine C., McKeague, Michelle L., Pattekar, Ajinkya, Goode, Ahmad, Nasta, Sean, Baxter, Amy E., Giles, Josephine R., Skelly, Ashwin N., Felley, Laura E., McLaughlin, Maura, Weaver, Joellen, Kuthuru, Oliva, Dougherty, Jeanette, Adamski, Sharon, Long, Sherea, Kee, Macy, Clendenin, Cynthia, da Silva Antunes, Ricardo, Grifoni, Alba, Weiskopf, Daniela, Sette, Alessandro, Huang, Alexander C., Rader, Daniel J., Hensley, Scott E., Bates, Paul, Greenplate, Allison R., and Wherry, E. John

Subjects
Article
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common but rarely results in severe disease, likely due to the enhanced potency and accelerated kinetics of memory immune responses. However, there have been few opportunities to rigorously study early recall responses during human viral infection. To better understand human immune memory and identify potential mediators of lasting vaccine efficacy, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry and SARS-CoV-2 antigen probes to examine immune responses in longitudinal samples from vaccinated individuals infected during the Omicron wave. These studies revealed heightened Spike-specific responses during infection of vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. Spike-specific CD4 T cells and plasmablasts expanded and CD8 T cells were robustly activated during the first week. In contrast, memory B cell activation, neutralizing antibody production, and primary responses to non-Spike antigens occurred during the second week. Collectively, these data demonstrate the functionality of vaccine-primed immune memory and highlight memory T cells as rapid responders during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Published
2023

9. Convergent epitope specificities, V gene usage and public clones elicited by primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Lima, Noemia S, primary, Mukhamedova, Maryam, additional, Johnston, Timothy S, additional, Wagner, Danielle A, additional, Henry, Amy R, additional, Wang, Lingshu, additional, Yang, Eun Sung, additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Birungi, Kevina, additional, Black, Walker P, additional, O'Dell, Sijy, additional, Schmidt, Stephen D, additional, Moon, Damee, additional, Lorang, Cynthia G, additional, Zhao, Bingchun, additional, Chen, Man, additional, Boswell, Kristin, additional, Roberts-Torres, Jesmine, additional, Davis, Rachel L, additional, Peyton, Lowrey, additional, Narpala, Sandeep R, additional, O'Connell, Sarah, additional, Wang, Jennifer, additional, Schrager, Alexander, additional, Talana, Chloe Adrienna, additional, Leung, Kwanyee, additional, Shi, Wei, additional, Khashab, Rawan, additional, Biber, Asaf, additional, Zilberman, Tal, additional, Rhein, Joshua, additional, Vetter, Sara, additional, Ahmed, Afeefa, additional, Novik, Laura, additional, Widge, Alicia, additional, Gordon, Ingelise, additional, Guech, Mercy, additional, Teng, I-Ting, additional, Phung, Emily, additional, Ruckwardt, Tracy, additional, Pegu, Amarendra, additional, Misasi, John, additional, Doria-Rose, Nicole A, additional, Gaudinski, Martin, additional, Koup, Richard A, additional, Kwong, Peter D, additional, McDermott, Adrian B, additional, Amit, Sharon, additional, Schacker, Timothy W, additional, Levy, Itzchak, additional, Mascola, John R, additional, Sullivan, Nancy J, additional, Schramm, Chaim A, additional, and Douek, Daniel C, additional

Published
2022
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10. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant in mRNA-1273 vaccine–boosted nonhuman primates

Author

Corbett, Kizzmekia S., primary, Gagne, Matthew, additional, Wagner, Danielle A., additional, O’ Connell, Sarah, additional, Narpala, Sandeep R., additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Davis, Rachel L., additional, Flynn, Barbara, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Stringham, Christopher D., additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, Valentin, Daniel, additional, Van Ry, Alex, additional, Flinchbaugh, Zackery, additional, Werner, Anne P., additional, Moliva, Juan I., additional, Sriparna, Manjari, additional, O’Dell, Sijy, additional, Schmidt, Stephen D., additional, Tucker, Courtney, additional, Choi, Angela, additional, Koch, Matthew, additional, Bock, Kevin W., additional, Minai, Mahnaz, additional, Nagata, Bianca M., additional, Alvarado, Gabriela S., additional, Henry, Amy R., additional, Laboune, Farida, additional, Schramm, Chaim A., additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Yang, Eun Sung, additional, Wang, Lingshu, additional, Choe, Misook, additional, Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, additional, Wei, Shi, additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Provost, Samantha J., additional, Donaldson, Mitzi M., additional, Marquez, Josue, additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Pekosz, Andrew, additional, Boritz, Eli, additional, Ploquin, Aurélie, additional, Doria-Rose, Nicole, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Misasi, John, additional, Wu, Kai, additional, Carfi, Andrea, additional, Nason, Martha C., additional, Mascola, John, additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Edwards, Darin K., additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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11. Immune correlates of protection by mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates

Author

Corbett, Kizzmekia S., primary, Nason, Martha C., additional, Flach, Britta, additional, Gagne, Matthew, additional, O’Connell, Sarah, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Shah, Shruti N., additional, Edara, Venkata Viswanadh, additional, Floyd, Katharine, additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, McDanal, Charlene, additional, Francica, Joseph R., additional, Flynn, Barbara, additional, Wu, Kai, additional, Choi, Angela, additional, Koch, Matthew, additional, Abiona, Olubukola M., additional, Werner, Anne P., additional, Moliva, Juan I., additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Donaldson, Mitzi M., additional, Fintzi, Jonathan, additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Noe, Amy T., additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Provost, Samantha J., additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Faudree, Andrew, additional, Greenhouse, Jack, additional, Kar, Swagata, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Porto, Maciel, additional, Steingrebe, Katelyn, additional, Valentin, Daniel, additional, Zouantcha, Serge, additional, Bock, Kevin W., additional, Minai, Mahnaz, additional, Nagata, Bianca M., additional, van de Wetering, Renee, additional, Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, additional, Leung, Kwanyee, additional, Shi, Wei, additional, Yang, Eun Sung, additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Wang, Lingshu, additional, Alvarado, Gabriela S., additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Edwards, Darin K., additional, Mascola, John R., additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Carfi, Andrea, additional, Montefiori, David, additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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12. Protective antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccination are boosted in the lung after challenge in nonhuman primates

Author

Francica, Joseph R., primary, Flynn, Barbara J., additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Noe, Amy T., additional, Werner, Anne P., additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Gagne, Matthew, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Tucker, Courtney, additional, Davis, Rachel L., additional, Flach, Britta, additional, O’Connell, Sarah, additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Donaldson, Mitzi M., additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Zhu, Alex Lee, additional, Atyeo, Caroline, additional, Fischinger, Stephanie, additional, Gorman, Matthew J, additional, Shin, Sally, additional, Edara, Venkata Viswanadh, additional, Floyd, Katharine, additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, additional, Van De Wetering, Renee, additional, Tylor, Alida, additional, McCarthy, Elizabeth, additional, Lecouturier, Valerie, additional, Ruiz, Sophie, additional, Berry, Catherine, additional, Tibbitts, Timothy, additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Van Ry, Alex, additional, Koutsoukos, Marguerite, additional, Gutzeit, Cindy, additional, Teng, I.-Ting, additional, Zhou, Tongqing, additional, Li, Dapeng, additional, Haynes, Barton F., additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Fu, Tong Ming, additional, Chicz, Roman, additional, van der Most, Robbert, additional, Corbett, Kizzmekia S., additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, Alter, Galit, additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, Casimiro, Danilo, additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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13. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant in mRNA-1273 Boosted Nonhuman Primates

Author

Corbett, Kizzmekia S., primary, Gagne, Matthew, additional, Wagner, Danielle A., additional, Connell, Sarah O’, additional, Narpala, Sandeep R., additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Davis, Rachel L., additional, Flynn, Barbara, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Stringham, Christopher, additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, Valentin, Daniel, additional, Van Ry, Alex, additional, Flinchbaugh, Zackery, additional, Werner, Anne P., additional, Moliva, Juan I., additional, Sriparna, Manjari, additional, O’Dell, Sijy, additional, Schmidt, Stephen D., additional, Tucker, Courtney, additional, Choi, Angela, additional, Koch, Matthew, additional, Bock, Kevin W., additional, Minai, Mahnaz, additional, Nagata, Bianca M., additional, Alvarado, Gabriela S., additional, Henry, Amy R., additional, Laboune, Farida, additional, Schramm, Chaim A., additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Wang, Lingshu, additional, Choe, Misook, additional, Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, additional, Shi, Wei, additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Provost, Samantha J., additional, Donaldson, Mitzi M., additional, Marquez, Josue, additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Pekosz, Andrew, additional, Boritz, Eli, additional, Ploquin, Aurélie, additional, Doria-Rose, Nicole, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Misasi, John, additional, Wu, Kai, additional, Carfi, Andrea, additional, Nason, Martha C., additional, Mascola, John, additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Edwards, Darin K., additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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14. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 Infection in Nonhuman Primates

Author

Corbett, Kizzmekia S., primary, Werner, Anne P., additional, O’ Connell, Sarah, additional, Gagne, Matthew, additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, Moliva, Juan I., additional, Flynn, Barbara, additional, Choi, Angela, additional, Koch, Matthew, additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Provost, Samantha J., additional, Bock, Kevin W., additional, Minai, Mahnaz, additional, Nagata, Bianca M., additional, Van Ry, Alex, additional, Flinchbaugh, Zackery, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Mokhtari, Elham Bayat, additional, Mudvari, Prakriti, additional, Henry, Amy R., additional, Laboune, Farida, additional, Chang, Becky, additional, Porto, Maciel, additional, Wear, Jaclyn, additional, Alvarado, Gabriela S., additional, Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Bart, Bridget, additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Steingrebe, Katelyn, additional, Elbashir, Sayda, additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Wu, Kai, additional, Edwards, Darin K., additional, Kar, Swagata, additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Bortiz, Eli, additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Carfi, Andrea, additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, Nason, Martha C., additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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15. Immune Correlates of Protection by mRNA-1273 Immunization against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates

Author

Corbett, Kizzmekia S., primary, Nason, Martha C., additional, Flach, Britta, additional, Gagne, Matthew, additional, O’ Connell, Sarah, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Shah, Shruti N., additional, Edara, Venkata Viswanadh, additional, Floyd, Katharine, additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, McDanal, Charlene, additional, Francica, Joseph R., additional, Flynn, Barbara, additional, Wu, Kai, additional, Choi, Angela, additional, Koch, Matthew, additional, Abiona, Olubukola M., additional, Werner, Anne P., additional, Alvarado, Gabriela S., additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Donaldson, Mitzi M., additional, Fintzi, Jonathan, additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Noe, Amy T., additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Provost, Samantha J., additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Faudree, Andrew, additional, Greenhouse, Jack, additional, Kar, Swagata, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Porto, Maciel, additional, Steingrebe, Katelyn, additional, Valentin, Daniel, additional, Zouantcha, Serge, additional, Bock, Kevin W., additional, Minai, Mahnaz, additional, Nagata, Bianca M., additional, Moliva, Juan I., additional, van de Wetering, Renee, additional, Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan, additional, Leung, Kwanyee, additional, Shi, Wei, additional, Yang, Eun Sung, additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Wang, Lingshu, additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Edwards, Darin K., additional, Mascola, John R., additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Carfi, Andrea, additional, Montefiori, David, additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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16. Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and AS03 Adjuvant Induces Rapid Anamnestic Antibodies in the Lung and Protects Against Virus Challenge in Nonhuman Primates

Author

Francica, Joseph R., primary, Flynn, Barbara J., additional, Foulds, Kathryn E., additional, Noe, Amy T., additional, Werner, Anne P., additional, Moore, Ian N., additional, Gagne, Matthew, additional, Johnston, Timothy S., additional, Tucker, Courtney, additional, Davis, Rachel L., additional, Flach, Britta, additional, O’Connell, Sarah, additional, Andrew, Shayne F., additional, Lamb, Evan, additional, Flebbe, Dillon R., additional, Nurmukhambetova, Saule T., additional, Donaldson, Mitzi M., additional, Todd, John-Paul M., additional, Zhu, Alex Lee, additional, Atyeo, Caroline, additional, Fischinger, Stephanie, additional, Gorman, Matthew J, additional, Shin, Sally, additional, Edara, Venkata Viswanadh, additional, Floyd, Katharine, additional, Lai, Lilin, additional, Tylor, Alida, additional, McCarthy, Elizabeth, additional, Lecouturier, Valerie, additional, Ruiz, Sophie, additional, Berry, Catherine, additional, Tibbitts, Timothy, additional, Andersen, Hanne, additional, Cook, Anthony, additional, Dodson, Alan, additional, Pessaint, Laurent, additional, Ry, Alex Van, additional, Koutsoukos, Marguerite, additional, Gutzeit, Cindy, additional, Teng, I-Ting, additional, Zhou, Tongqing, additional, Li, Dapeng, additional, Haynes, Barton F., additional, Kwong, Peter D., additional, McDermott, Adrian, additional, Lewis, Mark G., additional, Fu, Tong Ming, additional, Chicz, Roman, additional, van der Most, Robbert, additional, Corbett, Kizzmekia S., additional, Suthar, Mehul S., additional, Alter, Galit, additional, Roederer, Mario, additional, Sullivan, Nancy J., additional, Douek, Daniel C., additional, Graham, Barney S., additional, Casimiro, Danilo, additional, and Seder, Robert A., additional

Published
2021
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18. The Savage Deeps

Author

Johnston, Timothy S. and Johnston, Timothy S.

Subjects
Undersea colonies--Fiction, Global warming--Fiction
Abstract

War has come to the darkest depths of the deepest oceans. Mayor Truman McClusky of Trieste City is at war with the world's superpowers. Laying claim to the resources of the ocean and its floor is the only way to survive in a world where global warming and rising sea levels ravage the surface. But when a Trieste City spy ends up dead—his body beaten beyond recognition—Mac realizes that his city is in mortal danger. The occupying force in Trieste knows more about his plans for independence than he thought, and they will stop at nothing to control Trieste and her people. Mac flees with a small team that includes scientist and newcomer to the underwater city, Dr. Manesh Lazlow. Together they head for a secret base in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where they plan to create new technologies to fight the superpowers for dominance over the oceans. But the French have picked up Mac's scent and will stop at nothing to kill him. Mac must elude the French, protect his citizens against sabotage and spycraft, and discover the identity of a spy in his midst if he is going to save his city and compete with the superpowers. But he's just a tiny player in the grand scheme of ocean politics...... unless he can get his new deep-sea engine working. With it he'll be able to forge deeper than any other sub in the oceans. And if that happens, then all hell is about to break loose. At six kilometers down.

Published
2019

19. The War Beneath

Author

Johnston, Timothy S. and Johnston, Timothy S.

Subjects
Undersea colonies--Fiction, Global warming--Fiction
Abstract

A Global Thriller Award–winning novel: “Fast-paced, good old-fashioned Cold War espionage set underwater in 2099, this book offers a great escape!” (The Minerva Reader). Living underwater is inherently dangerous. At any moment, a trickle of water from the bulkheads could mean immanent death. But Truman “Mac” McClusky is used to danger. He's been out of the intelligence business for years, working the kelp farms and helping his city Trieste flourish on the shallow continental shelf just off the coast of Florida. Then his former partner shows up, steals a piece of valuable new technology and makes a mad dash into the Atlantic. Before he knows it, Mac is back in the game, chasing the spy to retrieve the tech—and teach his former friend a lesson he won't forget. But when Mac learns the grim truth behind the theft, it plunges him into an even deadlier mission. With lethal secrets in his pocket, he needs to evade the submarines of hostile foreign powers, escape assassins, and forge through the world's oceans at breakneck pace on a daring quest to save his city and stay alive.

Published
2018

20. Diagnosis and Treatment of Five Parasites: Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia Lamblia, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica

Author

Johnston, Timothy S. and Boisvert, Alain

Abstract

General descriptions and monographs of the five parasites most likely to be seen in U.S. patients are presented. The appended monographs are designed to be a starting reference for answering drug information questions regarding these parasites. The drugs covered in the monographs are listed in the order of suggested use.

Published
1981
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28. Immunological imprinting shapes the specificity of human antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Author

Johnston TS, Li SH, Painter MM, Atkinson RK, Douek NR, Reeg DB, Douek DC, Wherry EJ, and Hensley SE

Abstract

The spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to accumulate substitutions, leading to breakthrough infections of vaccinated individuals and prompting the development of updated booster vaccines. Here, we determined the specificity and functionality of antibody and B cell responses following exposure to BA.5 and XBB variants in individuals who received ancestral SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. BA.5 exposures elicited antibody responses that primarily targeted epitopes conserved between the BA.5 and ancestral spike, with poor reactivity to the XBB.1.5 variant. XBB exposures also elicited antibody responses that targeted epitopes conserved between the XBB.1.5 and ancestral spike. However, unlike BA.5, a single XBB exposure elicited low levels of XBB.1.5-specific antibodies and B cells in some individuals. Pre-existing cross-reactive B cells and antibodies were correlated with stronger overall responses to XBB but weaker XBB-specific responses, suggesting that baseline immunity influences the activation of variant-specific SARS-CoV-2 responses., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests E.J.W. is a member of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. E.J.W. is an advisor for Arsenal Biosciences, Coherus, Danger Bio, IpiNovyx, Janssen, New Limit, Marengo, Pluto Immunotherapeutics Related Sciences, Santa Ana Bio, and Synthekine. E.J.W. is a founder of and holds stock in Coherus, Danger Bio, and Arsenal Biosciences.

Published
2024
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29. Prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection with early activation of memory T cells followed by production of potent neutralizing antibodies.

Author

Painter MM, Johnston TS, Lundgreen KA, Santos JJS, Qin JS, Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Fulmer B, Williams JC, McKeague ML, Pattekar A, Goode A, Nasta S, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Skelly AN, Felley LE, McLaughlin M, Weaver J, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Adamski S, Long S, Kee M, Clendenin C, da Silva Antunes R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Huang AC, Rader DJ, Hensley SE, Bates P, Greenplate AR, and Wherry EJ

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common but rarely results in severe disease, likely due to the enhanced potency and accelerated kinetics of memory immune responses. However, there have been few opportunities to rigorously study early recall responses during human viral infection. To better understand human immune memory and identify potential mediators of lasting vaccine efficacy, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry and SARS-CoV-2 antigen probes to examine immune responses in longitudinal samples from vaccinated individuals infected during the Omicron wave. These studies revealed heightened Spike-specific responses during infection of vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. Spike-specific CD4 T cells and plasmablasts expanded and CD8 T cells were robustly activated during the first week. In contrast, memory B cell activation, neutralizing antibody production, and primary responses to non-Spike antigens occurred during the second week. Collectively, these data demonstrate the functionality of vaccine-primed immune memory and highlight memory T cells as rapid responders during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Published
2023
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30. Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants elicits convergent epitope specificities, immunoglobulin V gene usage and public B cell clones.

Author

Lima NS, Musayev M, Johnston TS, Wagner DA, Henry AR, Wang L, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Birungi K, Black WP, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Moon D, Lorang CG, Zhao B, Chen M, Boswell KL, Roberts-Torres J, Davis RL, Peyton L, Narpala SR, O'Connell S, Wang J, Schrager A, Talana CA, Leung K, Shi W, Khashab R, Biber A, Zilberman T, Rhein J, Vetter S, Ahmed A, Novik L, Widge A, Gordon I, Guech M, Teng IT, Phung E, Ruckwardt TJ, Pegu A, Misasi J, Doria-Rose NA, Gaudinski M, Koup RA, Kwong PD, McDermott AB, Amit S, Schacker TW, Levy I, Mascola JR, Sullivan NJ, Schramm CA, and Douek DC

Abstract

An important consequence of infection with a SARS-CoV-2 variant is protective humoral immunity against other variants. The basis for such cross-protection at the molecular level is incompletely understood. Here we characterized the repertoire and epitope specificity of antibodies elicited by Beta, Gamma and ancestral variant infection and assessed their cross-reactivity to these and the more recent Delta and Omicron variants. We developed a high-throughput approach to obtain immunoglobulin sequences and produce monoclonal antibodies for functional assessment from single B cells. Infection with any variant elicited similar cross-binding antibody responses exhibiting a remarkably conserved hierarchy of epitope immunodominance. Furthermore, convergent V gene usage and similar public B cell clones were elicited regardless of infecting variant. These convergent responses despite antigenic variation may represent a general immunological principle that accounts for the continued efficacy of vaccines based on a single ancestral variant., Competing Interests: Competing interests None declared.

Published
2022
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31. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant in mRNA-1273 Boosted Nonhuman Primates.

Author

Corbett KS, Gagne M, Wagner DA, Connell SO, Narpala SR, Flebbe DR, Andrew SF, Davis RL, Flynn B, Johnston TS, Stringham C, Lai L, Valentin D, Van Ry A, Flinchbaugh Z, Werner AP, Moliva JI, Sriparna M, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Tucker C, Choi A, Koch M, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Alvarado GS, Henry AR, Laboune F, Schramm CA, Zhang Y, Wang L, Choe M, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Shi W, Lamb E, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Donaldson MM, Marquez J, Todd JM, Cook A, Dodson A, Pekosz A, Boritz E, Ploquin A, Doria-Rose N, Pessaint L, Andersen H, Foulds KE, Misasi J, Wu K, Carfi A, Nason MC, Mascola J, Moore IN, Edwards DK, Lewis MG, Suthar MS, Roederer M, McDermott A, Douek DC, Sullivan NJ, Graham BS, and Seder RA

Abstract

Neutralizing antibody responses gradually wane after vaccination with mRNA-1273 against several variants of concern (VOC), and additional boost vaccinations may be required to sustain immunity and protection. Here, we evaluated the immune responses in nonhuman primates that received 100 µg of mRNA-1273 vaccine at 0 and 4 weeks and were boosted at week 29 with mRNA-1273 (homologous) or mRNA-1273.β (heterologous), which encompasses the spike sequence of the B.1.351 (beta or β) variant. Reciprocal ID 50 pseudovirus neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMT) against live SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the β variant, were 4700 and 765, respectively, at week 6, the peak of primary response, and 644 and 553, respectively, at a 5-month post-vaccination memory time point. Two weeks following homologous or heterologous boost β-specific reciprocal ID 50 GMT were 5000 and 3000, respectively. At week 38, animals were challenged in the upper and lower airway with the β variant. Two days post-challenge, viral replication was low to undetectable in both BAL and nasal swabs in most of the boosted animals. These data show that boosting with the homologous mRNA-1273 vaccine six months after primary immunization provides up to a 20-fold increase in neutralizing antibody responses across all VOC, which may be required to sustain high-level protection against severe disease, especially for at-risk populations., One-Sentence Summary: mRNA-1273 boosted nonhuman primates have increased immune responses and are protected against SARS-CoV-2 beta infection.

Published
2021
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32. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 Infection in Nonhuman Primates.

Author

Corbett KS, Werner AP, O' Connell S, Gagne M, Lai L, Moliva JI, Flynn B, Choi A, Koch M, Foulds KE, Andrew SF, Flebbe DR, Lamb E, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Van Ry A, Flinchbaugh Z, Johnston TS, Mokhtari EB, Mudvari P, Henry AR, Laboune F, Chang B, Porto M, Wear J, Alvarado GS, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd JM, Bart B, Cook A, Dodson A, Pessaint L, Steingrebe K, Elbashir S, Andersen H, Wu K, Edwards DK, Kar S, Lewis MG, Bortiz E, Moore IN, Carfi A, Suthar MS, McDermott A, Roederer M, Nason MC, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Graham BS, and Seder RA

Abstract

Background: Vaccine efficacy against the B.1.351 variant following mRNA-1273 vaccination in humans has not been determined. Nonhuman primates (NHP) are a useful model for demonstrating whether mRNA-1273 mediates protection against B.1.351., Methods: Nonhuman primates received 30 or 100 µg of mRNA-1273 as a prime-boost vaccine at 0 and 4 weeks, a single immunization of 30 µg at week 0, or no vaccine. Antibody and T cell responses were assessed in blood, bronchioalveolar lavages (BAL), and nasal washes. Viral replication in BAL and nasal swabs were determined by qRT-PCR for sgRNA, and histopathology and viral antigen quantification were performed on lung tissue post-challenge., Results: Eight weeks post-boost, 100 µg x2 of mRNA-1273 induced reciprocal ID 50 neutralizing geometric mean titers against live SARS-CoV-2 D614G and B.1.351 of 3300 and 240, respectively, and 430 and 84 for the 30 µg x2 group. There were no detectable neutralizing antibodies against B.1351 after the single immunization of 30 µg. On day 2 following B.1.351 challenge, sgRNA in BAL was undetectable in 6 of 8 NHP that received 100 µg x2 of mRNA-1273, and there was a ∼2-log reduction in sgRNA in NHP that received two doses of 30 µg compared to controls. In nasal swabs, there was a 1-log 10 reduction observed in the 100 µg x2 group. There was limited inflammation or viral antigen in lungs of vaccinated NHP post-challenge., Conclusions: Immunization with two doses of mRNA-1273 achieves effective immunity that rapidly controls lower and upper airway viral replication against the B.1.351 variant in NHP.

Published
2021
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33. Immune Correlates of Protection by mRNA-1273 Immunization against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates.

Author

Corbett KS, Nason MC, Flach B, Gagne M, O' Connell S, Johnston TS, Shah SN, Edara VV, Floyd K, Lai L, McDanal C, Francica JR, Flynn B, Wu K, Choi A, Koch M, Abiona OM, Werner AP, Alvarado GS, Andrew SF, Donaldson MM, Fintzi J, Flebbe DR, Lamb E, Noe AT, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Cook A, Dodson A, Faudree A, Greenhouse J, Kar S, Pessaint L, Porto M, Steingrebe K, Valentin D, Zouantcha S, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Moliva JI, van de Wetering R, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Leung K, Shi W, Yang ES, Zhang Y, Todd JM, Wang L, Andersen H, Foulds KE, Edwards DK, Mascola JR, Moore IN, Lewis MG, Carfi A, Montefiori D, Suthar MS, McDermott A, Sullivan NJ, Roederer M, Douek DC, Graham BS, and Seder RA

Abstract

Immune correlates of protection can be used as surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. The nonhuman primate (NHP) model of SARS-CoV-2 infection replicates key features of human infection and may be used to define immune correlates of protection following vaccination. Here, NHP received either no vaccine or doses ranging from 0.3 - 100 μg of mRNA-1273, a mRNA vaccine encoding the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-2P) protein encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle. mRNA-1273 vaccination elicited robust circulating and mucosal antibody responses in a dose-dependent manner. Viral replication was significantly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavages and nasal swabs following SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vaccinated animals and was most strongly correlated with levels of anti-S antibody binding and neutralizing activity. Consistent with antibodies being a correlate of protection, passive transfer of vaccine-induced IgG to naïve hamsters was sufficient to mediate protection. Taken together, these data show that mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced humoral immune responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHP., One-Sentence Summary: mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibody responses are a mechanistic correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHP.

Published
2021
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34. Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and AS03 Adjuvant Induces Rapid Anamnestic Antibodies in the Lung and Protects Against Virus Challenge in Nonhuman Primates.

Author

Francica JR, Flynn BJ, Foulds KE, Noe AT, Werner AP, Moore IN, Gagne M, Johnston TS, Tucker C, Davis RL, Flach B, O'Connell S, Andrew SF, Lamb E, Flebbe DR, Nurmukhambetova ST, Donaldson MM, Todd JM, Zhu AL, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Gorman MJ, Shin S, Edara VV, Floyd K, Lai L, Tylor A, McCarthy E, Lecouturier V, Ruiz S, Berry C, Tibbitts T, Andersen H, Cook A, Dodson A, Pessaint L, Ry AV, Koutsoukos M, Gutzeit C, Teng IT, Zhou T, Li D, Haynes BF, Kwong PD, McDermott A, Lewis MG, Fu TM, Chicz R, van der Most R, Corbett KS, Suthar MS, Alter G, Roederer M, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Graham BS, Casimiro D, and Seder RA

Abstract

Adjuvanted soluble protein vaccines have been used extensively in humans for protection against various viral infections based on their robust induction of antibody responses. Here, soluble prefusion-stabilized spike trimers (preS dTM) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were formulated with the adjuvant AS03 and administered twice to nonhuman primates (NHP). Binding and functional neutralization assays and systems serology revealed that NHP developed AS03-dependent multi-functional humoral responses that targeted multiple spike domains and bound to a variety of antibody F C receptors mediating effector functions in vitro . Pseudovirus and live virus neutralizing IC 50 titers were on average greater than 1000 and significantly higher than a panel of human convalescent sera. NHP were challenged intranasally and intratracheally with a high dose (3×10 6 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate). Two days post-challenge, vaccinated NHP showed rapid control of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Notably, vaccinated NHP also had increased spike-specific IgG antibody responses in the lung as early as 2 days post challenge. Moreover, vaccine-induced IgG mediated protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge following passive transfer to hamsters. These data show that antibodies induced by the AS03-adjuvanted preS dTM vaccine are sufficient to mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 and support the evaluation of this vaccine in human clinical trials., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests All authors have declared the following interests: VL, TB, CB, SR, TMF, DC, RC are Sanofi Pasteur employees and may hold stock. MK, RvdM, and CG are employees of the GSK group of companies and report ownership of GSK shares.

Published
2021
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