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The global outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic has been experienced differently by people depending on their socio-cultural contexts. These varied experiences are expressed in various forms of communication, including cartoons. This paper examines the pragmatic resources inherent in COVID-19-related cartoons depicting the impact of the virus on Nigerian society. Forty COVID-19-related cartoons, circulated on social media, were collected on Twitter and WhatsApp platforms between March and April 2020 as data. Multimodality and presupposition served as theoretical framework and descriptive research design was adopted. Findings reveal five socio-contextual domains, religion, health, economy, politics and governance nd family, characterizing the social experiences of Nigerians during the pandemic. Through the evocation of situational reality, pragmatic sarcasm, punning, and orientation to government insensitivity, the cartoonists evoke pragmatic functions of informing and warning about social behaviours in the religion, family and health domains; recreating situational realities on socioeconomic impacts in the domain of economy; and satirizing government policies and mocking politicians’ insincerity in the domain of politics and governance on sociopolitical experiences of Nigerians before and during the pandemic. The study concludes cartoons are a strong means of portraying societal realities and people’s experiences comically and graphically.

In this article, we study the split variational inclusion and fixed point problems using Bregman weak relatively nonexpansive mappings in the pp-uniformly convex smooth Banach spaces. We introduce an inertial shrinking projection self-adaptive iterative scheme for the problem and prove a strong convergence theorem for the sequences generated by our iterative scheme under some mild conditions in real pp-uniformly convex smooth Banach spaces. The algorithm is designed to select its step size self-adaptively and does not require the prior estimate of the norm of the bounded linear operator. Finally, we provide some numerical examples to illustrate the performance of our proposed scheme and compare it with other methods in the literature.

Dakaliis a unique feature that plays a functional role in the Hausa Vernacular Architecture (HVA). However, events have revealed a gradual extinction from the streetscape due to contemporary changes in the cityscapes and the general physical development with the concomitant effect of reduction in the performance of the expected function in buildings. This paper focuses on the enumeration and documentation of buildings with or without this significant feature. It also appraises the attendant contemporary architectural design-shift. The paper adopts quantitative research approach; purposive sampling and Content analysis method in the selection of potential respondents and review of related literature respectively. This was complimented with the conduct of field survey, selective interviews and observation. Information extracted therefrom was descriptively presented. Findings revealed that out of the total of 235 selected samples, 50 buildings (about 21%) reflects the HVA features; only 14 buildings (about 5.95%), though with retained feature HVA like the Dakali, but have significantly lost the features and transiting towards the contemporary/modern trends; while, 171 (about 72.7%) of the buildings in the study area have completely been transformed. The paper concludes that there is the need for the identification and comprehensive documentation other HVA features for posterity, so as not to allow their total loss without any form of record of their historical existence, due to fast changes been experienced arising from the advent of innovative design, challenges of rapid rate of global urbanization and the trending break-through in technological advancement within our urban/city settings

This paper investigates the impact of modern and contemporary trends on an eighty-seven years’ old mosque in Jos built in the typical Hausa Vernacular Architectural style, as well as the extent to which its vernacular features have been lost and/or retained. The study focused on selected architectural features which do not essentially affects the performance of the primary mosque's functions. A qualitative survey was adopted using case study approach and complemented with content analysis of related literature reviewed to extract information on the challenges of restoration and preservation or conservation of the key features of traditional Hausa Architecture on the Mosque buildings in the study area of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria from the randomly selected traditional/indigenous builders and practicing architects. The Yandoka Street Mosque was purposively selected as a case study, because of its historical antecedence, religious and communal attachment, as well as its socio-political and cultural relevance in the study area. Information was collected using the unobtrusive observation method and were descriptively presented in the form of layout plan, material deduction, construction techniques and technology adopted for the mosque’s construction. Findings shows that, the influence of the identified key factors have become a threatening phenomenon to the survival of the preservation and conservation historical values and heritages of Hausa mosque architectural style. The paper advocates preservation and conservation of the original mosque architectural style from the point of view of sustainability and made recommendations towards the preservation, development and execution of strategies for branding, national identity and protection of value systems for the public good

Hausa Vernacular architecture is informed and shaped by cultural and religious values, wherein, Dakali and Zaure are unique features that plays a pivotal role. Cities are metaphorically described as historically solidified environment in time and in space. Thus, depicting physical, archival and artefacts of the past and present, from which it develops the future of human civilization and cultures set in a time series continuum. Hausa vernacular architecture is gradually getting evolved through modern trends by renewing, re-ordering and replacement of these features. Therefore, there is the need for studies to be carried out extensively on or before adaptation, adoption and implementation of evolving trends, in order to conserve and preserve the Hausa man’s cultural and religious values in their architecture. The paper seeks to draw attention towards the preservation and conservation of indigenous heritages through vernacular architecture, especially with the examples from the characters of Hausa architecture, without arguing for a complete reversal to the past life styles, value and techniques that would neither be out-of-place with emerging trends and acceptability of modern technology nor be balkanized. Information was essentially extracted from relevant literature on the subject matter; adopts purposive sampling and content analysis method in the selection of study area and sample size; as well as, in the extraction of features of Hausa vernacular architecture respectively. This was complimented with field survey in the form of interviews, observation and case study. Results therefrom were discussed and descriptively presented. Findings revealed that, the identified features have remained prominent and continued to perform their expected functions. The paper conclude by underscoring the need to stimulate awareness, rejuvenate and regenerate the Hausa/Fulani vernacular architecture and cultural-heritage perceptibility through creative and integrative use of architectural designs and planning concepts and skills that will be sensitive to the rebirth of cultural symbols, relics, configurations, ornamentations as symbolic expressions depicting history, branding and conveying one message or the other, about the inhabitants for better understanding and conservation of fun-memories of the cultural/traditional values and heritages.

In this paper, we introduce a new iterative algorithm for approximating a common solution of Split Hierarchical Monotone Variational Inclusion Problem (SHMVIP) and Fixed Point Problem (FPP) of k-strictly pseudocontractive mappings in real Hilbert spaces. Our proposed method converges strongly, does not require the estimation of operator norm and it is without imposing the strict condition of compactness; these make our method to be potentially more applicable than most existing methods in the literature. Under standard and mild assumption of monotonicity of the SHMVIP associated mappings, we establish the strong convergence of the iterative algorithm.We present some applications of our main result to approximate the solution of Split Hierarchical Convex Minimization Problem (SHCMP) and Split Hierarchical Variational Inequality Problem (SHVIP). Some numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the performance and behavior of our method. The result presented in this paper extends and complements some related results in literature.

Abstract In this paper, we study the existence of solution of the generalized equilibrium problem (GEP) in the framework of an Hadamard manifold. Using the KKM lemma, we prove the existence of solution of the GEP and give the properties of the resolvent function associated with the problem under consideration. Furthermore, we introduce an iterative algorithm for approximating a common solution of the GEP and a fixed point problem. Using the proposed method, we obtain and prove a strong convergence theorem for approximating a solution of the GEP, which is also a fixed point of a nonexpansive mapping under some mild conditions. We give an application of our convergence result to a solution of the convex minimization problem. To illustrate the convergence of the method, we report some numerical experiments. The result in this paper extends the study of the GEP from the linear settings to the Hadamard manifolds.

The purpose of this article is to study and analyse a new extragradient-type algorithm with an inertial extrapolation step for solving split fixed-point problems for demicontractive mapping, equilibrium problem, and pseudomonotone variational inequality problem in real Hilbert spaces. One of the advantages of the proposed algorithm is that a strong convergence result is achieved without a prior estimate of the Lipschitz constant of the cost operator, which is very difficult to find. In addition, the stepsize is generated at each iteration by some simple computations, which allows it to be easily implemented without the prior knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the cost operator. Some numerical experiments are reported to show the performance and behaviour of the sequence generated by our algorithm. The obtained results in this article extend and improve many related recent results in this direction in the literature.

In this paper, we introduce a self-adaptive projection method for finding a common element in the solution set of variational inequalities (VIs) and fixed point set for relatively nonexpansive mappings in 2-uniformly convex and uniformly smooth real Banach spaces. We prove a strong convergence result for the sequence generated by our algorithm without imposing a Lipschitz condition on the cost operator of the VIs. We also provide some numerical examples to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing with related methods in the literature. This result extends and improves some recent results in the literature in this direction.

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a parallel iterative algorithm for approximating the solution of a split feasibility problem on the zero of monotone operators, generalized mixed equilibrium problem and fixed point problem. Using our algorithm, we state and prove a strong convergence theorem for approximating a common element in the set of solutions of a problem of finding zeroes of sum of two monotone operators, generalized mixed equilibrium problem and fixed point problem for a finite family of $\eta$-demimetric mappings in the frame work of a reflexive, strictly convex and smooth Banach spaces. We also give a numerical experiment applying our main result. Our result improves, extends and unifies other results in this direction in the literature.

In this research paper, we present a new inertial method with a self-adaptive technique for solving the split variational inclusion and fixed point problems in real Hilbert spaces. The algorithm is designed to choose the optimal choice of the inertial term at every iteration, and the stepsize is defined self-adaptively without a prior estimate of the Lipschitz constant. A convergence theorem is demonstrated to be strong even under lenient conditions and to showcase the suggested method’s efficiency and precision. Some numerical tests are given. Moreover, the significance of the proposed method is demonstrated through its application to an image reconstruction issue.