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Given the increasing frequency of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants performed in recipients with Type II diabetes and CKD, we sought to evaluate possible differences in the rates of allograft rejection, infection, and surgical complications in 298 Type I (T1D) versus 47 Type II (T2D) diabetic recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants between 2006-2017. There were no significant differences in patient or graft survival. The risk of biopsy-proven rejection of both grafts was not significantly different between T2D and T1D recipients (HRpancreas = 1.04, p = 0.93; HRkidney = 0.96; p = 0.93). Rejection-free survival in both grafts were also not different between the two diabetes types (ppancreas = 0.57; pkidney = 0.41). T2D had a significantly lower incidence of de novo DSA at 1 year (21% vs. 39%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in T2D vs. T1D recipients regarding readmissions (HR = 0.77, p = 0.25), infections (HR = 0.77, p = 0.18), major surgical complications (HR = 0.89, p = 0.79) and thrombosis (HR = 0.92, p = 0.90). In conclusion, rejection, infections, and surgical complications after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant are not statistically significantly different in T2D compared to T1D recipients.

Objective We report on: (1) the proportion of patients with known atrial fibrillation (AF); and (2) demographic, clinical or radiological differences between patients with known AF (and not treated) and patients with newly diagnosed AF, in a cohort of patients who presented with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) not previously treated with anticoagulation.Design We reviewed cross-sectional baseline demographic and clinical data from a prospective observational cohort study, (CROMIS-2).Setting Patients were recruited from 79 hospital stroke centres throughout the UK and one centre in the Netherlands.Participants Patients were eligible if they were adults who presented with ischaemic stroke or TIA and AF and had not been previously treated with oral anticoagulation.Main outcome measures Proportion of patients with known AF before index ischaemic stroke or TIA from a cohort of patients who have not been previously treated with oral anticoagulation. Secondary analysis includes the comparison of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores and other demographics and risk factors between those with newly diagnosed AF and those with previously known AF.Results Of 1470 patients included in the analysis (mean age 76 years (SD 10)), 622 (42%) were female; 999 (68%) patients had newly diagnosed AF and 471 (32%) patients had known AF. Of the 471 patients with known AF, 68% had a strong indication for anticoagulation and 89% should have been considered for anticoagulation based upon CHA2DS2-VASc score. Patients with known AF were more likely to have a prior history of dementia (4% vs 2%, p=0.02) and had higher HAS-BLED scores (median 3 vs 2). CHA2DS2-VASc, other risk factors and demographics were similar.Conclusions About 1/3 of patients who present with stroke and have AF who have not been treated with oral anticoagulation have previously known AF. Of these patients, at least 68% were not adequately treated with oral anticoagulation.Trial registration number NCT02513316.

This is a longitudinal project, in its third year, involving free-form video diaries by undergraduate students, reflecting on aspects of their experience that are significant to them. Sixty four students, from three cohorts, have been given video cameras and they return regular (weekly) short videos covering whatever is important to them. Focus group sessions enable discussion of specific issues. We have coded video data so that we, and others, will be able to draw on it. The data provides insight, from the student perspective, into many issues including friendships, induction, assessment, modes of study, teamwork etc. As an example, we will present some of our findings in relation to academic and social transitions experienced by students throughout their first year. However, a key question is how can we make this rich resource of video data available so that it can inform a wider range of studies across the international higher education community?

The four-day school week is a concept that has been utilized in rural schools for decades to respond to budgetary shortfalls. There has been little peer-reviewed research on the four-day school week that has focused on the perception of staff that work in school districts that have recently switched to the four-day model. This study collects data from 136 faculty and staff members in three rural Missouri school districts that have transitioned to the four-day school week within the last year. Quantitative statistical analysis identifies strong support of the four-day school week model from both certified educational staff and classified support staff perspectives. All staff responded that the calendar change had improved staff morale, and certified staff responded that the four-day week had a positive impact on what is taught in classrooms and had increased academic quality. Qualitative analysis identifies staff suggestions for schools implementing the four-day school week including the importance of community outreach prior to implementation. No significant differences were identified between certified and classified staff perspectives. Strong staff support for the four-day school week was identified in all demographic areas investigated. Findings support conclusions made in research in business and government sectors that identify strong employee support of a compressed workweek across all work categories.

Given the increasing frequency of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants performed in recipients with Type II diabetes and CKD, we sought to evaluate possible differences in the rates of allograft rejection, infection, and surgical complications in 298 Type I (T1D) versus 47 Type II (T2D) diabetic recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants between 2006-2017. There were no significant differences in patient or graft survival. The risk of biopsy-proven rejection of both grafts was not significantly different between T2D and T1D recipients (HRpancreas = 1.04, p = 0.93; HRkidney = 0.96; p = 0.93). Rejection-free survival in both grafts were also not different between the two diabetes types (ppancreas = 0.57; pkidney = 0.41). T2D had a significantly lower incidence of de novo DSA at 1 year (21% vs. 39%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in T2D vs. T1D recipients regarding readmissions (HR = 0.77, p = 0.25), infections (HR = 0.77, p = 0.18), major surgical complications (HR = 0.89, p = 0.79) and thrombosis (HR = 0.92, p = 0.90). In conclusion, rejection, infections, and surgical complications after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant are not statistically significantly different in T2D compared to T1D recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an experimental study investigating the role ofinformation-theoretic factors in determining patterns of redun-dancy and focus in language and other communication sys-tems. Pairs of participants played a simple communicationgame using a non-linguistic visual medium to send messagesto each other. We manipulated noise, effort, and time pres-sures and measured message length, redundancy, and accuracy.Participants behaved as predicted based on an information-theoretic model, with message length and redundancy varyingaccording to circumstance, but accuracy remaining constant.

Speakers can be taken to be committed to utterance con-tent even when that content is contributed in the scope ofan entailment-canceling operator, like negation (e.g., Chier-chia & McConnell-Ginet, 1990). We develop a probabilisticmodel of this phenomenon, called ‘projection’, that relies onthe prosodic realization of utterances. We synthesize exist-ing theoretical claims about prosody, information structure andprojection into a model that assumes a rational speaker (Frank& Goodman, 2012) who produces utterances with prosodicmelodies that can signal which utterance content she is com-mitted to. Predictions of the probabilistic model are comparedto the responses of an experiment designed to test the effect ofprosody on projection in manner adverb utterances. Key be-haviors of the model are borne out empirically, and the quan-titative fit is surprisingly good given that the model has onlyone free parameter. Our findings lend support to analyses ofprojection that are sensitive to the information structure of ut-terances (e.g., Simons, Beaver, Roberts, & Tonhauser, 2017).

This paper presents a series of reference game experiments(Frank and Goodman, 2012) and fits the results to a numberof Bayesian computational models in order to explore the roleof linguistic and perceptual bias in iterative pragmatic reason-ing. We first discuss the modeling choices made by Franke andJ ̈ager (2016) and others who have used similar frameworks tomodel reference game tasks. We introduce a space of differentplausible Bayesian models based on this work, and comparemodels’ fit to new experimental data to replicate the basic find-ings of Franke and J ̈ager (2016) regarding the strong role forperceptual salience (e.g., the primacy of color over shape asa differentiating property for possible referents) and linguis-tic category (e.g., a preference for nouns over adjectives) inpragmatic reference resolution. We then uncover an additionalpossible effect of what we call labeling, whereby a hearer maysimply ignore non-salient, non-differentiating semantic prop-erties, in a manner similar to how an incremental algorithm(Reiter and Dale, 1992) might ignore certain semantic proper-ties when generating referring expressions.

We evaluate here the performance of four models of cross-situational word learning: two global models, which extract and retain multiple referential alternatives from each word occurrence; and two local models, which extract just a single referent from each occurrence. One of these local models, dubbed "Pursuit," uses an associative learning mechanism to estimate word-referent probability but pursues and tests the best referent-meaning at any given time. "Pursuit" is found to perform as well as global models under many conditions extracted from naturalistic corpora of parent-child interactions, even though the model maintains far less information than global models. Moreover, "Pursuit" is found to best capture human experimental findings from several relevant cross-situational word-learning experiments, including those of Yu and Smith (2007), the paradigm example of a finding believed to support fully global cross-situational models. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed, most notably that the model characterizes only the earliest stages of word learning, when reliance on the co-occurring referent world is at its greatest.