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The purpose of this study is to compare oncologic and functional outcomes of men with unilateral, localized PCa treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) versus focal cryoablation (FC).Patients from our IRB-approved PCa database who underwent FC or SBRT and were eligible for both treatments were included. Patients with less than 1 year of follow-up or prior PCa treatment were excluded. The primary outcome was treatment failure, defined as salvage treatment or a Gleason group (GG) of ≥ 2 on post-treatment biopsy. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) was evaluated with Phoenix. Functional outcomes were based on EPIC surveys. Complications were categorized with the CTCAE 5.0. Outcomes were compared using descriptive statistics, univariate analyses, and Kaplan-Meier curve for failure-free survival (FFS) and BCR-free survival. P 0.05 was significant.68 FC and 51 SBRT patients with a median age of 68 years (48-86) and a median follow-up time of 84 (70-101) months were included in this analysis. There was no difference in tumor risk (p = 0.47), GG (p = 0.20), or PSA (p = 0.70) among the two cohorts at baseline. At 7-year follow-up, no difference in FFS was found between the two cohorts (p = 0.70); however, significantly more FC patients had BCR (p 0.001). At 48 months, no differences existed in urinary or bowel function; however, SBRT patients had significantly worse sexual function (p = 0.032).FC and SBRT are associated with similar oncologic and functional outcomes 7-year post-treatment. These results underscore the utility of FC and SBRT for the management of unilateral low-to-intermediate-risk PCa.

To review quality-of-life (QoL) metrics between patients who underwent definitive stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) versus active surveillance (AS) for management of low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa).A prospectively maintained PCa database was reviewed containing results of patient-reported QoL surveys. Patients with localized disease who chose AS or SBRT and completed at least one survey within four years of treatment were included. Patients who received salvage therapy were excluded. Survey results were compared across time using mixed-effects repeated measures analysis of covariance models that adjusted for factors significant in univariate analysis. A group x time interaction effect was examined to compare rate of change over time between AS and SBRT. P 0.05 was significant.148 AS and 161 SBRT patients were included. Significantly more SBRT patients had intermediate-risk disease (p 0.0001). AS had significantly worse sexual function compared to SBRT across time. While not significant, bowel function scores were lower for SBRT patients across time points. SBRT patients had significantly lower anxiety than AS patients at 24 months (p 0.011) and 36 months (p 0.010). Urinary function though worse in SBRT patients at 12 months in EPIC, was not significantly different in both groups across time points.SBRT patients have excellent QoL compared to AS with regard to anxiety post treatment. Though SBRT patients initially have worse urinary and bowel function than AS, scores were eventually similar in both cohorts by 48 months. SBRT patients have significantly worse sexual function post treatment. This study may help facilitate counseling in patients choosing PCa treatment.

This work aims to enhance and validate a systematic approach for the structural finite element (FE) analysis of thermoplastic impregnated 3D filament winding structures (fiber skeletons). The idealized modeling of geometrically complex fiber skeletons used in previous publications is refined by considering additional characteristic dimensions and investigating their mechanical influence. Moreover, the modeling approach is transferred from the meso- to the macro-level in order to reduce modeling and computational effort. The properties of meso- and macro-level FE models are compared using the example of simple loop specimens. Based on the results, respective application fields are defined. In the next step, the same modeling approach is applied to a more complex, three-dimensional specimen—the inclined loop. For its macro-level FE model, additional material characterization and modeling, as well as enhancements in the modeling of the geometry, are proposed. Together with previously determined effective composite properties of fiber skeletons, these results are validated in experimental tensile tests on inclined loop specimens.

Chapter 5 discusses the Late Archaic (ca. 3420–1830 cal BC/5370–3780 cal BP) in the Norte Chico, a section of the Peruvian coast north of Lima, Peru. The Late Archaic was the first period of widespread monumental centers on the Peruvian coast and the Norte Chico was the first center of florescence. At these sites, domesticated plants provided the carbohydrates in the Norte Chico diet, while fish and probably mollusks provided the animal protein. The authors focus on the emergence of ideological and economic power in the Late Archaic Norte Chico.

Continuous fiber reinforcements can significantly improve the mechanical properties of thermoplastic injection-molded components compared to short and long fiber reinforcements. By aligning the continuous fibers in the main load paths, the reinforcement can be optimally exploited. The 3D skeleton winding process (3DSW) is a robot-based filament winding technique in which defined load application points are connected with wound closed loop structures. The introduction of thermoplastic commingled yarns in the winding process allows an efficient fiber impregnation to produce fiber skeletons that can be overmolded in an injection molding process to locally reinforce the final component. The combination of a robot-based winding process and injection molding as a process for large-scale production enables the use of thermoplastic materials for complex structural applications in higher quantities.

This work presents a systematic procedure for the detailed, mesoscopic Finite Element simulation of 3D filament wound fiber skeletons with thermoplastic impregnation. First, relevant structural constituents of thermoplastic fiber skeletons are identified and mechanically characterized by means of specially adapted test methods and specimens. In the next step, the mechanical behavior of the structural constituents is simulated in separate FE models, so-called sub-models. This includes the selection, implementation and parametrization of suitable material models. After that, a Finite Element model for a simple demonstrator fiber skeleton is created, the so-called main model, into which the sub-models are integrated. Finally, the simulation results of the main model are compared to mechanical tests of the demonstrator fiber skeleton. The main model developed in this work allows a precise calculation of the maximum bearable load and a good representation of the delamination process occurring before rupture.

Die 3D Skelett Wickeltechnik ist ein ressourcenschonendes Fertigungsverfahren zur Herstellung lastpfadgerecht ausgelegter Leichtbaukomponenten aus Faserverbundkunststoffen. Gegenuber dem heutigen Stand der Leichtbautechnik lassen sich damit nochmals 25 bis 45 % Masse einsparen. Die Herstellung der geometrisch optimierten Strukturen erfolgt durch Aufwickeln eines duroplastisch oder thermoplastisch impragnierten Garns auf ein sehr einfaches bauteilspezifisches Werkzeug. Verschnitt wird dabei ganzlich vermieden. Je nach Werkstoffauswahl erfolgen die Konsolidierung und die Aushartung bereits beim Wickeln oder in einem anschliesenden Prozessschritt. Eine Autoklavbehandlung verbessert die Qualitat (Porositat) enorm, sofern erforderlich.

South American lake sediment records indicate that El Nino events in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) became more frequent after 3000 calendar years BP. The reason for this evolution of ENSO behavior remains in question. An important trigger for ocean–atmosphere state switching in the tropical ocean is the annual cycle of sea surface temperature south of the equator along the margin of South America. This annual cycle can be reconstructed from the oxygen isotope records of the surf clam Mesodesma donacium. We provide evidence that these isotope records, as preserved in archeological deposits in coastal central Peru, reflect seasonal paleo-SST. We find that the annual SST cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific became larger over the 4500–2500 calendar year BP interval. This is consistent with increased ENSO variability. The magnification of the annual SST cycle can be attributed to changing insolation, indicating that ENSO is sensitive to the intensity and seasonal timing of solar heating of the southern EEP.

Groups occupying the coast of Peru prior to 6000 BC exploited varied ecological niches including intensive use of maritime resources. By 3000 BC plant cultivation was widespread along the coast, including beans, chili peppers, peanuts, and cotton, watered by canal irrigation. In the Norte Chico region, an extraordinary concentration of sites have been identified that date to the third millennium BC. Midden samples include abundant marine shell and fish bone, but few terrestrial species. We compare marine invertebrates from two sites, one within a few kilometers of the shore, the other 23 km inland. Examining the abundance and diversity of species, we assess possible procurement strategies. The data show little difference with distance from the coast. Shell remains reflect exploitation of both sandy and rocky intertidal zones, primarily for clam and mussel species but with smaller numbers of many other edible species, a strategy of broad-spectrum opportunistic gathering.

The focus of the development of the first complex, centralized societies on the coast of Peru between 3000 and 1800 BC was a portion of the coast known as the Norte Chico, where more than 30 large Late Archaic sites with monumental platform mounds, ceremonial plazas, and residential architecture have now been identified. Differing theories have been offered to explain the emergence of complex polities in this region. New settlement and radiocarbon data suggest an alternative theoretical model that posits a regional sphere of interaction with a dominant political nexus in the Norte Chico region and participation by maritime fishing communities up and down the coast.

This chapter looks at the role of irrigation agriculture, warfare (lack thereof), and religion in the origins and development of the power relationship in an extraordinary early political system. Data are drawn from a cluster of small valleys on the north-central Peruvian coast–a region known as the Norte Chico–where recent research has revealed a pattern of more than 20 large sites. These sites all have major monumental architecture and were occupied in the third millennium B.C. This concentration of major residential and ceremonial centers, thriving between 3000 and 1800 B.C., serves as an ideal laboratory for studying the florescence and subsequent development of one of the first complex, centralized political systems to arise in the Andean region. These sites are directly associated with the introduction of irrigation in the area and a rapid transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. In what appears to be a truly “pristine” situation, this complex of sites provides a window into how leaders first emerged in early centralized polities and how those leaders came to exercise significant power over their respective subject populations.

Thirty major ceremonial and residential centers dating to the Late Archaic period (3000 to 1800 BC) have been identified in the four valleys of the Norte Chico region of Peru. In terms of area, the number of monumental structures, and size, there is no sign of a hierarchical relationship among the sites. Radiocarbon evidence suggests most were occupied contemporaneously during the period 2400-2000 BC. We explore the idea that these centers represented relatively independent polities engaged in peer-to-peer competition for religious participants and labor.

Photogrammetric mapping, the creation of detailed maps from aerial photographs, offers advantages to archaeologists that have not been fully utilized in recent years. Photogrammetry provides an efficient and cost-effective way to map extensive, complex sites. Common field problems such as obsolete equipment, unskilled staff, limited field time, and inhospitable field conditions are reduced accordingly. The usefulness of photogrammetry is demonstrated through work at the site of Pueblo Blanco, New Mexico, occupied ca. A.D. 1370-1525. A photogrammetric map was used to calculate total site size and the number of stories in each block of rooms. Further, the map supports an ongoing effort to stabilize the site and monitor the locality for looting and serves as a planning document for management of future uses.

Since the 1970s, most archaeologists working on hunters and gatherers have moved beyond ethnographic analogies for making inferential statements about the nature of hunting and gathering societies. However, the realm of warfare is the one glaring exception to this understanding of a major disconnect between past and present hunters and gatherers. Archaeologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists studying the origins of warfare have found the archaeological record somehow lacking in their efforts to understand the beginnings of warfare in the ancient past. To fill in the perceived gaps, they have turned to the historic record of hunters and gatherers, and in doing so have fallen into the trap of ethnographic tyranny. This chapter argues that the biggest problem with using historical ethnographies to make inferences about patterns of past human behavior is that they burden us with pictures only painted in the light of the modern, dense, colonial world of nation states. Another problem with the major studies based on ethnographies is that lots of other scholars take them as gospel. Declaring that warfare is rampant amongst almost all hunters and gatherers fits well with a common public perception of the deep historical and biological roots of warfare. The fact that there is extremely limited empirical evidence of any warfare among past hunters and gatherers is pushed to the wayside as an intellectual inconvenience.

Anthropology is today in search of a public voice for communicating its knowledge, insights, and understanding to a broad public audience. One of the key historical voices of anthropology, the museum, has grown increasingly silent as it struggles with issues of power in the representation of Native peoples and the burden of large, dated collections of material culture. The potential remains for the museum to regain its role as a voice for anthropology by ceding power and easing its overwhelming dependence on the material objects of culture. Museums with a focus on public learning can serve as forums for bringing the full range of anthropological endeavor to a wide and diverse audience, Reintegrating museums into anthropology will require changes in both sides of the relationship: academic anthropology will have to accept museums as a critical vehicle for public communication; and museums will have to commit to significant changes in curatorial responsibilities, exhibits, and collection practices.

For more than 40 y, there has been an active discussion over the presence and economic importance of maize ( Zea mays ) during the Late Archaic period (3000–1800 B.C.) in ancient Peru. The evidence for Late Archaic maize has been limited, leading to the interpretation that it was present but used primarily for ceremonial purposes. Archaeological testing at a number of sites in the Norte Chico region of the north central coast provides a broad range of empirical data on the production, processing, and consumption of maize. New data drawn from coprolites, pollen records, and stone tool residues, combined with 126 radiocarbon dates, demonstrate that maize was widely grown, intensively processed, and constituted a primary component of the diet throughout the period from 3000 to 1800 B.C.

We report a case of cardiac fibrosarcoma that was treated with cardiac tumor resection, chemotherapy, cardiac explantation, tumor repeat resection, and autotransplantation followed by external beam irradiation. The patient was able to achieve clinical remission and remained disease free > 2 years after the initial diagnosis. This case report demonstrates that a sustained remission from cardiac sarcoma is possible with an aggressive combined modality approach.

Le departement d’histoire de l’Ecole normale superieure de Paris organisait, du 6 au 9 mars 2007, sa Cinquieme Semaine de l’histoire. Les organisateurs de cette manifestation – Sylvia Estienne, Gilles Pecout et Francis Prost – ont propose au public un theme general appelant la confrontation de l’historien avec son « partenaire » quotidien : l’actualite. En effet, dans la continuite des annees precedentes, les organisateurs ont choisi une problematique assez large pour solliciter les intervent...

The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Art Institute of Chicago (October 10, 1992. January 3, 1993); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (February 14. April 18, 1993); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (June. - August 15, 1993).

Meltzer, David J., Don D. Fowler, and Jeremy A. Sabloff. American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society of American Archaeology 1935–1985. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986. 479 pp. including illustrations and chapter references. $35.00 cloth, $19.95 paper. Schiffer, Michael B. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Volume 9. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1986. v + 468 pp. including illustrations, tables, chapter references, and index. $75.00.

The Norte Chico region on the coast of Peru north of Lima consists of four adjacent river valleys--Huaura, Supe, Pativilca and Fortaleza--in which archaeologists have been aware of a number of apparently early sites for more than 40 years (refs 1- 3). To clarify the early chronology in this region, we undertook fieldwork in 2002 and 2003 to determine the dates of occupation of sites in the Fortaleza and Pativilca valleys. Here we present 95 new radiocarbon dates from a sample of 13 of more than 20 large, early sites. These sites share certain basic characteristics, including large-scale monumental architecture, extensive residential architecture and a lack of ceramics. The 95 new dates confirm the emergence and development of a major cultural complex in this region during the Late Archaic period between 3000 and 1800 calibrated calendar years bc. The results help to redefine a broader understanding of the respective roles of agricultural and fishing economies in the beginnings of civilization in South America.

We report a case of cardiac fibrosarcoma that was treated with cardiac tumor resection, chemotherapy, cardiac explantation, tumor repeat resection, and autotransplantation followed by external beam irradiation. The patient was able to achieve clinical remission and remained disease free2 years after the initial diagnosis. This case report demonstrates that a sustained remission from cardiac sarcoma is possible with an aggressive combined modality approach.

Radiocarbon dates from the site of Caral in the Supe Valley of Peru indicate that monumental corporate architecture, urban settlement, and irrigation agriculture began in the Americas by 4090 years before the present (2627 calibrated years B.C.) to 3640 years before the present (1977 calibrated years B.C.). Caral is located 23 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and contains a central zone of monumental, residential, and nonresidential architecture covering an area of 65 hectares. Caral is one of 18 large preceramic sites in the Supe Valley.

The origins and development of centralized decision making are critical issues in our understanding of how and why complex cultural systems evolve. The chapters in this volume all provide alternative perspectives on both the process and products of centralization. They also collectively attest to the combination of tinkering and pattern. In looking at the emergence of political centralization and the transition from “leaders to rulers” across times and culture areas, several major points become evident: first, there are cross-cultural commonalities in the trajectory toward increased centralization in political systems; second, societies follow many different routes in proceeding along that trajectory; and third, the “center” of centralized societies may be not be a single person—a leader or ruler who yields ultimate power and authority.

I: Introduction. 1. Cultural Evolution and Political Centralization J. Haas. 2. Communication, Holism, and the Evolution of Sociopolitical Complexity C.L. Crumley. II: The Emergence of Leaders. 3. The Origins of Centralization: Changing Features of Local and Regional Control during the Rio Grande Classic Period, A.D. 1325-1540 W. Creamer. 4. Assessing Political Development in Copper and Bronze Age Southeast Spain A. Gilman. III: Leaders to Rulers. 5. Rulers and Warriors: Symbolic Transmission and Social Transformation in Bronze Age Europe K. Kristiansen. 6. Institutionalization of Chiefdoms: Why Landscapes Are Built T.K. Earle. 7. Cosmology and the Institutionalization of Hierarchy in the Maya Region P.A. McAnany. IV: Rulers in Power. 8. Mesoamerican Political Complexity: The Corporate/Network Dimension G.M. Feinman. 9. Understanding the Timing and Tempo of the Evolution of Political Centralization on the Central Andean Coastline and Beyond B.R. Billman. 10. 'Who Was King? Who was NOT King?' Social Group Composition and Competition in Early Mesopotamian State Societies G. Stein. V: Conclusion. 11. Nonlinear Paths of Political Centralization J. Haas. References. Index.

Since the inception of the discipline, the study of cultural evolution has played a cyclical role in anthropology. Over the past 125 years, anthropologists have tended to either emphasize or deemphasize the importance of long-term evolutionary change in the course of human history. The first direct analyses of cultural evolution emerged in the latter half of the nineteenth century as social scientists in Europe and the United States began to struggle with the diverse people and cultures of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and other world areas. The field of anthropology emerged as a social science umbrella devoted to the politics, sociology, economics, art, and ideology of these non-Western peoples from the far corners of the globe. Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward B. Tylor were among the first anthropologists to begin writing synthetically about non-Western peoples. Both Morgan and Tylor developed formal evolutionary models as a means of bringing order to the plethora of information being brought in from the field by missionaries, colonists, and nascent ethnographers.