Search

Objectives: After more than 20 years of work, the World Health Organization's efforts have culminated in the adoption of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The process has been guided by the principles of global applicability, scientific validity, and clinical utility. The update of the chapter on mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders (MBND) within the ICD-11 has generated widespread interest worldwide. This has raised various questions about the status of mental disorder nosology, changes to diagnostic guidelines, and the potential implications for clinical practice., Methods: We conducted a narrative analysis of the literature in four different languages to track the various stages of the ICD-11 revision and to highlight the major changes. We searched databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, and consulted the official websites of the WHO, APA, and UNICEF. A total of 79 articles from 40 different editorials and websites were analyzed and included in this study., Results: The new chapters on mental disorders in the ICD-11 include 21 groups, as opposed to the 11 in the ICD-10. The changes aim to align the diagnoses with those of the DSM-5 and introduce a new chapter structure, new diagnostic categories, modifications to diagnostic criteria, and advancements in dimensionality. For the first time in the history of the ICD, sleep and wakefulness disorders, as well as disorders related to sexual health, have been addressed in separate chapters of the international classification. Four new diagnoses have been added: complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), gaming disorder, prolonged grief disorder, and compulsive sexual behavior which replaces "excessive sexual activity" in the ICD-10. Moreover, the ICD-11 revision has brought about a fundamental change in the clinical conceptualization of addictive behaviors, introducing a distinction between substance use disorders and addictive behaviors. The criteria for many existing conditions have been revised, particularly those related to bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and gender identity disorders., Conclusions: The revision process for mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11 has witnessed unprecedented participation in the history of mental disorder classification. These changes could have a significant impact on clinical practice in psychiatry. However, it is crucial to examine the advantages and limitations of this new classification compared to previous versions., (Copyright © 2023 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effect of the 4-F (Fit, Fun, Feel, and Food) group-based program on physical, clinical, and biological outcomes in young patients suffering from severe psychiatric disorders., Methods: A pilot study with a naturalistic design was conducted to investigate the effect of a group-based intervention on young patients., Results: A descriptive analysis revealed that out of the 61 outpatients initially enrolled in the program, with a mean age of 26.9 years old (±6.1, 60% men), 71% were overweight or obese. Paired T-tests for the difference between T0 and T1 were used to evaluate the evolution of the outcomes. The 24 patients who completed the full program showed no significant decrease in weight or body composition. Despite the limitations, the main findings of this study were the significant improvement in muscular endurance and coordination (from T0 ( M  = 13.65, SD = ±1.93) compared to T1 ( M  = 12.49, SD = ±1.81), [ t (20) = 3.072, p  < 0.05] and the general increase in mental well-being from baseline to the end of the program according to the type of psychopathology [ F (3,10) = 4.25, p  < .05]. A slight modification in eating behavior, with a tendency towards a decrease in TFEQ hunger levels, was also noticed. The ANCOVA showed no difference in outcomes between the groups based on diagnosis., Conclusion: Despite its limitations and the small sample size, this pilot study provides valuable insights, demonstrating the feasibility of the program and its positive impact on physical well-being and improved mental health in young patients with psychiatric disorders, sedentary behavior, and unhealthy lifestyles. These encouraging results warrant further research in controlled, larger population samples to deepen our understanding of the potential effects of such interventions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Sentissi, Zosso, Cogordon and Chillà.)

Nowadays, new psychotropic treatments might result on rapid onset of weight gain also related to other factors such as individual vulnerability, poor diet and lack of exercise. Many studies have reported that weight gain is only the premise of a series of metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular complications. In this context, we have established since June 2017 in an ambulatory centre in Geneva, a 4F program (Fit, Fun, Feel and Food), to optimize the measures and strategies needed to prevent and reduce weight gain in these patients. This transversal program is naturalistically and systematically centered on physical activity, healthy diet and improved body perception. We will show some preliminary results of 4F program., Competing Interests: Le Programme 4F a reçu un soutien financier de la Fondation privée des HUG.

ADHD is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood. It is considered to be a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist from chilhood into adulthood. In childood it is associated with several outcomes such as inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Symptoms may change as a person gets older with an increased risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities such as depression, anxiety and substance addiction. However, recent studies diverge from the traditional perspective. These authors hypothesized that ADHD may appear in adulthood, not as a continuation of child ADHD, but some limitations have to be considered. Firstly, ADHD often goes unrecognized throughout childhood. Secondly, families may help the children to develop compensation strategies and adaptative behaviors. The purpose of this report is to better investigate these different and innovative clinical results and understand if adult ADHD could really be considered as a distinct, different pathology, as a late-onset disorder. We conducted a brief review of literature and included the most recent scientific longitudinal follow-up cohort studies. We conclude that, while adult ADHD is still considered a continuation from childhood, many questions of late-onset ADHD remain and further research is necessary to better understand and explain the etiology, the development, the clinical impact, and the psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatment of this late-onset disorder., (Copyright © 2019 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: The concept of predominant polarity (PP) is defined as presenting more symptoms of one polarity. Previous studies have defined PP as one polarity (either a depression or mania episode) occurring during at least two-thirds of the lifetime., Methods: We conducted an observational study with the COPE-BD (Clinical Outcome and Psycho-Education for Bipolar Disorder, Clinical Outcome Measures Section) dataset to identify the diagnostic and treatment differences between bipolar disorder (BD) patients with and without PP., Results: The final sample included 210 BD-I (59.0%) and 146 BD-II (41.0%) patients. Of these, 28.9% patients presented predominant polarity (PP): 62 (17.4%) of those patients were depressed polarity predominant (DPP), 41 (11.5%) were manic polarity predominant (MPP), and 253 (71.1%) met criteria for bipolar disorders but did not present with PP. In comparison to this group of BD patients with undetermined polarity, the group of BD patients with PP presented more rapid cycling. Furthermore, in the undetermined polarity group, the onset of illness occurred earlier, and the duration of the illness was longer, with more hypomanic/manic and depressive episodes than patients who met the PP criteria., Limitations: This study has a naturalistic and retrospective design and does not allow a specific follow-up of polarity over time., Conclusions: These different clinical characteristics underline the importance of considering PP in patients with BD, and justify the need for differential treatment approach which could have an impact on patients' prognosis. Yet, more independent and prospective research is needed to confirm these findings, especially with the new classification of DSM-5 concerning mixed states., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The present study sought to identify factors associated with the onset of a manic or hypomanic episode during the month following a new antidepressant therapy in depressed bipolar patients. Patients receiving mood stabilizers for ≥3 months were screened from 400 French centers and were assessed for a 4-week period following prescription of a first or a new antidepressant. Of the 1242 included participants, 4.8% (n=60) experienced antidepressant-emergent manic switch (AEMS). AEMS was more frequently associated with lifetime manic, depressive, and total mood episodes, and with past AEMS. A higher score at two items of the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (pessimistic and suicidal thoughts) were significantly associated with AEMS. Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of lifetime manic episodes and past AEMS were the two most factors associated with an AEMS. Having more than four past manic episodes was associated with a 2.84 fold increased risk of AEMS. Cumulative number of past mood episodes seems to be the most important factor for switching to a manic episode following antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder. Longer-term studies are required to further delineate antidepressant causality from natural disease course., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Dropping out during the course of medical follow up is defined as an early therapy withdrawal without the agreement of the therapist. In a psychiatric crisis unit in Geneva, we empirically observed that almost 50% of the patients were not showing up to their first appointments, which were scheduled for 3 to 7 days post discharge., Methods: The aim of this naturalistic descriptive cohort study is to identify the demographic, patient and care-related predictive factors of dropout in a community-based psychiatric crisis centre. We included 245 consecutive outpatients followed-up for 4 to 6 weeks of intensive outpatient psychiatric treatment. Logistic regression models were built to examine the association between dropout and demographic, care and patient-related variables., Results: Among the 245 outpatients, dropout occurred in 37.5% of cases, and it most frequently occurred (81.8%) in the first 2 days of follow-up. Among care-related variables, referral by hospital units or private psychiatrists led to significantly lower levels of dropout compared to patients referred by the psychiatric emergency unit (respectively: OR = .32; p = .04; 95% CI [.10, .93]; OR = .36; p = .04; 95% CI [.13, .96]; OR = .22; p = .002; 95% CI [.08, .58]). Among patient-related variables, younger age increased the risk of dropout (OR = .96; 95%; p = .002; 95% CI [.94, .99]). Anxiety and personality but not mood disorders were also related to higher rates of dropout (respectively: OR = 2.40; p = .02; 95% CI [1.14, 4.99]; and OR = 1.98; p = .02; 95% CI [1.09, 3.59]). Unipolar depression (72.2%; OR = 1.47; p = .48; 95% CI [.34, 1.21]) was the most frequent primary diagnosis in this sample., Conclusions: This study makes clear the need for increased efforts to improve care adherence in young patients with anxious or personality disorders seen in emergency rooms because they are prone to early discontinuation of treatments. Future studies in this field are warranted to gain a better understanding into the complex reasons that surround discontinuation of care in outpatient settings.

Dissociative disorders are a set of disorders defined by a disturbance affecting functions that are normally integrated with a prevalence of 2.4 percent in industrialised countries. These disorders are often poorly diagnosed or misdiagnosed because of sharing common clinical features with psychotic disorders, but requiring a very different trajectory of care. Repeated clinical situations in a crisis centre in Geneva provided us with a critical overview of current evidence of knowledge in clinical and etiopathological field about dissociative disorders. Because of their multiple expressions and the overlap with psychotic disorders, we focused on the clinical aspects using three different situations to better understand their specificity and to extend our thinking to the relevance of terms "neurosis" and "psychosis." Finally, we hope that this work might help physicians and psychiatrists to become more aware of this complex set of disorders while making a diagnosis.

Scientific evidence that fluoxetine is one of the effective treatment of depression exists. Since 2000, a debate has been launched concerning the possibility of antidepressant drugs, especially, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to induce suicidality in some depressive patients. Suicidal attempts of 3 of the outpatients taken into care in a crisis center in Geneva, following the introduction of fluoxetine in the usual dose of 20 mg per day, led us to investigate and to carry out a non-exhaustive comprehensive literature review of available randomized trials, meta-analyses and epidemiological studies. This work enabled us to highlight some points of interest, including medical attitudes and therapeutic guidelines that sometimes seem to be contradictory, especially regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents.

Many international studies report a high prevalence of personality disorders among inmates on the basis of (semi)-structured diagnostic interviews. The present study proposes a self-reported evaluation of personality disorders using the NEO PI-R. The sample consists of 244 male and 18 female inmates (N=262) who were psychologically assessed. The analysis of the five psychological domains shows that the French-speaking Belgian inmates are as stable, as extroverted, more closed, more agreeable and more conscientious than the normative sample. The NEO PI-R facets are also analyzed. The mean Cohen's d (.26) is small. Two personality disorders have medium effect sizes: obsessive compulsive personality disorder (high) and histrionic personality (low). Small effect sizes exist for antisocial personality (low), psychopathy (low), narcissistic personality (low), schizoid personality (high) and borderline personality (low). In our view, the context of the assessment can partially explain these results but not entirely. The results do not confirm previous studies and question the high rates of psychiatric prevalence in prison., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hoarding or compulsive hoarding, a severe form of collectionism, is currently described in various psychiatric disorders, including the famous Diogenes syndrome. The lack of remission despite a correct treatment in a patient that we have followed in the brief therapy center in Geneva, has led us to carry out an extensive Medline review, which revealed several interesting points. It seems that excessive hoarding, with a prevalence of 2,3 to 4,6%, has received increasing interest and there is an actual debate of distinguishing hoarding from other disorders. Thus, this field requires further attention to better understand its phenomenology. This case report describes an excessive hoarding disorder confirming the complexity of this trouble and the possibility to consider it as an independent diagnosis.

Depression is a common and debilitating illness, for which alternative treatments are urgently needed. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive and relatively painless experimental technique of altering brain physiology. The authors critically review the evidence for the efficacy, safety and tolerability of rTMS in the treatment of depression based on published data over the last decade. They also discuss studies which have examined relevant clinical, demographic, methodological, and technical parameters that might be implicated in optimizing the antidepressant efficacy of this technique. rTMS depression trials conducted through early 2006 are included in this review, which focuses mainly on the results of published sham-controlled studies, literature reviews and meta-analyses. Trials published so far have been characterized by the use of a great variety of stimulation parameters, study designs, questionable sham controls, small sample sizes and heterogeneously depressed populations, all of which have made comparisons between studies difficult. Meta-analyses of 2-week rTMS sham-controlled studies support, for the most part, the antidepressant effects of rTMS which are statistically superior to sham. However, the degree of clinical improvement remains small, although greater efficacy has been shown with longer treatment courses and predictors of response to rTMS are progressively being identified. rTMS is a promising antidepressant treatment with overall minor adverse effects. Because the clinical efficacy of rTMS as an antidepressant remains questionable, further systematic, large-scale multicenter studies comparing rTMS to a sham and/or to an antidepressant medication along with more stringent stimulation parameters are warranted in order to identify patient populations most likely to benefit and treatment parameters most likely to optimize its antidepressant efficacy.