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20. Natural expression : its place in communication and action

Author

Rhys-Jones, K. G.

Subjects
401, Philosophy
Abstract

The dominant aim of this thesis is to define a concept of natural expression the precise extension of which is left undetermined, being subject to empirical investigation. Nevertheless, paradigm examples with respect to which the question is raised: 'Are they natural expressions?' include smiling and other facial expressions. In pursuit of this aim suggestions are made concerning the logical form of sentences about expression (expression is not, in my view, best regarded as a relation), comparisons are drawn between the interpretation of utterances and the interpretation of non-linguistic expressions (and both contrasted to explanation), and, subsequently, between the latter and what Davidson calls the 'causal redescription of actions'. The task of defining expression is then conceived of as partly consisting in the specification of the cognitive effects such that when an action is truly described 'in terms of' them, it is expressive. In the ensuing analysis, much of the work is done by adapting Christopher Peacocke's notion of 'prima-facie evidence'. The notion of 'physiognomic perception', ie. the way in which we see eg. anger in eg. a scowl, is critically discussed and related to the foregoing. The relevance of correlations between emotion and behaviour to natural expression is then assessed. In the penultimate chapter I argue that expressive behaviour is natural if there exists innate dispositions to exhibit it under certain conditions and innate capacities to interpret it correctly. The relevance of this to radical interpretation, concept-acquisition, and the explanation of action is considered. The contributions of some social scientists to this area are critically examined and broad prescriptions are made concerning the nature of the evidence to be taken into account in determining the naturalness of a given type of behaviour. I conclude with a tentative endorsement and formulation of 'immanent realism' with respect to other minds.

Published
1983

21. Chronic Lunate Dislocation: An Unusual Cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome--Avoiding Diagnostic Pitfalls and Synopsis of Management Options.

Author

Clarke, D., Franklin, S., Mullings, S., and Jones, K. G.

Abstract

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) represents the most common compressive neuropathy of the upper limb (1). There are a myriad of causes of CTS, of which carpal fractures and dislocations are known aetiologies. Volar lunate dislocations are the most common carpal dislocations described (1). Approximately 25% of perilunate dislocations are missed on initial presentation, resulting in delayed diagnosis and likely poorer outcomes (1-3). A case of chronic lunate dislocation presenting as CTS is presented here to highlight diagnostic pitfalls and management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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28. Patterns and trends in sources of information about sex among young people in Britain: evidence from three National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles

Author

Tanton, C., Jones, K. G., Macdowall, W., Clifton, S., Mitchell, K.R., Datta, J., Lewis, R., Field, N., Sonnenberg, P., Stevens, A., Wellings, K., Johnson, A.M., and Mercer, C.H.

Subjects
Male, Parents, Safe Sex, Adolescent, Information Seeking Behavior, education, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Sex Education, EDUCATION & TRAINING (see Medical Education & Training), Young Adult, Sex Factors, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Schools, Research, Health Surveys, United Kingdom, Contraception, Cross-Sectional Studies, Psychosexual Development, SEXUAL MEDICINE, Female, Sexual Health, PUBLIC HEALTH, Sexuality
Abstract

Objective To assess progress in meeting young people's sex education needs in Britain by examining the current situation and changes over the past 20 years in sources of information about sexual matters and unmet information needs.\ud \ud Design Cross-sectional probability sample surveys.\ud \ud Setting British general population.\ud \ud Participants 3869 men and women aged 16–24 years, interviewed 2010–2012 for the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), compared with 16–24 year-olds in Natsal-1 (1990–1991; 792 men and women) and Natsal-2 (1999–2001; 2673 men and women).\ud \ud Main outcome measures Reported source of information about sexual matters, unmet information needs and preferred source of additional information.\ud \ud Results Between 1990 and 2012, the proportion citing school lessons as their main source of information about sexual matters increased from 28.2% (95% CI 24.6 to 32.1) to 40.3% (95% CI 38.6 to 42.1). In 2010–2012, parents were reported as a main source by only 7.1% (95% CI 5.8 to 8.7) of men and 14.1% (95% CI 12.6 to 15.7) of women and, for women, were less commonly reported than in 1999–2001 (21.7%; 95% CI 19.6 to 24.0). Most young people reported not knowing enough when they first felt ready for sexual experience (68.1% men, 70.6% women), and this did not change substantially over time. They wanted more information about psychosexual matters (41.6% men, 46.8% women), as well as sexually transmitted infections (27.8% men, 29.8% women) and, for women, contraception (27.5%). Young people primarily wanted this information from school, parents or health professionals.\ud \ud Conclusions Over the past 20 years, young people have increasingly identified school lessons as their main source of information about sex, although they continue to report needing more information on a broad range of topics. The findings support the expressed need for improved sex and relationships education in schools alongside greater involvement of parents and health professionals.

Published
2015

29. Associations between source of information about sex and sexual health outcomes in Britain: findings from the third national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (Natsal-3)

Author

Macdowall, W., Jones, K. G., Tanton, C., Clifton, S., Copas, A. J., Mercer, C. H., Palmer, M. J., Lewis, R., Datta, J., Mitchell, K.R., Field, N., Sonnenberg, P., Johnson, A. M., and Wellings, K.

Abstract

Objectives To examine variation in source of information about sexual matters by sociodemographic factors, and associations with sexual behaviours and outcomes.\ud \ud Design Cross-sectional probability sample survey.\ud \ud Setting British general population.\ud \ud Participants 3408 men and women, aged 17–24 years, interviewed from 2010–2012 for third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles.\ud \ud Main outcome measures Main source of information (school, a parent, other); age and circumstances of first heterosexual intercourse; unsafe sex and distress about sex in past year; experience of sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnoses, non-volitional sex or abortion (women only) ever.\ud \ud Results Citing school was associated with younger age, higher educational level and having lived with both parents. Citing a parent was associated, in women, with lower educational level and having lived with one parent. Relative to other sources, citing school was associated with older age at first sex (adjusted HR 0.73 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.83) men, 0.73 (0.65 to 0.82) women), lower likelihood of unsafe sex (adjusted OR 0.58 (0.44 to 0.77) men, 0.69 (0.52 to 0.91) women) and previous STI diagnosis (0.55 (0.33 to 0.91) men, 0.58 (0.43 to 0.80) women) and, in women, with lower likelihood of lack of sexual competence at first sex; and experience of non-volitional sex, abortion and distress about sex. Citing a parent was associated with lower likelihood of unsafe sex (0.53 (0.28 to 1.00) men; 0.69 (0.48 to 0.99) women) and, in women, previous STI diagnosis.\ud \ud Conclusions Gaining information mainly from school was associated with lower reporting of a range of negative sexual health outcomes, particularly among women. Gaining information mainly from a parent was associated with some of these, but fewer cited parents as a primary source. The findings emphasise the benefit of school and parents providing information about sexual matters and argue for a stronger focus on the needs of men.

Published
2015

30. How can we objectively categorise partnership type? A novel classification of population survey data to inform epidemiological research and clinical practice

Author

Mercer, C H, primary, Jones, K G, additional, Johnson, A M, additional, Lewis, R, additional, Mitchell, K R, additional, Gravningen, K, additional, Clifton, S, additional, Tanton, C, additional, Sonnenberg, P, additional, Wellings, K, additional, Cassell, J A, additional, and Estcourt, C S, additional

Published
2016
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32. Painful sex (dyspareunia) in women: prevalence and associated factors in a British population probability survey.

Author

Mitchell, KR, Geary, R, Graham, CA, Datta, J, Wellings, K, Sonnenberg, P, Field, N, Nunns, D, Bancroft, J, Jones, KG, Johnson, AM, Mercer, CH, Mitchell, K R, Graham, C A, Jones, K G, Johnson, A M, and Mercer, C H

Subjects
DYSPAREUNIA, SEXUAL dysfunction, WOMEN, DISEASE prevalence, VAGINAL diseases
Abstract

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of painful sex among women in Britain, and to explore associated sexual, relationship and health factors that should be considered in assessment.Design: Multi-stage, clustered and stratified population probability sample survey, using computer-assisted self-interview. Sample frame was the British Postcode Address File.Setting: Participants interviewed at home between 2010 and 2012.Sample: A total of 15 162 adults aged 16-74 years (8869 women). Data reported from 6669 sexually active women.Methods: Age-adjusted logistic regressions to examine associations between painful sex and indicators of sexual, relational, mental and physical health.Main Outcome Measure: Physical pain as a result of sex for ≥3 months in the past year, plus measures of symptom severity.Results: Painful sex was reported by 7.5% (95% CI 6.7-8.3) of sexually active women, of whom one-quarter experienced symptoms very often or always, for ≥6 months, and causing distress. Reporting painful sex was strongly associated with other sexual function problems, notably vaginal dryness (age adjusted odds ratio 7.9; 6.17-10.12), anxiety about sex (6.34; 4.76-8.46) and lacking enjoyment in sex (6.12; 4.81-7.79). It was associated with sexual relationship factors [such as not sharing same level of interest in sex (2.56; 1.97-3.33)], as well as with adverse experiences such as non-volitional sex (2.17; 1.68-2.80). Associations were also found with measures of psychological and physical health, including depressive symptoms (1.68; 1.28-2.21).Conclusion: Painful sex is reported by a sizeable minority of women in Britain. Health professionals should be supported to undertake holistic assessment and treatment which takes account of the sexual, relationship and health context of symptoms.Tweetable Abstract: Painful sex-reported by 7.5% of women in Britain-is linked to poorer sexual, physical, relational and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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34. Developments at the ISIS muon source and the concomitant benefit to the user community

Author

Hillier, A D, primary, Adams, D J, additional, Baker, P J, additional, Bekasovs, A, additional, Coomer, F C, additional, Cottrell, S P, additional, Higgins, S D, additional, Jago, S J S, additional, Jones, K G, additional, Lord, J S, additional, Markvardsen, A, additional, Parker, P G, additional, Peck, J N T, additional, Pratt, F L, additional, Telling, M T F, additional, and Williamson, R E, additional

Published
2014
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35. Prevalence of infertility and help seeking among 15 000 women and men.

Author

Datta, J., Palmer, M. J., Tanton, C., Gibson, L. J., Jones, K. G., Macdowall, W., Glasier, A., Sonnenberg, P., Field, N., Mercer, C. H., Johnson, A. M., and Wellings, K.

Subjects
INFERTILITY, DISEASE prevalence, UNMARRIED couples, HEALTH & social status, QUESTIONNAIRES, RESEARCH funding, CROSS-sectional method, PATIENTS' attitudes
Abstract

Study Question: What is the prevalence of infertility and of help seeking among women and men in Britain?Summary Answer: One in eight women and one in ten men aged 16-74 years had experienced infertility, defined by unsuccessfully attempting pregnancy for a year or longer, and little more than half of these people sought medical or professional help.What Is Known Already: Estimates of infertility and help seeking in Britain vary widely and are not easily comparable because of different definitions and study populations.Study Design, Size, Duration: A cross-sectional population survey was conducted between 2010 and 2012 with a sample of 15 162 women and men aged 16-74 years.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Participants completed the Natsal-3 questionnaire, using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and computer-assisted self-interview (CASI).Main Results and the Role Of Chance: The reported prevalence of infertility was 12.5% (CI 95% 11.7-13.3) among women and 10.1% (CI 95% 9.2-11.1) among men. Increased prevalence was associated with later cohabitation with a partner, higher socio-economic status and, for those who had a child, becoming parents at older ages. The reported prevalence of help seeking was 57.3% (CI 95% 53.6-61.0) among women and 53.2% (CI 95% 48.1-58.1) among men. Help seekers were more likely to be better educated and in higher status occupations and, among those who had a child, to have become parents later in life.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: These data are cross-sectional so it is not possible to establish temporality or infer causality. Self-reported data may be subject to recall bias.Wider Implications Of the Findings: The study provides estimates of infertility and help seeking in Britain and the results indicate that the prevalence of infertility is higher among those delaying parenthood. Those with higher educational qualifications and occupational status are more likely to consult with medical professionals for fertility problems than others and these inequalities in help seeking should be considered by clinical practice and public health.Study Funding/competing Interests: Funding was provided by grants from the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust, with support from the Economic and Social Research Council and the Department of Health. AMJ is a Governor of the Wellcome Trust. Other authors have no competing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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44. Structure-Based Design of Potent and Selective Cell-Permeable Inhibitors of Human β-Secretase (BACE-1)

Author

Stachel, S. J., Coburn, C. A., Steele, T. G., Jones, K. G., Loutzenhiser, E. F., Gregro, A. R., Rajapakse, H. A., Lai, M.-T., Crouthamel, M.-C., Xu, M., Tugusheva, K., Lineberger, J. E., Pietrak, B. L., Espeseth, A. S., Shi, X.-P., Chen-Dodson, E., Holloway, M. K., Munshi, S., Simon, A. J., Kuo, L., and Vacca, J. P.

Abstract

We describe the development of cell-permeable β-secretase inhibitors that demonstratively inhibit the production of the secreted amino terminal fragment of an artificial amyloid precursor protein in cell culture. In addition to potent inhibition in a cell-based assay (IC50 < 100 nM), these inhibitors display impressive selectivity against other biologically relevant aspartyl proteases.

Published
2004

46. Explorations into the Relationship between Spatial Structure and Spatial Interaction

Author

Griffith, D A and Jones, K G

Abstract

This paper explores the relationship between spatial structure and spatial interaction at the intraurban level. To examine this relationship an experimental framework is designed based on the application of a doubly constrained entropy-type gravity model to journey-to-work data for twenty-four Canadian urban areas. The study demonstrates that distance-decay exponents are strongly influenced by geographic structure and the geometry of origins and destinations. As such, both the influence of map pattern and the friction of distance should be explicitly incorporated into spatial interaction models. The paper also explores the impact of city size and the nature of the economic base of the urban area upon distance-decay exponents.

Published
1980
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47. In vitro metabolic activation of the pulmonary toxin, 4-ipomeanol, in nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) and alveolar type II cells isolated from rabbit lung.

Author

Devereux, T R, Jones, K G, Bend, J R, Fouts, J R, Statham, C N, and Boyd, M R

Abstract

The metabolism and covalent binding of 4-ipomeanol (IPO), a pulmonary toxin, were investigated in pulmonary cells isolated from rabbit. 3H-labeled IPO was incubated with freshly, isolated, intact alveolar type II cells (83% purity), nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells (77% purity) and alveolar macrophages (greater than 90% purity). Covalent binding of radioactive material to type II and Clara cells was observed by autoradiography and by a biochemical method. IPO binding to cells was almost totally prevented by 1 mM piperonyl butoxide, an inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of IPO. No covalent binding was observed with alveolar macrophages in the presence or absence of piperonyl butoxide. The maximal rates of enzyme-mediated covalent binding of IPO to protein were greater in the Clara cells (135 pmol/10(6) cells/min) than in the type II cells (13 pmol/10(6) cells/min). Incubation of either sonicated Clara or type II cell fractions with [3H]IPO, glutathione and NADPH (20 min, 37 degrees C) resulted in the formation of two distinct radiolabeled glutathione conjugates.

Published
1982

48. Xenobiotic metabolism in Clara cells and alveolar type II cells isolated from lungs of rats treated with beta-naphthoflavone.

Author

Jones, K G, Holland, J F, Foureman, G L, Bend, J R, and Fouts, J R

Abstract

An investigation of several pathways for xenobiotic metabolism in rat lung cells was carried out using enriched fractions of alveolar type II cells (80% purity) and Clara cells (50% purity) which had been prepared from either untreated (control) rats or animals which had been treated with beta-naphthoflavone. Monooxygenase activities (7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase; aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene] hydroxylase) and activities of conjugating enzymes (glutathione transferase; glucuronosyl transferase) were found to be much higher in fractions enriched in Clara cells than in either the crude cell digest or in fractions enriched in type II cells. This was also found to be true for epoxide hydrolase activity. beta-Naphthoflavone treatment of animals was found to increase the monooxygenase and glucuronosyl transferase activities in all cell fractions, but no effect was seen on either glutathione transferase or epoxide hydrolase activity, each of which was extremely low in type II cells.

Published
1983

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