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This short research note serves as an update to the authors’ 2020 article examining the history of Martini-type rifles in Afghanistan between 1878 and 1925 (Arms & Armour, Vol. 17 No. 1). Ongoing research has permitted the revision of production estimates for Martini-type rifles produced by the Kabul Arsenal, and new estimates are presented herein. The earlier typology is also slightly modified for ease of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco quickly found favour in Japan after its introduction in the late sixteenth century, leading to the development of the kiseru—a distinctive Japanese tobacco pipe. Building upon a long-standing tradition of concealing weapons within a variety of mundane objects, tobacco pipes and smokers' accessories were soon modified to incorporate hidden spikes, blades, and even firearms. This short article, believed to be the first detailed assessment in the English language, explores the fascinating world of these covert self-defence tools. Through the examination of select artefacts, historical sources, and popular culture, this study provides a concise overview of these objects, shedding light on their design and purpose, and situating them within the broader Japanese arms and armour tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To demonstrate changes in the demography and diagnosis of uveitis in a specialist clinic in the United Kingdom. Retrieval of data including all new referrals to Manchester Uveitis Clinic from 1991 to 2020. The incidence and proportions of diagnoses between 4 quartiles was compared. 5000 patients with uveitis were seen. Referral rates trebled over time. Highly significant increases in referrals were seen for multiple evanescent white dot syndrome-spectrum disorders, syphilis and tuberculosis; increases were also seen for herpetic retinitis, vitreoretinal lymphoma and sarcoidosis. Highly significant decreases were seen for Fuchs' uveitis, Behçet's uveitis and ocular toxoplasmosis. Subspecialisation and de-skilling has changed referral patterns to specialist clinics; changes cannot be entirely attributed to disease incidences, which also vary between countries. International data are non-comparable. There are clear changes in referral patterns and disease incidence in this population, influenced by evolving diagnosis. Local data should steer care planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive revisited experimental high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoabsorption spectrum of ammonia, NH3, covering for the first time the full 5.4–10.8 eV energy-range, with absolute cross sections determined. The calculations on the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths were performed using the equation-of-motion coupled cluster method restricted to single and double excitation levels and used to help reanalyze the observed Rydberg structures in the photoabsorption spectrum. The VUV spectrum reveals several new features that are not previously reported in the literature, with particular reference to the vibrational progressions of the ( D ̃ 1 E ′ ← X ̃ 1 A 1 ′ ), the ( F ̃ 1 E ′ ← X ̃ 1 A 1 ′ ), and the ( G ̃ 1 A 2 ″ ← X ̃ 1 A 1 ′ ) absorption bands. In addition, new Rydberg members have been identified in n d a 1 ′ ← 1 a 2 ″ D ̃ ′ ′ 1 A 2 ″ ← X ̃ 1 A 1 ′ , where n > 3 has not been reported before as well as in n d e ″ ← 1 a 2 ″ F ̃ 1 E ′ ← X ̃ 1 A 1 ′ and in n s a 1 ′ ← 1 a 2 ″ G ̃ 1 A 2 ″ ← X ̃ 1 A 1 ′ . The measured absolute photoabsorption cross sections have been used to calculate the photolysis lifetime of ammonia in the Earth's atmosphere (0–50 km). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1918, a Marshal's sword (Gensuitō) was introduced into the Japanese honours system, to be presented to specially recognised admirals and generals of the Imperial Japanese military who had been awarded the honorific title of Gensui. Later that year, a very fine example of such a sword was presented to King George V at Buckingham Palace, on behalf of Emperor Taishō. These swords were made to the highest standards by master swordsmiths, with no more than 24 produced before the abolishment of the rank of Gensui in 1945. Very little has been written about Gensuitō in Japanese, much less in English. The King George V Gensuitō, today held in the Royal Collection, is recognised for its aesthetic value, but has been the subject of only limited scholarship. Drawing on primary sources held in the Royal Collection, Royal Archives, and National Archives of Japan, as well as secondary sources published in limited-circulation journals that have not been digitised, the author presents herein an overview of this important Gensuitō—believed to be the sole example held in a collection outside of Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telehealth has long been highlighted as a way to solve issues of efficiency and effectiveness in healthcare and to improve patients' care and has become fundamental to address patients' needs during the COVID-19 pandemic; however previous studies have shown mixed results in the user acceptance of such technologies. Whilst many previous studies have focussed on clinical application of telehealth, we focus on the adoption of telehealth for virtual assessments visits aimed to evaluate the suitability of a property where a patient is discharged, and eventual adaptations needed. We present a study of stakeholders' attitudes towards such virtual assessment visits. The study has been carried out with healthcare professionals and patients and allowed us to identify user attitudes, barriers and facilitators for the success of virtual assessment visits from the point of view of healthcare professionals and patients. Finally, we discuss implications for designers of telehealth services and guidelines that can be derived from our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the final years of his life, Felix Dörmann wrote his only two novels: Jazz (1925) and Machen Sie mich zu Ihrer Geliebten! (1928). These Zeitromane depict the political, economic, and cultural turbulence of the interwar years in Europe and, more specifically, Austria. Dörmann portrays the dissolution of traditional sources of authority as wealth increasingly becomes the sole guarantor of power. The two novels expose the dangers of this situation to individuals and society by interrogating the categories of time and space. Jazz depicts an Austrian modernity in which heritage and present desires struggle, with fatal consequences, against a future- oriented economic order characterized by relentless change. Machen Sie mich zu Ihrer Geliebten! details the existential threat posed to Austrian sovereignty by the burgeoning globalization of private capital and the concomitant rise of an international elite. Dörmann's novels offer no solutions to these dangers, which consequently seem to herald Austria's impending downfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic state spectroscopy of 2(5H)-thiophenone, C4H4OS, has been investigated by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption in the 3.76–10.69 eV energy range using synchrotron radiation, together with novel quantum chemical calculations performed at the equation of motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) level of theory. The major electronic transitions have been assigned to valence and Rydberg character, with relevant C=O, C=C and C–C stretching vibrations across the entire absorption spectrum. Photolysis lifetimes in the Earth's atmosphere (0–50 km altitude) have been estimated from the absolute photoabsorption cross-sections, indicating that solar photolysis can be expected to be a strong sink mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the 'Alphabet' series of prototype rifles which were developed at Winchester between 1912 and 1934, ultimately culminating in the Models 54 and 70. Drawing upon original research conducted in the Winchester archive at the Cody Firearms Museum and through physical examination of extant 'Alphabet' rifles, the authors have been able to more fully map the lineage of the influential Model 70 and its predecessors and, in particular, clearly articulate the connection this American icon shares with the famous Mauser rifles of 1871—1898. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms responsible for sediment resuspension and transport by nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) remain poorly understood largely due to a dearth of detailed field measurements. We present novel observations of the turbulent benthic boundary‐layer (BBL) beneath trains of NLIWs of depression in the ocean. At the 250 m deep, low‐gradient (<0.2%) continental shelf site the BBL was near well mixed to an average height of about 10 m above the bottom. Above this bottom mixing‐layer, stratification constrained the extent of vertical sediment transport. NLIWs drove sediment transport by a combination of bed‐stress intensification, turbulent transport, and a vertical pumping mechanism associated with the compression and subsequent expansion of the mixing‐layer. There was no evidence that the observed dynamics were associated with a global instability, as proposed in previous studies. The results have implications for cross‐shelf mass transport and highlight future challenges for measuring and modeling boundary‐layer processes within shelf seas. Plain Language Summary: With wave heights reaching 100 m, nonlinear internal waves generate some of the strongest ocean currents on the world's continental shelves. These extreme currents penetrate down to the seabed, where they greatly enhance sediment resuspension, eject sediments high into the water column, and generate some of the strongest forces on subsea engineered structures. These waves likely redistribute settled biological material, dense plastics, and sediment‐sorbed hydrocarbons on the continental shelf. Despite their significance, the details of these processes remain inadequately understood, owing to the challenges of detailed near‐bed observation and equally the challenges of configuring laboratory and computational experiments to be representative of ocean conditions. We present new detailed near‐bed observations under 70 m nonlinear internal waves in the ocean. The observations (1) show how these waves enhanced resuspension and transport of sediments; (2) identify a potential pathway for transport of terrestrial material from the continent toward the abyss; and (3) highlight some future challenges for modeling these processes in computer simulations of the ocean. Key Points: Novel observations of the oceanic benthic boundary‐layer structure provide unique insight into sediment transport under NLIWs of depressionSediment transport is explained by strong turbulence and pumping by the NLIW without recourse to complex instability mechanismsThe findings have implications for cross‐shelf transport, RANS ocean modeling, and DNS/LES modeling of NLIWs in the ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐linear internal waves (NLIW) are important to processes such as heat transfer, nutrient replenishment and sediment transport on continental shelves. Our unique field observations of shoaling NLIW of elevation revealed a variety of different wave shapes, varying from relatively symmetric waves, to waves with either steepened leading‐ or trailing‐faces; many had evidence of trapped cores. The wave shape was related to the position of maximum density overturns and diapycnal mixing. We observed both shear (where sheared currents overcome the stabilizing effects of stratification) and convective (where the local velocity exceeds the wave propagation speed) instabilities. The elevated diapycnal mixing (>10−3 m2s−1) and heat flux (>500 Wm−2) were predominantly local to the NLIW of elevation packets, and were transported onshore 10s kilometers with the wave packets. We demonstrate that wave steepness may be a useful bulk property for the parameterization of wave‐averaged diapycnal heat flux. Plain Language Summary: Predicting the distribution of constituents such as nutrients, heat, sediment and pollutants on the continental shelf is key to processes such as: the safe operation of offshore infrastructure; understanding the variation in primary productivity; the prediction of marine heat waves; and environmental impact assessments of new activities. Non‐linear internal waves, waves that travel within the stratified water column, are likely to have a significant impact on constituent transport; however, they are poorly understood. Here we present unique observations that quantify the properties of a class of these nonlinear internal waves, known as waves of elevation. These waves can break in a similar way to surface waves at the beach, leading to dramatic increases in turbulent mixing over horizontal length scales of 10s kilometers. We have used our observations to define the amount of vertical heat transport induced by the breaking waves as a function of wave steepness. The vertical heat transport can be used as a proxy to estimate the vertical nutrient transport. This study has made a step change in quantifying the impact of NLIW of elevation on vertical transport. Key Points: Nonlinear internal waves of elevation can form both convective and shear instabilities, resulting in enhanced diapycnal mixing and heat fluxBreaking continues as the nonlinear waves propagate onshore, influencing diapycnal mixing and vertical heat flux over 10s of kilometersThe elevated heat flux associated with the nonlinear internal waves of elevation increases with the wave steepness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical information is needed on the extent to which elite and competitive female athletes can continue to train and compete safely during pregnancy, without risk for themselves or their child, as well as advice for the postpartum period, including breast-feeding. Such information is also needed to recommend cycling for non-athlete women who wish to exercise. For this reason, the International Cycling Union (UCI) has produced this guide to provide information for all those who participate in recreational cycling activities and UCI sanctioned competitions during pregnancy. This policy has been developed utilising the AGREE II instrument and has had input from elite female cyclists, including those who have came back to compete following pregnancy. Supported by clinical evidence, the UCI encourages women to continue cycling throughout their pregnancy. Although cycling exercise is generally safe during pregnancy, some general principles are required for women, especially when cycling in the heat. No competitive cycling events included in the UCI calendar are possible beyond the 1st trimester of pregnancy, mainly to prevent the risk of trauma to the uterus and foetus in the event of an accident. However, the UCI encourages pregnant women to participate in recreational/leisure cycling as a form of physical activity throughout their pregnancy; but the ability to participate in organised recreational activities is only possible up to the end of the 1st trimester. Exercise, and especially cycling exercise, should be viewed as an important component to improve women's psychological health and common complaints during the postpartum period. Breast-feeding is highly recommended when women return to exercise and there is no impact of exercise on the quantity and quality of breast-milk. There are no significant disadvantages with regard to foetal and/or maternal conditions with high-intensity training programmes when they are subjectively tolerated and carefully monitored, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. For the global population, exercises at moderate-intensity during pregnancy have many positive effects for both the mothers and their unborn children. That is why it is highly recommended that pregnant women begin or continue biking at moderate-intensity at least 150 minutes a week with at least 3 sessions of a duration longer than 30 minutes each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recently, the UK Armed Forces have revised the ground close combat role to include women. Aims To assess the potential mental health impact of this initiative we examined gender differences in deployment patterns, work strain, occupational factors, mental health, alcohol use and help-seeking following operational deployment. Methods The study was a secondary analysis of self-report survey data; 8799 men (88%) and 1185 women (12%) provided data. A sub-sample (47%, n = 4659) provided data concerning post-deployment help-seeking. The latter consisted of 408 women (8.8%) and 4251 men (91%). Results With the exception of alcohol misuse, which was significantly lower for women, women reported significantly more common mental disorder symptoms, subjective depression and self-harm. Women were significantly more likely to seek help from healthcare providers. Men were significantly more likely to have deployed operationally and for longer cumulative periods. Subjective work strain, but not job control, was significantly lower for women whose military careers were significantly shorter. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom intensity was similar to men. Conclusions With the exception of PTSD and alcohol misuse, UK military women experience more mental health-related problems than military men. This finding was not related to the more arduous aspects of military service as women served for shorter times, deployed less and for shorter cumulative periods and were less likely to report work-related stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Martini-Henry and other Martini-action rifles have played an important part in the cultural, martial, and commercial histories of Afghanistan. The Martini-Henry was the first purpose-designed breech-loading rifle adopted by the British military. Over the course of its lifespan, the Martini-Henry and its successors saw service in all corners of the British Empire, including Afghanistan and the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province of British India. Afghan forces took quickly to the weapon. Copies of the Martini were produced in Afghanistan around the time of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), imported from Great Britain in subsequent years, and finally industrially produced at the Kabul Arsenal from 1894. These rifles helped Afghanistan's emirs to put down rebellion and maintain control, before being turned back on the British during the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919. In recent years industrially-produced examples originating from Great Britain, Belgium, Austria, and from the Kabul Arsenal in Afghanistan—as well as craft-produced examples from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan—have proven popular mementos. Many of these are now held in private collections in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and elsewhere, often brought home by International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops and others who deployed to Afghanistan from 2001 onwards. Despite the popularity of Martini-type rifles purchased in Afghanistan, little has been written about the local history of these weapons. In this article, the authors aim to: present an overview of the history of the Martini-type rifle in Afghanistan; clearly articulate the models of Martini-type rifles produced in Afghanistan; explain how to identify where, when, and by whom these were made; and support their conclusions with analysis based upon a sizeable original dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Internationally, women are about to undertake combat duties alongside their male colleagues. The psychological effect of this policy change is largely unknown. Aims To explore the mental health impact of combat exposure among military women. Methods Self-report, between-subjects survey data were collected in Iraq and Afghanistan on four occasions between 2009 and 2014 (n = 4139). Differences in mental health, stigmatization, deployment experiences, intimate relationship impact, perception of family support levels, unit cohesion, leadership and help-seeking were compared between deployed men and women. Comparisons were repeated with the study sample stratified by level of combat exposure. Outcomes were examined using logistic regression adjusted for socio-demographic, mental health and military factors. Results Overall, 4.1% of women and 4.3% of men reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.70–2.46); 22% of women and 16% of men reported symptoms of common mental disorder (CMD) (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.11–2.08). Women were less likely to report mental health-related stigmatization (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.87), negative relationship impact from deployment (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49–0.98) and subjective unit cohesion (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.90). Help-seeking for emotional problems was similar by gender (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.84–1.77). Overall, outcomes were minimally impacted by level of combat exposure. Conclusions Although women experienced more CMD symptoms, PTSD symptoms were similar by gender. Subject to confirmation of the study findings, women may not require enhanced mental healthcare during deployment for exposure-based conditions such as PTSD when undertaking the ground close combat role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring sustainability is an integral part of decision-making processes in order to promote sustainable development. The present paper focuses on sustainability indicators as these are measured on local level and explores two main issues: firstly, the subjective measurement of indicators focusing especially on social dimensions of sustainability, secondly, the incorporation of local perceptions in sustainability assessments. These two issues are explored in the Asopos River basin in Greece, an area where significant environmental degradation has been observed in the past decades and is also under financial pressure due to the ongoing national recession. A large-scale research study was conducted measuring environmental, economic and social indicators while, at a second stage, a model was developed, estimating new indicators that incorporate local communities' perceptions on what they considered as important for their area. The results of the study reveal that the most important indicators for the sustainable development of the area, according to locals' perceptions, are environmental quality as well as quality of life. By contrast, trust in local and central institutions and also local enterprises were not considered as important by locals. These results illustrate the importance of combining global and national scale assessment with locally focused social measurements of sustainability in order to better understand what is important for local communities prior to embarking on public policy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subfamilies, genera, and most frequently encountered species of North American Calliphoridae are reviewed, including a comprehensive pictorial key to the forensically important blow flies of North America. Distribution maps are provided for all species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic structure, stability, and reactivity of iodized aluminum clusters, which have been investigated via reactivity studies, are examined by first-principles gradient corrected density functional calculations. The observed behavior of Al13Ix- and Al14Ix- clusters is shown to indicate that for x≤=8, they consist of compact Al13- and Al14++ cores, respectively, demonstrating that they behave as halogen- or alkaline earthlike superatoms. For x>8, the Al cores assume a cagelike structure associated with the charging of the cores. The observed mass spectra of the reacted clusters reveal that Al13Ix- species are more stable for even x while Al14Ix- exhibit enhanced stability for odd x(x>=3). It is shown that these observations are linked to the formation and filling of “active sites,” demonstrating a novel chemistry of superatoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scattering of electrons with kinetic energies down to a few meV by para-xylene and para-difluorobenzene has been observed experimentally with an electron beam energy resolution of 0.95 to 1.5 meV (full width half maximum). At low electron energies the collisions can be considered as cold scattering events because the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is considerably larger than the target dimensions. The scattering cross sections measured rise rapidly at low energy due to virtual state scattering. The nature of this scattering process is discussed using s- and p-wave phase shifts derived from the experimental data. Scattering lengths are derived of, respectively, -9.5±0.5 and -8.0±0.5 a.u. for para-xylene and para-difluorobenzene. The virtual state effect is interpreted in terms of nuclear diabatic and partially adiabatic models, involving the electronic and vibronic symmetries of the unoccupied orbitals in the target species. The concept of direct and indirect virtual state scattering is introduced, through which the present species, in common with carbon dioxide and benzene, scatter through an indirect virtual state process, whereas other species, such as perfluorobenzene, scatter through a direct process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using recent low energy electron scattering data for CCl4 and SF6, and accompanying theory illustrating the coupling of attachment and elastic scattering, absolute cross sections are derived for electron attachment to CCl4 and SF6 between impact energies, respectively, of 8–52 meV and 7–42 meV. Values of attachment cross sections are compared with those obtained by laser and threshold photoionization techniques, which include normalization to rate coefficient data. Excellent agreement with the latest CCl4 data is obtained, with less precise agreement for SF6, but still lying within experimental uncertainties. © 2005 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tunneling and librational dynamics of the methyl groups of acetyl-acetone were investigated by inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering at ambient and high pressure (4 kbar) for a variety of isotopic compounds. Samples, prepared by quenching the liquid, are shown to consist of a mixture of keto and enol forms of the molecule. This fact explains difficulties in the data analysis of previous studies. In the present work the contributions of the two forms could be separated, by preparing pure enol samples as well as keto-enriched samples. Two inequivalent methyl groups are identified for the enol form with barrier heights of the hindering potential in the range of 220-800 K. These potential barriers are fairly sensitive to deuteration of the nonmethyl protons and to disorder in the crystal. In contrast, for the keto form the potential is insensitive to these factors. These differences reflect the influence of the hydrogen-bonded proton on the methyl group dynamics in the enol molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental data are presented for the scattering of electrons by CF[sub 2]Cl[sub 2] and CF[sub 3]Cl for both integral and backward scattering, from 2 eV (for CF[sub 2]Cl[sub 2]) and 0.65 eV (for CF[sub 3]Cl) down to energies of 10 meV to 20 meV, with an energy resolution ranging from 0.75 meV to 1.5 meV (full width at half maximum) in the electron beam. Both molecules have dipole moments of ∼0.5 D and are expected to show very similar rotationally inelastic scattering cross sections. Cross sections for CF[sub 2]Cl[sub 2] are, however, much larger at low energy than for CF[sub 3]Cl, attributed to short-lived attachment of electrons to CF[sub 2]Cl[sub 2]. CF[sub 3]Cl displays powerful suppression of rotational excitation in the forward direction, most strongly around 70 meV impact energy. This is ascribed to interference between a direct channel of rotational excitation and indirect excitation via a short-lived negative ion state. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a framework for the simultaneous estimation of model parameters in a partial differential equation using sparse observations. Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling is used in a Bayesian framework to estimate posterior probability distributions for each parameter. We describe the necessary components of this approach and its broad potential for application in models of unsteady processes. The framework is applied to three case studies, of increasing complexity, from the field of cohesive sediment transport. We demonstrate that the framework can be used to recover posterior distributions for all parameters of interest and the results agree well with independent estimates (where available). We also demonstrate how the framework can be used to compare different model parameterizations and provide information on the covariance between model parameters. Plain Language Summary: We describe a framework for the simultaneous estimation of multiple unobserved parameters by combining observations of a tracer with a numerical model. This framework uses Bayesian inference techniques established in statistical literature to estimate the unobserved parameters of interest used in the model with uncertainty quantification. We explain the key components of this framework in simple terms to encourage its use for analyzing other unsteady processes and performing quantitative inference on parameters that are difficult or impossible to measure directly. We then demonstrate the framework's efficacy by applying it to three case studies from the field of cohesive sediment transport that all use the transport equation (advection‐diffusion). Inferred parameter values show good agreement with independent estimates, where available. Key Points: Probabilistic framework to estimate unobserved erosion model parameters using sparse measurements collected above the seabedGeneral approach can be updated with any model parameterization and quantitatively comparedThe framework is applicable to many similar data sets with both unsteady or quasi‐steady forcing and response [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological phases protected by symmetry can occur in gapped and—surprisingly—in critical systems. We consider non-interacting fermions in one dimension with spinless time-reversal symmetry. It is known that the phases are classified by a topological invariant ω and a central charge c. We investigate the correlations of string operators, giving insight into the interplay between topology and criticality. In the gapped phases, these non-local string order parameters allow us to extract ω . Remarkably, ratios of correlation lengths are universal. In the critical phases, the scaling dimensions of these operators serve as an order parameter, encoding ω and c. We derive exact asymptotics of these correlation functions using Toeplitz determinant theory. We include physical discussion, e.g., relating lattice operators to the conformal field theory. Moreover, we discuss the dual spin chains. Using the aforementioned universality, the topological invariant of the spin chain can be obtained from correlations of local observables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychological illness occurring in association with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) has been widely reported.Objective: To determine if there is a higher incidence of psychological morbidity in women with HG compared with women without significant nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.Search Strategy: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and PsychINFO were searched up to September 2015.Selection Criteria: Articles referring to psychological morbidity in relation to HG. For meta-analysis case-control studies using numerical scales to compare psychological symptoms.Data Collection and Analysis: Articles were independently assessed for inclusion by two reviewers and methodology was appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Comparison was made using the standard mean difference (SMD) in symptom scale scores.Main Results: In all, 59 articles were included in the systematic review, 12 of these were used in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of depression scale scores demonstrated a very large effect with statistically significantly higher depression scale scores in women with HG (SMD 1.22; 95% CI 0.80-1.64; P ≤ 0.01) compared with controls. Meta-analysis of anxiety scores demonstrated a large effect with statistically significantly higher anxiety disorder scale scores in women with HG (SMD 0.86; 95% CI 0.53-1.19; P ≤ 0.01). In both analyses significant heterogeneity was identified (depression and HG I2  = 94%, P ≤ 0.01; anxiety and HG I2  = 84%, P = 0.02).Conclusions: Our systematic review and meta-analysis have shown a significantly increased frequency of depression and anxiety in women with HG. The findings should prompt service development for women with HG that includes provision of psychological care and support.Tweetable Abstract: Meta-analysis demonstrates an increase in #PsychologicalMorbidity in women with #HyperemesisGravidarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow and fast growth textured polycrystalline rods of Fe82Ga18 have been annealed at 300 and 600 °C under 50 MPa of tensile stress for 20 min. The rods showed a built-in positive internal stress of ∼20 MPa (300 °C annealing) to ∼30 MPa (600 °C annealing), corresponding to an induced uniaxial anisotropy energy from -4 to -5.5 kJ/m3. Slow growth samples showed better alignment of moments along the rod axis due to better grain alignment. After a 600 °C annealing without applied stress, the sample properties showed no remnants of any prior stress annealing treatments and were better than the as-received unannealed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Fe50Co50)97V2Nb1 nanoparticles were synthesized in an induction plasma torch and oxidized isochronally at temperatures between room temperature (RT) and 900 °C. The particles exhibited three stages of oxidation present at different temperatures. The initial oxide layer was nearly Co-free, beginning at 3 nm at RT, and Co appeared to oxidize separately from the iron. Iron cations were determined to be the mobile species during oxidation, yielding a progressively more Co-rich core as oxidation progressed, decreasing from an average diameter of 42 to 25 nm, while the oxide tripled in size. At 350 °C, the particles exhibited a less dense core, and at 900 °C the particles were observed to have changed morphology completely with some sintering, forming completely oxidized particles with an average diameter three times the as received size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the oxidation products and qualitative rates for polydisperse FeCo magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized using an induction plasma torch. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TEM showed MNPs to have a thin ferrite shell. Nanopowders were isochronally annealed to promote oxidation and XRD was used to follow the evolution of the FeCo core and the Fe3O4 and FeO oxide shells. Isothermal anneals were used to follow oxidation kinetics at 350 and 500 °C. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed faceted morphologies terminated at (100) and (110) FeCo faces with (110)FeCo∥(111)oxide and (100)FeCo∥(100)oxide, and [010]FeCo∥[011]oxide orientation relationships between the FeCo core and oxide shell. We show HRTEM images of MNP chaining and compare the rf heating of samples of aqueous ferrofluids similarly loaded with as synthesized and oxidized MNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vocal cord palsy (VCP) is a major complication of thyroidectomy. Some patients have preexisting VCP prompting the need for routine or selective preoperative evaluation of the vocal cords. The study aims at ascertaining the prevalence of preoperative VCP and making appropriate recommendations. This is a retrospective study of all adult patients who had thyroidectomy at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital. Case notes of patients who had thyroidectomy at the hospital from July 2010 to June 2015 were retrieved. Variables studied included biodata, duration of goiter, preoperative hoarseness, outcome of indirect laryngoscopy (IDL), histology of specimen, duration of follow-up, and incidence of postoperative hoarseness. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Of the 91 patients aged 21-70 years (mean 42.08 years, SD 15.40), females outnumbered males with a M:F ratio of 1:10.4. Five patients had preoperative hoarseness, but only three had VCP. IDL was done for 25 (27.4%) patients out of which 22 (88.0%) had normal studies while the remaining three (all from the five with hoarseness) had VCP. Histology of the specimens showed malignancy in 10 (11%), benign in 55 (60.4%), and no report in 26 (28.6%). Five of the malignant histology patients showed normal findings on IDL, three had VCP and two had no preoperative IDL. There was no case of asymptomatic VCP. Vocal cord evaluation is recommended for patients with voice symptoms and those with malignant goiter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most studies of the psychological impact of military deployment focus on the negative and traumatic aspects. Less is known about the full range of deployment experiences nor how these may impact on career intentions. Aims: To examine subjective operational experiences and career intentions in deployed UK military personnel using data gathered toward the end of an operational deployment. Methods: Data were gathered during deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan. A self-report survey collected data on sociodemographic, operational and military factors. Respondents provided their strength of agreement or disagreement with six potentially positive deployment experiences and their endorsement or rejection of six possible career intentions. Two mental health measures assessed symptoms of common mental disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results: Responses were 681 in Iran 2009 (100% response rate); 1421 in Afghanistan in 2010 (100%), 1362 in 2011 (96%) and 860 in 2015 (91%). Five of the potentially positive outcomes were endorsed by >50% of the sample: confidence about remaining healthy after returning home, pride in accomplishments, increased confidence in abilities, improved unit cohesion and experiencing a positive life effect. Ninety per cent of respondents planned to continue in service after returning home. Fewer positive deployment experiences, poorer mental health, lesser unit cohesion and more negative impressions of leadership were significantly associated with intention to leave service. Conclusions: Contrary to the popular belief that UK military personnel deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan experience negative outcomes, this paper shows that deployment can be a positive experience for a substantial majority of deployed personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was first observed in Nigeria in early 2006 and has now spread to more than 17 African countries having severe economic and public health implications. Here, we explore the spatiotemporal patterns of viral dispersal both among West African countries and within Nigeria using sequence data from hemagglutinin (HA) gene region of the virus. Analyses were performed within a statistical Bayesian framework using phylodynamic models on data sets comprising of all publically available HA sequence data collected from seven West African countries and Egypt between 2006 and 2015. Our regional‐level analyses indicated that H5N1 in West Africa originated in Nigeria in three geopolitical regions, specifically north central and north‐east, where backyard poultry and wild birds are in frequent contact, as well as south‐west, a major commercial poultry area, then dispersed to West African countries. We inferred significant virus dispersal routes between Niger and Nigeria on one side and Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Egypt on the other. Furthermore, south‐west Nigeria identified as a primary source for virus dispersal within Nigeria as well as to Niger in 2006 and 2008. Niger was an important epicentre for the virus spread into other West African countries in 2015. Egyptian introductions from West Africa were sporadic and resulted most likely from poultry trade with Nigeria rather than contact with infected wild birds. Our inferred viral dispersal routes reflected the large‐scale unrestricted movements of infected poultry in the region. Our study illustrates the ability of phylodynamic models to trace important HPAIV dispersal routes at a regional and national level. Our results have clear implications for the control and prevention of this pathogen across scales and will help improve molecular surveillance of transboundary HPAIVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic absorption of metallic powders, particularly at microwave frequencies, is of great theoretical and practical interest and has been the subject of previous research examining the dependence of absorption on the ratio of the particle skin depth to radius. Here, the validity of the theoretical approach concerning the peak in the absorption spectrum is verified using a 3D simulation of a hexagonal, close-packed particle matrix. Clear experimental data is given for the real and imaginary parts of the magnetic permeability of metal alloy powders (Ti6Al4V), of varying size, obtained by using the cavity perturbation technique across three separate frequencies in the GHz range. The results are shown to be congruent with existing theory. Further verification of the absorption peak is given by the testing of the powder at lowered conductivity by elevating the temperature. The results demonstrate the applicability of the relatively simple microwave cavity perturbation approach to the determination of the average particle size in a metal powder when compared with other, more complex and time-consuming methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This service evaluation explored personnel's preparedness for deploying on the UK's military response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa. Aims To capture the views of medical and support personnel in relation to the pre-deployment training they received for that mission. Methods Two separate groups nominated to attend pre-deployment training completed a survey on the first and last day of their course. Participants were asked to subjectively rate the quality of training and identity aspects of their preparation they found particularly positive, those that generated concerns and to suggest future improvements. Results Subjective ratings of preparedness for all aspects of the mission significantly improved by the last day of training among both groups of trainees (P < 0.001). Thematic analysis of qualitative data established that unit support and practical aspects of training were positively received. For group 1, a prevalent concern on the first and last day of training was a fear of the unknown. Group 2 respondents were concerned about the quality of information and its transmission and the time available to prepare. Respondents in both groups reported the need for consistent and timely information and for the training to be refined for those undertaking a non-clinical role. Conclusions The collective training package was highly effective in preparing personnel to feel more confident and competent to undertake the medical mission in West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This observational study examined return to duty (RTD) rates following receipt of early mental health interventions delivered by deployed mental health practitioners. Method In-depth clinical interviews were conducted among 975 UK military personnel referred for mental health assessment whilst deployed in Afghanistan. Socio-demographic, military, operational, clinical and therapy outcomes were recorded in an electronic health record database. Rates and predictors of EVAC were the main outcomes examined using adjusted binary logistic regression analyses. Results Overall 74.8% ( n = 729) of personnel RTD on completion of care. Of those that underwent evacuation home ( n = 246), 69.1% ( n = 170) returned by aeromedical evacuation; the remainder returned home using routine air transport. Predictors of evacuation included; inability to adjust to the operational environment, family psychiatric history, previously experiencing trauma and thinking about or carrying out acts of deliberate self-harm. Conclusion Deployed mental health practitioners helped to facilitate RTD for three quarters of mental health casualties who consulted with them during deployment; psychological rather than combat-related factors predicted evacuation home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern Quebec is situated in a cool climate wine region, dominated by cold winter and cool summer seasons. These climatic conditions imply that the wine producers in the Monteregie and Estrie regions are, in most cases, unable to grow the relatively fragile Vitis vinifera varieties of winegrapes. However, climate conditions in southern Quebec appear to be changing gradually, with ameliorating temperatures. This study uses graphical and statistical methods to examine the climate of the Monteregie and Estrie regions over a 35-year period (1979-2013) in order to determine if recent climate change is indeed influencing warmer growing conditions. The focus of the study is changing temperature conditions. Four principal factors are analyzed: mean growing season temperature, mean maximum growing season temperature, mean minimum growing season temperature, and mean dormant season temperature. Analyses presented here suggest a recent trend in climate change, regional warming, is changing the winegrape growing environment. A slow but continuous increase in both growing and dormant season temperatures over the 35-year period is allowing the introduction of some Vitis vinifera varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical band gap and electronic structure of amorphous Al-Zr mixed oxides with Zr content ranging from 4.8 to 21.9% were determined using vacuum ultraviolet and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The light scattering by the nano-porous structure of alumina at low wavelengths was estimated based on the Mie scattering theory. The dependence of the optical band gap of the Al-Zr mixed oxides on the Zr content deviates from linearity and decreases from 7.3 eV for pure anodized Al2O3 to 6.45 eV for Al-Zr mixed oxides with a Zr content of 21.9%. With increasing Zr content, the conduction band minimum changes non-linearly as well. Fitting of the energy band gap values resulted in a bowing parameter of ∼2 eV. The band gap bowing of the mixed oxides is assigned to the presence of the Zr d-electron states localized below the conduction band minimum of anodized Al2O3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elastic moduli and acoustic loss behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V (wt.%) in the temperature range 5–298 K have been studied using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy. A peak in the acoustic dissipation was observed at 160 K within the frequency range 250–1000 kHz. Analysis of the data acquired in this study, coupled with complementary data from the literature, showed that this was consistent with a Snoek-like relaxation process with an associated activation energy of 233 kJ mol. However, the loss peak was broader than would be expected for a Snoek-like relaxation, and the underlying process was shown to have a spread of relaxation times. It is suggested that this effect arises as a result of variations in the strain experienced by thephase due to different local microstructural constraint by the bounding secondaryphase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAdults with major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate increased susceptibility to interfering effects of anxiety on cognitive control; although under certain conditions adults with MDD are able to compensate for these effects. The brain mechanisms that may facilitate the ability to compensate for anxiety either via the recruitment of additional cognitive resources or via the regulation of interference from anxiety remain largely unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we examined the effects of anxiety on brain activity and amygdala–prefrontal functional connectivity in adults diagnosed with MDD.MethodA total of 22 unmedicated adults with MDD and 18 healthy controls (HCs) performed the Tower of London task under conditions designed to induce anxiety, while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment.ResultsDuring the easy condition, the MDD group demonstrated equivalent planning accuracy, longer planning times, elevated amygdala activity and left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) hyperactivity relative to HCs. Anxiety mediated observed group differences in planning times, as well as differences in amygdala activation, which subsequently mediated observed differences in RLPFC activation. During the easy condition, the MDD group also demonstrated increased negative amygdala–dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) connectivity which correlated with improved planning accuracy. During the hard condition, HCs demonstrated greater DLPFC activation and stronger negative amygdala–DLPFC connectivity, which was unrelated to planning accuracy.ConclusionsOur results suggest that persons with MDD compensate for anxiety-related limbic activation during low-load cognitive tasks by recruiting additional RLPFC activation and through increased inhibitory amygdala–DLPFC communication. Targeting these neural mechanisms directly may improve cognitive functioning in MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a major high‐risk outcome following a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) classification. Biochemical markers are used to triage PUL as high vs low risk to guide appropriate follow‐up. The M6 model is currently the best risk‐prediction model. We aimed to update the M6 model and evaluate whether performance can be improved by including clinical factors. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited consecutive PUL between January 2015 and January 2017 at eight units (Phase 1), with two centers continuing recruitment between January 2017 and March 2021 (Phase 2). Serum samples were collected routinely and sent for β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and progesterone measurement. Clinical factors recorded were maternal age, pain score, bleeding score and history of EP. Based on transvaginal ultrasonography and/or biochemical confirmation during follow‐up, PUL were classified subsequently as failed PUL (FPUL), intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) or EP (including persistent PUL (PPUL)). The M6 models with (M6P) and without (M6NP) progesterone were refitted and extended with clinical factors. Model validation was performed using internal–external cross‐validation (IECV) (Phase 1) and temporal external validation (EV) (Phase 2). Missing values were handled using multiple imputation. Results: Overall, 5473 PUL were recruited over both phases. A total of 709 PUL were excluded because maternal age was < 16 years or initial β‐hCG was ≤ 25 IU/L, leaving 4764 (87%) PUL for analysis (2894 in Phase 1 and 1870 in Phase 2). For the refitted M6P model, the area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristics curve (AUC) for EP/PPUL vs IUP/FPUL was 0.89 for IECV and 0.84–0.88 for EV, with respective sensitivities of 94% and 92–93%. For the refitted M6NP model, the AUCs were 0.85 for IECV and 0.82–0.86 for EV, with respective sensitivities of 92% and 93–94%. Calibration performance was good overall, but with heterogeneity between centers. Net Benefit confirmed clinical utility. The change in AUC when M6P was extended to include maternal age, bleeding score and history of EP was between −0.02 and 0.01, depending on center and phase. The corresponding change in AUC when M6NP was extended was between −0.01 and 0.03. At the 5% threshold to define high risk of EP/PPUL, extending M6P altered sensitivity by −0.02 to −0.01, specificity by 0.03 to 0.04 and Net Benefit by −0.005 to 0.006. Extending M6NP altered sensitivity by −0.03 to −0.01, specificity by 0.05 to 0.07 and Net Benefit by −0.005 to 0.006. Conclusions: The updated M6 model offers accurate diagnostic performance, with excellent sensitivity for EP. Adding clinical factors to the model improved performance in some centers, especially when progesterone levels were not suitable or unavailable. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a relatively new class of materials that have gained considerable attention from the metallurgical research community over recent years. They are characterised by their unconventional compositions, in that they are not based around a single major component, but rather comprise multiple principal alloying elements. Fourcore effectshave been proposed in HEAs: (1) the entropic stabilisation of solid solutions, (2) the severe distortion of their lattices, (3) sluggish diffusion kinetics and (4) that properties are derived from a cocktail effect. By assessing these claims on the basis of existing experimental evidence in the literature, as well as classical metallurgical understanding, it is concluded that the significance of these effects may not be as great as initially believed. The effect of entropic stabilisation does not appear to be overarching, insufficient evidence exists to establish the strain in the lattices of HEAs, and rapid precipitation observed in some HEAs suggests their diffusion kinetics are not necessarily anomalously slow in comparison to conventional alloys. The meaning and influence of the cocktail effect is also a matter for debate. Nevertheless, it is clear that HEAs represent a stimulating opportunity for the metallurgical research community. The complex nature of their compositions means that the discovery of alloys with unusual and attractive properties is inevitable. It is suggested that future activity regarding these alloys seeks to establish the nature of their physical metallurgy, and develop them for practical applications. Their use as structural materials is one of the most promising and exciting opportunities. To realise this ambition, methods to rapidly predict phase equilibria and select suitable HEA compositions are needed, and this constitutes a significant challenge. However, while this obstacle might be considerable, the rewards associated with its conquest are even more substantial. Similarly, the challenges associated with comprehending the behaviour of alloys with complex compositions are great, but the potential to enhance our fundamental metallurgical understanding is more remarkable. Consequently, HEAs represent one of the most stimulating and promising research fields in materials science at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on physiology, testing and disorders of platelet function. Topics discussed include production of thrombopoietin (TPO) in liver and kidneys which play a significant factor in proliferation, differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes; treatment of quantitative platelet disorders by options like platelet transfusion and immunosuppression with steroids; and use of antiplatelet agents resulting in acquired platelet disorders.

The isothermal oxidation behaviour of a series of quinary Ni-Co-Al-Ti-Cr alloys were studied at 800 °C. Alloys with higher Cr concentrations exhibited lower mass gain after 100-h exposure, as did the alloys richest in Ni and Al for a given Cr concentration. Extensive internal oxidation and nitridation was also observed in all alloys, except those containing the highest concentrations of Ni and Al. All alloys studied generated continuous chromium oxide layers, beneath which alumina particles were observed. Compositional analysis of the subscales identified shallower Cr concentration gradients in alloys containing equiatomic levels of Ni and Co, suggesting increased availability of Cr in the alloy. Thermodynamic calculations confirmed that these alloys contained higher concentrations of Cr in their γ matrices as a result of a combination of both the elemental partitioning behaviour and the increased mole fraction of γ′ precipitates forming in the alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is more prevalent in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) compared to the general population. Motivations for weight loss may influence engagement with weight management programmes and have only been studied in adults without ID. Aims: To determine reasons given by adults with ID and obesity for seeking weight loss and whether these reasons differ from those of their carers. Methods: Prior to a multi-component weight management intervention, participants were asked "why do you want to lose weight?" Carers were asked their views and these were compared to the answers given by the adult with ID. Responses were themed. The Fisher's Exact analysis was used to test for any relationship between reasons for seeking weight loss and participants' level of ID, age, gender and BMI. Results: Eighteen men and 32 women; age 41.6 SD 14.6 years; BMI 40.8 SD 7.5 kg/m2; Level ID Mild (28 %), Moderate (42 %), Severe (22 %), Profound (8 %). Eleven were unable to respond. Six themes emerged; Health; Fitness / Activity / Mobility; Appearance / Clothes; Emotional / Happiness; For Others; Miscellaneous. The most frequent reason given overall and by women was "appearance." Carers cited "health" most frequently and "appearance" least, rarely agreeing with participants. "Health" was given as a reason more from older adults and those with milder ID. No statistically significant associations were found between reasons for seeking weight loss and BMI age, gender or level of ID but the differing views of adults with ID and their carers were clear. Conclusions: Views of adults with obesity and mild or moderate ID can be collected. The opposing views of adults and their carers may affect motivation for weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucocytes respond rapidly to pathogenic and other insults, with responses ranging from cytokine production to migration and phagocytosis. These are bioenergetically expensive, and increased glycolytic flux provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rapidly to support these essential functions. However, much of this work is from animal studies. To understand more clearly the relative role of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in human leucocytes, especially their utility in a translational research setting, we undertook a study of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) bioenergetics. Glycolysis was essential during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated interleukin (IL)−1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, as 2-deoxy-D-glucose decreased significantly the output of all three cytokines. After optimizing cell numbers and the concentrations of all activators and inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis profiles of fresh and cryopreserved/resuscitated MNCs were determined to explore the utility of MNCs for determining the bioenergetics health profile in multiple clinical settings. While the LPS-induced cytokine response did not differ significantly between fresh and resuscitated cells from the same donors, cryopreservation/resuscitation significantly affected mainly some measures of oxidative phosphorylation, but also glycolysis. Bioenergetics analysis of human MNCs provides a quick, effective means to measure the bioenergetics health index of many individuals, but cryopreserved cells are not suitable for such an analysis. The translational utility of this approach was tested by comparing MNCs of pregnant and non-pregnant women to reveal increased bioenergetics health index with pregnancy but significantly reduced basal glycolysis and glycolytic capacity. More detailed analysis of discrete leucocyte populations would be required to understand the relative roles of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during inflammation and other immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recall that a Dirichlet character is called imprimitive if it is induced from a character of smaller level, and otherwise it is called primitive. In this paper, we introduce a modification of "inducing to higher level" which causes imprimitive characters to behave primitively, in the sense that the properties of the associated Gauss sum and the functional equation of the attached L-function take on a form usually associated to a primitive character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microreactor systems are now used more and more for the continuous production of metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles owing to the controllability of the particle size, an important property in many applications. Here, for the first time, we used microreactors to prepare metal oxide nanoparticles with controlled and varying metal stoichiometry. We prepared and characterised Zn-substituted Fe3O4 nanoparticles with linear increase of Zn content (ZnxFe3−xO4 with 0 ≤x≤ 0.48), which causes linear increases in properties such as the saturation magnetization, relative to pure Fe3O4. The methodology is simple and low cost and has great potential to be adapted to the targeted doping of a vast array of other inorganic materials, allowing greater control on the chemical stoichiometry for nanoparticles prepared in microreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nasal hematoma/abscess is an uncommon entity, but capable of leading to serious consequences if not handled meticulously, and with urgency. Objective: To present the management, and outcome of nasal septal hematoma/abscess in a Nigerian tertiary institution. Method: Consecutive patients diagnosed with nasal septal hematoma/abscess over a 10-year period, treated at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, were prospectively studied. The processes leading to diagnosis, treatment, and outcome were sequentially evaluated. Results: Fifty-three patients (37 males and 16 females), age 5-65 years (with mean age of 23.10 years), were included. Surgical drainage of the hematoma/abscess, intranasal packing with insertion of drain was performed with total resolution of problem in all the cases. Conclusion: Incision and drainage, and intranasal packing with insertion of drain was effective in treating nasal septal hematoma/abscess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) is a peer support system developed within the British Armed Forces. It aims to ensure that trauma-exposed personnel are properly supported and encouraged to seek timely help should they develop mental health problems that fail to resolve spontaneously. Aims To summarize current knowledge about TRiM and make recommendations for further research. Methods A search of PsychINFO, CINAHL and PubMed identified 13 published papers. Results TRiM outcomes were represented in different ways within the relevant studies suggesting that TRiM may have effects additional to those that it seeks to achieve. For example, a randomized controlled trial demonstrated that TRiM had a specific positive occupational effect and did no harm; a qualitative study suggested that TRiM enhanced liaison between mental health workers and line managers and a service evaluation suggested that it reduced sickness absence. In general, the process appears to enhance trauma-exposed personnel's reliance on peer support and TRiM was reportedly acceptable and sustainable. Conclusions Evidence suggests that TRiM's utility has moved beyond the military to other organizations where personnel risk occupational traumatic exposure. Further research would help to understand how TRiM is perceived by line managers and how it functions within the trauma-prone populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To demonstrate the manifestations and complications of uveitis, and their medical and surgical management, in a very large group of patients attending the Manchester Uveitis Clinic (MUC), a specialist uveitis clinic in the Northwest of England, UK. Methods: Retrospective retrieval of data on a computerized database incorporating all new referrals to MUC from 1991 to 2013. Results: A total of 3000 new patients with uveitis were seen during a 22-year period, of which 25.2% had a single acute episode, 13.6% had acute recurrent uveitis, 20.2% had chronic fluctuating uveitis, and 41.0% had chronic unremitting uveitis. The commonest complications were cataract (35% of patients), macular edema (20.5%), and glaucoma (19.5%). Oral steroids were required in 36% of patients, oral immunosuppression in 16%, and biologic treatment in 2%. Major intraocular surgery was required in 28%. Conclusions: Oral steroid usage is not an independent risk factor for cataract formation in patients with uveitis. Oral immunosuppression usage has increased 4-fold during this study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]