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"Includes a section on B.C.Also: Library of Congress Catalog lists a 2nd ed., rev. and enl., London, Methuen & Co. Ltd. [1928] No copy located. Also: 3rd ed. rev. With 100 maps and diagrams. [1930] xv, 560 p.Also: 5th ed. rev. With 120 maps and diagrams. [1938] xvi, 578 p.Also: 6th ed. [1942]Also: 7th ed. rev. With 128 maps and diagrams. [1946] xvi, 580 p.Also: 8th ed . [1948] 22 cm.Also: [9th ed. rev.] With 130 maps and diagrams. London, Methuen & Co. Ltd.; New York, E.P. Dutton & Co. Ltd. [1950] xvi, 582 p. diagrs., maps, tables. 22 cm. (Dutton advanced geographies).Also: [10th ed. rev. 1954] 582 p. illus. 23 cm.Also: [10th ed. rev. 1957] "Reprinted with a new appendix." Reprinted 1961 and 1963."-- Edwards, M. H., Lort, J. C. R., & Carmichael, W. J. (1975). A bibliography of British Columbia: Years of growth, 1900-1950. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 156.

Background: Core outcome sets (COS) help to minimise bias in trials and facilitate evidence synthesis. Delphi surveys are increasingly being used as part of a wider process to reach consensus about what outcomes should be included in a COS. Qualitative research can be used to inform the development of Delphi surveys. This is an advance in the field of COS development and one which is potentially valuable; however, little guidance exists for COS developers on howbest to use qualitative methods and what the challenges are. This paper aims to provide early guidance on the potential role and contribution of qualitative research in this area. We hope the ideas we present will be challenged,critiqued and built upon by others exploring the role of qualitative research in COS development.This paper draws upon the experiences of using qualitative methods in the pre-Delphi stage of the development of three different COS. Using these studies as examples, we identify some of the ways that qualitative research might contribute to COS development, the challenges in using such methods and areas where future research is required. Results: Qualitative research can help to identify what outcomes are important to stakeholders; facilitateunderstanding of why some outcomes may be more important than others, determine the scope of outcomes; identify appropriate language for use in the Delphi survey and inform comparisons between stakeholder data and other sources, such as systematic reviews. Developers need to consider a number of methodological points when using qualitative research: specifically, which stakeholders to involve, how to sample participants, which data collection methods are most appropriate, how to consider outcomes with stakeholders and how to analyse these data. A number of areas for future research are identified.Conclusions: Qualitative research has the potential to increase the research community’s confidence in COS, although this will be dependent upon using rigorous and appropriate methodology. We have begun to identify some issues for COS developers to consider in using qualitative methods to inform the development of Delphi surveys in this article.

Background: Most people who stop smoking gain weight. This can discourage some people from making a quit attempt and risks offsetting some, but not all, of the health advantages of quitting. Interventions to prevent weight gain could improve health outcomes, but there is a concern that they may undermine quitting. Objectives: To systematically review the effects of: (1) interventions targeting post‐cessation weight gain on weight change and smoking cessation (referred to as 'Part 1') and (2) interventions designed to aid smoking cessation that plausibly affect post‐cessation weight gain (referred to as 'Part 2'). Search methods: Part 1 ‐ We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register and CENTRAL; latest search 16 October 2020. Part 2 ‐ We searched included studies in the following 'parent' Cochrane reviews: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), antidepressants, nicotine receptor partial agonists, e‐cigarettes, and exercise interventions for smoking cessation published in Issue 10, 2020 of the Cochrane Library. We updated register searches for the review of nicotine receptor partial agonists. Selection criteria Part 1 ‐ trials of interventions that targeted post‐cessation weight gain and had measured weight at any follow‐up point or smoking cessation, or both, six or more months after quit day. Part 2 ‐ trials included in the selected parent Cochrane reviews reporting weight change at any time point. Data collection and analysis: Screening and data extraction followed standard Cochrane methods. Change in weight was expressed as difference in weight change from baseline to follow‐up between trial arms and was reported only in people abstinent from smoking. Abstinence from smoking was expressed as a risk ratio (RR). Where appropriate, we performed meta‐analysis using the inverse variance method for weight, and Mantel‐Haenszel method for smoking. Main results: Part 1: We include 37 completed studies; 21 are new to this update. We judged five studies to be at low risk of bias, 17 to be at unclear risk and the remainder at high risk. An intermittent very low calorie diet (VLCD) comprising full meal replacement provided free of charge and accompanied by intensive dietitian support significantly reduced weight gain at end of treatment compared with education on how to avoid weight gain (mean difference (MD) −3.70 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) −4.82 to −2.58; 1 study, 121 participants), but there was no evidence of benefit at 12 months (MD −1.30 kg, 95% CI −3.49 to 0.89; 1 study, 62 participants). The VLCD increased the chances of abstinence at 12 months (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.73; 1 study, 287 participants). However, a second study found that no‐one completed the VLCD intervention or achieved abstinence. Interventions aimed at increasing acceptance of weight gain reported mixed effects at end of treatment, 6 months and 12 months with confidence intervals including both increases and decreases in weight gain compared with no advice or health education. Due to high heterogeneity, we did not combine the data. These interventions increased quit rates at 6 months (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.96; 4 studies, 619 participants; I2 = 21%), but there was no evidence at 12 months (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.06; 2 studies, 496 participants; I2 = 26%). Some pharmacological interventions tested for limiting post‐cessation weight gain (PCWG) reduced weight gain at the end of treatment (dexfenfluramine, phenylpropanolamine, naltrexone). The effects of ephedrine and caffeine combined, lorcaserin, and chromium were too imprecise to give useful estimates of treatment effects. There was very low‐certainty evidence that personalized weight management support reduced weight gain at end of treatment (MD −1.11 kg, 95% CI −1.93 to −0.29; 3 studies, 121 participants; I2 = 0%), but no evidence in the longer‐term 12 months (MD −0.44 kg, 95% CI −2.34 to 1.46; 4 studies, 530 participants; I2 = 41%). There was low to very low‐certainty evidence that detailed weight management education without personalized assessment, planning and feedback did not reduce weight gain and may have reduced smoking cessation rates (12 months: MD −0.21 kg, 95% CI −2.28 to 1.86; 2 studies, 61 participants; I2 = 0%; RR for smoking cessation 0.66, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.90; 2 studies, 522 participants; I2 = 0%). Part 2: We include 83 completed studies, 27 of which are new to this update. There was low certainty that exercise interventions led to minimal or no weight reduction compared with standard care at end of treatment (MD −0.25 kg, 95% CI −0.78 to 0.29; 4 studies, 404 participants; I2 = 0%). However, weight was reduced at 12 months (MD −2.07 kg, 95% CI −3.78 to −0.36; 3 studies, 182 participants; I2 = 0%). Both bupropion and fluoxetine limited weight gain at end of treatment (bupropion MD −1.01 kg, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.67; 10 studies, 1098 participants; I2 = 3%); (fluoxetine MD −1.01 kg, 95% CI −1.49 to −0.53; 2 studies, 144 participants; I2 = 38%; low‐ and very low‐certainty evidence, respectively). There was no evidence of benefit at 12 months for bupropion, but estimates were imprecise (bupropion MD −0.26 kg, 95% CI −1.31 to 0.78; 7 studies, 471 participants; I2 = 0%). No studies of fluoxetine provided data at 12 months. There was moderate‐certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment (MD −0.52 kg, 95% CI −0.99 to −0.05; 21 studies, 2784 participants; I2 = 81%) and moderate‐certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months (MD −0.37 kg, 95% CI −0.86 to 0.11; 17 studies, 1463 participants; I2 = 0%), although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long‐term benefit. There was mixed evidence of the effect of varenicline on weight, with high‐certainty evidence that weight change was very modestly lower at the end of treatment (MD −0.23 kg, 95% CI −0.53 to 0.06; 14 studies, 2566 participants; I2 = 32%); a low‐certainty estimate gave an imprecise estimate of higher weight at 12 months (MD 1.05 kg, 95% CI −0.58 to 2.69; 3 studies, 237 participants; I2 = 0%). Authors' conclusions: Overall, there is no intervention for which there is moderate certainty of a clinically useful effect on long‐term weight gain. There is also no moderate‐ or high‐certainty evidence that interventions designed to limit weight gain reduce the chances of people achieving abstinence from smoking.