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This study examined public comments on Twitter in the wake of three mass shootings in the United States during the summer of 2022. A total of 1,500 tweets were assessed (N = 1,500) for sentiment, risks presented, attribution of blame, and outrage. A sample of 500 tweets was taken following the Buffalo, New York, supermarket shooting; a sample of 500 tweets was taken following the Uvalde, Texas, school shooting; and a sample of 500 tweets was taken following the Highland Park, Illinois, Fourth of July parade shooting. Results show that risk, blame, and outrage differed significantly between the three situations in a variety of ways. These differences and possible reasons for them are further discussed. This study provides valuable insight on social media conversations about mass shootings – a timely subject that continues to plague the country and lead to polarizing opinions and divisiveness. The study also serves a practical function, as the findings can be presented to government organizations and social media organizations alike as critical insight into public perceptions, it can assist in identifying problematic speech online, and it can inform the development of social media guidelines in maintaining civil discord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite refinements in the management of choledochal cysts in children, an increasing number of patients present with ongoing symptoms in adult life. The aim of this study was to review the management of adult patients with choledochal cysts in a tertiary referral centre., Method: A retrospective review was carried out of all adult patients presenting with choledochal cysts to this department between 1992 and 2000. Patient records were reviewed and detailed analyses were made of the clinical presentation, radiological and biochemical findings, anatomical anomalies, management, complications and outcomes., Results: Of 16 patients (12 women and 4 men; median age 23 years), 8 had undergone previous upper gastrointestinal operations before referral, including 5 who had had previous cyst drainage procedures. All patients underwent elective complete cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. There were no operative deaths and there was a low early postoperative morbidity rate (25%). There was no evidence of biliary malignancy in any cyst. During a median postoperative follow-up of 44 months, five patients (31%) continued to experience cholangitis and two of these required additional revisional procedures, but are now symptom-free., Conclusion: Patients with choledochal cysts should be referred to specialised tertiary surgical units. Total choledochal cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the treatment of choice. Patients with previous inadequate cyst excisional procedures should undergo revisional surgery, to reduce recurrent symptoms and the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.