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Jong Eun Song,1 Michal Tombs2 1Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK; 2Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UKCorrespondence: Michal Tombs, Centre for Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK, Tel +44 2920 68743, Email TombsM2@cardiff.ac.ukIntroduction: The use of digital educational resources has gained widespread popularity across all disciplines in medical education; pediatrics being no exception. In this paper, we report how instructional design and multimedia principles were used to develop and evaluate an e-learning resource on Kawasaki Disease, which was primarily created as a revision aid for undergraduate medical students.Methods: The design and development of the resource was based upon the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) instructional model. A “People, Activities, Contexts and Technologies” (PACT) analysis was initially undertaken to identify learners’ needs, and the 12 Principles of Multimedia Design informed the development of the resource. The evaluation strategy was informed by the Usability Evaluation Method for e-Learning Applications and focused on the instructional design parameters of navigation, visual design and intrinsic motivation to learn.Results and Conclusion: Feedback from the seven medical students who completed and evaluated the resource showed high levels of satisfaction. Students perceived it to be beneficial to their learning and indicated a preference for an interactive digital resource over traditional modes of learning, such as textbooks. However, as this was a small-scale evaluation, suggestions for further evaluation and how this may inform ongoing development of the resource are considered in this paper.Keywords: pediatric education, digital resource, ADDIE, evaluation

IntroductionEarly recognition and appropriate management of paediatric sepsis are known to improve outcomes. A previous system’s biology investigation of the systemic immune response in neonates to sepsis identified immune and metabolic markers that showed high accuracy for detecting bacterial infection. Further gene expression markers have also been reported previously in the paediatric age group for discriminating sepsis from control cases. More recently, specific gene signatures were identified to discriminate between COVID-19 and its associated inflammatory sequelae. Through the current prospective cohort study, we aim to evaluate immune and metabolic blood markers which discriminate between sepses (including COVID-19) from other acute illnesses in critically unwell children and young persons, up to 18 years of age.Methods and analysisWe describe a prospective cohort study for comparing the immune and metabolic whole-blood markers in patients with sepsis, COVID-19 and other illnesses. Clinical phenotyping and blood culture test results will provide a reference standard to evaluate the performance of blood markers from the research sample analysis. Serial sampling of whole blood (50 μL each) will be collected from children admitted to intensive care and with an acute illness to follow time dependent changes in biomarkers. An integrated lipidomics and RNASeq transcriptomics analyses will be conducted to evaluate immune-metabolic networks that discriminate sepsis and COVID-19 from other acute illnesses. This study received approval for deferred consent.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received research ethics committee approval from the Yorkshire and Humber Leeds West Research Ethics Committee 2 (reference 20/YH/0214; IRAS reference 250612). Submission of study results for publication will involve making available all anonymised primary and processed data on public repository sites.Trial registration numberNCT04904523.

꽃차는 식물의 꽃잎을 다양한 방법으로 제다하여 색, 향, 맛을 즐기는 건강 차이다. 최근 인체의 면역기능을 높이고 신 진대사를 촉진시키며 건강 및 스트레스 해소에도 도움을 주 는 효과가 밝혀지면서 더욱 주목받고 있다. 그러나 국내에서 꽃차 브랜드에 대한 소비자의 인식이 낮아 시장성 확대에 어 려움이 있다. 본 연구는 꽃의 다양한 색, 향, 맛 등을 동시에 즐길 수 있는 기능성 꽃차 브랜드 개발을 위한 색채 선호도를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 꽃차에 관심 있는 여성 266명 을 대상으로 일반인과 꽃차전문가로 구분 하였다. 빨강, 노랑, 초록, 파랑, 보라의 5가지 꽃차 색을 기준으로 하여 톤을 3단 계로 나누어 총15가지의 꽃차 색 중가장 선호하는 브랜드색 채 한 가지를 선택하게 하였다. 그 결과 가장 선호도가 높은 색은 빨강(34.6%)이었고. 다음은 보라(26.3%)로 유의한 차이 를 보였다. 빨강의 톤에 따른 결과 진한 빨강에서 선호도가 매우 높게 나타났다. 꽃차전문가 집단에서는 일반인에 비해 진한 빨강의 선호도가 매우 높은 결과를 보였다. 두 번째로 선호도가 높았던 보라의 톤에서도 진한 보라색을 가장 많이 선택하였으며 일반인에 비해 꽃차전문가 집단에서 진한 보라를 더 많이 선호하였으며 유의한 차이를 보였다. 노랑, 초록, 파랑은 선호도가 낮게 나타났으며, 톤에 따라서도 유의한 차 이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 브랜드 개발을 위해서는 빨 강의 다양한 톤(Tone) 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다. 보라색 은 고급스럽고 신비로운 이미지 강조와 파이토케미컬이 함유 된 건강한 식음료로서의 기능을 적극 활용하면 효과적일 것 이라 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of the construction of indoor gardens in expressway service areas. This study can be utilized as basic data for efficient and successful indoor garden introduction in future service areas and improvements for current service areas on expressways. The study period was from September 2, 2016 to October 11, 2017. The status of indoor garden was determined by visiting 147 expressway service areas in Korea. Physical environment survey items include architectural structure, usage type, facility and garden ornament, mobility, material of planter, soil type and planting plants. Among the 147 major expressway service areas, 56 were constructed with indoor gardens done, showing an indoor garden construction ratio of 38%. In terms of the number of service areas with indoor gardens in expressway, Gyeongbu Expressway had the largest number of 16 areas. This was followed by 10 in Jungang Highway, 8 in the Jungbunaeryuk Expressway, 6 in the Seohaean Expressway, 4 in the Namhae Expressway, 4 in the Youngdong Expressway, 3 in the Donghaean Expressway, 3 in Tongyeong-daejeon Jungbu Expressway, and 2 in Honam Expressway. Thirty five service areas in expressway were constructed with natural flowers, 7 service areas were decorated with artificial flowers, and 14 service areas were arranged with both natural and artificial flowers. Most of the indoor gardens in the expressway were constructed in the restroom space, 47 in the men’s restroom and 50 in the women’s restroom. The indoor garden landscape in the expressway service area was all designed as a fixed garden type, except for three places composed of portable planters. There were 19 families, 27 genera, and 30 species of plants found in the indoor gardens in the expressway service areas.

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of a horticultural activity program on the emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior, and scientific investigation abilities and attitudes of kindergarteners. A total of 336 children aged 5 to 7 years in public and private kindergartens and day care centers in Incheon, South Korea, participated in a 24-session horticultural activity program. This program included indoor and outdoor activities such as planting seeds, transplanting plants, making and applying eco-friendly fertilizer, watering, harvesting, using plants to make crafts, and cooking with produce. It was designed to improve the emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior, and scientific investigation abilities and attitudes of kindergarteners. Each session lasted an average of 50 minutes and was held once per week. The results of the study showed that the 24-session horticultural activity program improved the emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior, and scientific investigation abilities and attitudes of the children (P < 0.05). Satisfaction with the program was very high among both the children and their teachers and parents. Future studies should consider exploring the effects of horticultural activity programs on children in different age groups.

Sociological Interpretation on architectural works and design thinking, and architectural critics could be an approach for social sustainable architecture. In the sociological perspective, the paper explores the characteristics of two architectural works and architectural design thinking of Louis I. Kahn's Richards Medical Research Laboratory(1975-60) and Peter Eisenman's House VI(1972-75) and a sociologist Robert Gutman's reviews on two architectural works. The sociological interpretation based on "sociological being" derived from two sociological theories, "Symbolic Interactionism and "Habitus", approaches to the architecture as the world of experience and existence of human being. "Sociological being" based on the definitions of symbolic interaction, habitus, circumstance, social action and practice, reflective ego, and etc. is participated in to interpret two architectural works, design thinking, and architectural reviews. The findings describe the negatives of architectural philosophy(Louis I. Khan) and conceptual architecture(Peter Eisenman) and the ontological meaning of sociological interpretations on architectural works.

The current gold standard for investigation of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms is to perform a oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD). The 2017 quality standards state that a post-OGD UGI cancer (POUGIC) detected within 3 years of the index endoscopy should be considered a failure to diagnose cancer earlier and that the POUGIC rate not exceed 10%. We undertook an audit of cancer after endoscopy and factors that led to a delay in diagnosis of malignancy. We carried out a prospective audit of people who had an OGD in 2014 at Glan Clwyd Hospital, …

This study focuses on horticultural activities using colorful food to reduce diets unbalanced in vegetables and to increase emotional intelligence. Horticultural activities using colorful food vegetables were based on ʻHealth in Daily Lifeʼ in the ʻ7th Kindergarten Curriculumʼ; to improve the dietary habits of the young children, the program was also linked with a parentsʼ education program. The research was conducted with a total of 70 children from classes for four-year-olds in three child-care centers located in Seoul. The horticultural activities based upon nutrition education included activities using colorful food vegetables and nutrition education. For the nutrition education group, only nutrition education was provided, while neither horticultural activities nor nutrition education were provided to the control group. The study was conducted from September to December 2011. A total of twelve sessions were conducted once a week for 60 minutes each. According to the result, after the horticultural activities with colorful food vegetable were conducted, both the nutrition education group and horticultural activity & nutrition education group showed improvements in ʻNutrition Knowledgeʼ compared to the control group. Regarding ʻUnbalanced Diet Behaviorsʼ, the horticultural activities & nutrition education group showed meaningful decreases compared to the control group. Moreover for preference of fruits and vegetables, the horticultural activities & nutrition education group revealed meaningful improvements. In conclusion, colorful food vegetable horticultural activity could be an effective approach to resolve the imbalance of health caused by unbalanced diets as children who participated in the colorful food vegetable horticultural activities continued to respond spontaneously to the colors of vegetables and fruits and showed joy and kept voluntarily eating them.

New concrete filled double-tube (CFDT) sections consist of an inner and outer tube with fire protection mortar (FPM) filling the cavity between them and the inner tube also filled with concrete or not. An investigation into the fire performance of CFDT during the standard fire test is reported. Six full size FPM filled CFDT columns were designed for the fire tests. Detail failure modes of overall specimens and each component in the columns as well as temperature, deformation and fire endurance were presented. It showed that the fire resistance in the CFDT columns is significantly higher than that in concrete filled steel tubular (CFT) columns. Investigation into the fire performance of the columns reveals possible solutions to improve the fire resistance of CFT members.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Conners’ teacher rating scales—revised, social skills rating system, sociohorticulture, human issues in horticulture, people–plant interaction SUMMARY. This study was conducted to determine the effects of a horticultural therapy (HT) program, based on B.F. Skinner’s behavior modification theory and special education science curriculum for Korean children with intellectual disabilities for the improvement of attention and sociality. Twenty-four participants (10 males, 14 females, in grades 1 to 3) with intellectual disabilities were recruited from a special education class at an elementary school in Seoul, South Korea. Twelve children participated in the HT program after-school for 6 months (Mar. to Aug. 2009, once per week, 40 min per session); the control group consisted of the remaining 12 children. Before and after the HT program, Conners’ teacher rating scales—revised and the social skills rating system assessments were conducted by parents/caregivers or teachers for each of the children. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and chi square tests were used to compare differences between the two groups. Difference in attention was not significant between groups. Children in the HT group had statistically significant higher sociality scores than those in the control group (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the HT program improved the sociality of children with intellectual disabilities. To maximize the therapeutic effects of the HT program for attention, the program should be revised and supplemented based on the results in this study. A larger sample size and factoring in the level of disability and year in school of the participants would increase the precision in assessing therapeutic effects.

Barium titanate (BaTiO3; BTO) is ferroelectric and piezoelectric after poling treatment. In this study, the bioactivity of BTO was investigated after a poling treatment by examining the formation of crystal growth on specimen surfaces in vitro. Negatively charged BTO surfaces showed calcium phosphate (Ca-P) crystal growth, while deposition of sodium chloride was observed on the positively charged BTO surfaces. After 30 days immersion in Eagle's MEM, the thickness of Ca-P crystal on negatively charged BTO surfaces increased to 0.8-0.9 microm. These data indicate that incorporating selectively polarized BTO on implant surfaces is a promising means for improving the bioactivity of implant materials.