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Discusses techniques in sample preparation that are based on liquid membrane extraction. Degree of selectivity and enrichment capability offered by the techniques; Use of small amounts of organic solvents; Possibilities for direct and automated interfacing with chromatography systems and other instruments of analysis; Scope of membrane extraction; Supported liquid membrane principles.

Examines the combination of a supported liquid membrane technique with immunologic recognition for selective liquid membrane extraction, enrichment, and detection of 4-nitrophenol. Formation of antibody-antigen complex; Details on the sequential analysis injection (SIA) setup; Advantages of operating the assay as SIA.

Focuses on the development of the automated procedure for analyzing complex samples. Purpose of this development; Why some local anaesthetics were used; Performance of the microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (MMLLE); Ascertaining of the high selectivity and low carry-over effects.

Discusses the suggestion made by the American, European and Japanese pharmacopoeias on hot to calculate the asymmetry of chromatographic peaks. Interpretation of the quotient as the observed width of the peak divided by what would have been determined if no asymmetry occurred; Assessment of the validity of the calculation.