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Researchers in a number of disciplines have examined the utility of single-item measures for both affective and cognitive constructs. While these authors have indicated that, under certain circumstances, the use of single-item measures is appropriate, there remains concern regarding the reliability and validity of single-item measures. This study attempts to address these concerns by comparing the reliability and validity of single-item and full-scale measures for three dimensions of organizational justice. There are an increasing number of studies in organizational behavior, as well as sport management, that have explored the importance of justice and its influence on various attitudes and behaviors. However, to date there have been no attempts to develop single-item measures for each of the dimensions of organizational justice. The development of single-item measures for organizational justice could provide researchers with practical and psychometric advantages compared with full-scale measures. Two separate methods were used to test the reliability of single-item measures while concurrent validity was measured with a global measure of job satisfaction. Single-item measures demonstrated comparable concurrent validity, and, with one exception, the reliability estimates were all above 0.70. (Contains 3 tables.)

In society today, there is a greater concern about the moral and ethical conduct of those in leadership. In particular, rules violations within intercollegiate athletics have risen, which has lead to increased pressure on administrators to encourage positive ethical behavior within the realm of their influence. One result of this greater concern about moral and ethical conduct has been the establishment of codes of ethics by intercollegiate athletic conferences. These codes are an attempt to provide guidance to those involved with intercollegiate athletics. With this in mind, the current study examined perceptions of coaches relative to codes of ethics being used by NCAA intercollegiate athletic conferences. A sample of head coaches from NCAA Division I, II, and III institutions were utilized for the present study. Of the 354 coaches sampled, 109 completed and returned the questionnaire for a response rate of 31%. Results indicated coaches rated the ideals of sportsmanship, promotion of values (e.g., honesty, integrity, and fair play), healthy environment, and professional conduct as most important to be included in a code of ethics. Coaches' stated codes should be directed at athletic administrators, coaches and student athletes with athletic administrators and coaches being responsible for ensuring ethical conduct of those involved with intercollegiate athletics. When asked whether a code should be specific, general or a combination, more than half the sample indicated a code should contain both specific and general standards and warnings. Two differences in perceptions of coaches based on gender and division were identified. Additional findings and implications for athletic administrators and coaches, as well as recommendations for future research are discussed. (Contains 4 tables.)

Market trends indicate the distance running event industry is facing a running recession. Since 2013, consumer demand has declined annually while supply increased. The current research provides insight into why running as a recreational activity is declining and implications for organized events' utility. Based on seven years of participants' postevent surveys from a long-distance running event, the value placed on hedonic, symbolic, and lifestyle features of running (i.e., running involvement) is gradually declining, which corresponds to a decline in annual event participation. Results are based on analyses of both a time series of cross-sections (N = 23,790) and a panel of multiyear respondents (n = 461). Also, there are gender differences in the rates at which running involvement declined. These results shed light onto a sociopsychographic explanation for the declining levels of running event participation and general interest in running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has examined psychological involvement change using a longitudinal design. This study explored stability and change in the three facets of psychological involvement—pleasure, centrality, and sign—that occurred over a 2-year period and examined key behavioral correlates of the observed change. Data were collected three times through online surveys from participants (N = 482) of an annual 10-mile running event in the United States. Latent growth modeling analyses revealed that, on average, the levels of pleasure, centrality, and sign in running slightly decreased over time. Growth mixture modeling analyses offer evidence that different patterns of change exist within each facet of psychological involvement. The findings further indicate that changes in the number of events participated in each year are the most important behavioral correlates of psychological involvement change. The results provide sport managers with implications for promoting long-term engagement with the activity through event participation and postevent phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigated the influence of consumer characteristics (prior race experience, gender, age, education, family structure, and area of residence) on event satisfaction and the satisfaction-repeat participation link in the context of a long-distance running event. Based on a survey of runners (N = 3,295) combined with registration data from two races, results suggest characteristics that commonly influence satisfaction in nonsport contexts fail to demonstrate similar effects in participant sport events. Results provide evidence that first-time marathon participation and variety-seeking behavior specific to running represent meaningful predictors of decreased future event participation behavior. Evidence is provided of a linear satisfaction- behavior relationship. In addition, the impact of using behavioral intention as a proxy for behavior in academic research is examined, indicating that caution must be observed regarding inherent differences between the constructs. Results from the current study provide sport organizations with a better understanding of why consumers make repeat purchases of sport-related experience products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study the researchers investigated the creation of an identity for Black female runners through their psychological and behavioral involvement in a national running organization for Black women. A repeated measures design was used with 756 members, surveying them twice over a 14-month period regarding their involvement both with the organization and with the activity of running. We found that members' psychological and behavioral involvement with running increased over time, and that this change was more salient for members who did not consider themselves runners before they joined the organization. These findings provide initial support for the facilitation of a running identity through membership in this running organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was an investigation of the role of personal performance, an internal assessment of timegoal achievement, on participants' event satisfaction that would contribute to positive outcomes. Multiattribute online surveys were distributed to participants at two distance participant sport events held in the Southeast and Northeast United States (N = 3,476 and 4,828). A multidimensional Participant Sport Event Attribute and Service Delivery (PSEASD) scale was developed to capture a spectrum of service touch points encountered during the event experience. Empirical results using covariance-based structural equation modeling was used to test and support a proposed model revealing that personal performance was a stronger positive determinant of event satisfaction than traditional service quality and perceived value. A significant negative interaction effect between service quality and personal performance was also revealed. Collectively, the model explained 41% of variance in event satisfaction, and 26% of behavioral intentions. Based on the findings, we suggest managing personal performance expectations is important to holistically manage and promote overall event satisfaction in a participant sport event setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts of articles on topics related to sport management are presented, including advertising for sporting event audiences, spectator expectations for niche sports, and the participation of older adults in physical activity such as swimming.

The current study examines whether a distance running event has the capacity to promote participants' life satisfaction. The construct of psychological involvement was used to investigate the impact of attitude change through event preparation and subsequent activity. Data were collected four times through online surveys from running event participants (N = 211) over a five-month period. Latent growth modeling analyses revealed that participants' life satisfaction peaked immediately after the event before receding, indicating that event participation exerted a positive impact on participants' evaluations toward their lives. A positive significant association was also found between change in pleasure in running and change in life satisfaction. Findings from this study provide empirical support that a distance running event can serve as an environmental determinant that enhances participants' life satisfaction by providing positive experiences through event participation and forming psychological involvement in physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the role of running involvement in helping improve the lives of a homeless population through an examination of a community-based program that utilizes running as a means to promote self-sufficiency. Data collected from 148 individuals before and after their participation in the program for one month revealed participants increased their psychological involvement in running. A regression analysis further indicated that the participants' perceived self-sufficiency from participating in the program was significantly explained by the extent of their increase in running involvement. These findings highlight the role of enhanced involvement in sport, in particular in the form of running, in creating important psychological benefits for homeless individuals, and provide theoretical implications for the literature on sport-for-development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport and physical activity are still spaces in which gender norms inform preferences and participation. But recent literature has found that certain organized spaces, such as commercialized competitive fitness clubs, may be creating a place in which a collective identity can break down gender norms and provide new opportunities for women. We surveyed more than 30,000 participants of the CrossFit Games Open and analyzed men's and women's athletic identity and behavioral involvement with CrossFit. We found that men's and women's identity with the activity are constructed differently, and that women overall have more salient CrossFit identities. However, gender still plays a role in participants' behaviors, as women engage with the activity less overall. These kinds of clubs, then, may be important tools for creating opportunity for women in sport, but further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms through which this can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hosting recurring sport events can be a solution for sustainable tourism development resulting in destination loyalty and higher place attachment levels. This study proposes active event sport tourists may include in their destination perceptions a number of destination and event attributes, given the direct association of the event with the place. The feasibility of the convergence of event and destination image attributes in one scale was explored and that scale's influence on place attachment and on specific active sport tourists' behaviors was examined. Data were collected from sport event tourist participants (w = 2,015) at a recurring marathon event via an online survey. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure of destination image to include event characteristics. Regression analysis was used to test the impact of destination image factors on behavioral intentions and place attachment and supported the predictive validity of destination image factors. Implications for event and destination marketers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts of articles on sports administration are presented including "The effect of goal visualization on goal pursuit: Implications for consumers & managers" from a 2011 issue of "Journal of Marketing," "Economic impact analysis versus cost-benefit analysis: The case of a medium-sized sport event," from a 2011 issue of "International Journal of Sport Finance" and "Evaluating sport-for-development: Approaches & critical issues," from a 2011 issue of "Progress in Development Studies."

The failure to adequately address nonresponse issues in survey research may lead to nonresponse bias in overall survey estimates, which can severely restrict researchers' ability to make inferences to a target population. This study was designed to assess the frequency of nonresponse analyses in articles published in the Journal of Sport Management (JSM). All articles from the years 1987 through 2008 published in JSM (N=371) were content analyzed based on a previously established coding scheme as well as additional indicators. The results revealed that only a small number of articles reported the use of nonresponse analyses as a means to control for nonresponse error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of recreational sport departments to offer quality programming and services often depends on whether they are able to employ and retain quality student employees. These student employees are critical in the performance of tasks associated with the daily operations connected with recreation programs. This study examined the role of perceived organizational support (POS) on student employee attitudes. It is beneficial for university recreational sport departments, specifically directors, to be cognizant of the role POS can play in the work experience of student employees. The relationships between POS and commitment (affective, AC and normative, NC) and satisfaction were investigated for 152 student employees of a campus recreation center. No significant differences in students' perceptions of POS were found based on gender, tenure, or type of supervision (student staff member, professional staff member, or graduate administrative assistant). However, the regression equations with POS and AC, POS and NC, and POS and satisfaction were all significant, explaining 46.2%, 39%, and 53.3% of the variance, respectively. The results of this study of the relationship between POS and commitment mirror several others from the field of industrial and organizational psychology, and it can be demonstrated that student employees reciprocate favorable treatment when they trust that their department will reward them in return. Future studies should focus on some of the particular antecedents of POS (e.g., supervisory support, participation in decision making, organizational justice, trust, and careerist orientation), as well as other possible outcomes of POS, and might provide more depth in understanding exchange relationships for student employees of recreational sports departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faculty members mindful of the ticking tenure and promotion clock seek ways to balance the competing and sometimes overwhelming demands of research, teaching, and service. One way to balance these demands is to find opportunities for collaboration with colleagues, especially in the area of research. There are several compelling reasons to pursue joint research projects with colleagues; however, there are also difficulties inherent in the collaboration process. This article will discuss the benefits and challenges of working on collaborative research projects with colleagues from the same discipline as well as across disciplines. As members of a team actively involved in several research projects and presentations, we use our own experiences to discuss effective strategies of collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Jeremy S. Jordan, Brian A. Turner, Simon M. Pack Using a sample of 152 student employees, the authors examined the relationship between organisational justice and Perceived Organisational Support (POS). Specifically this study examined the degree that distributive, procedural, and interactional justice influenced student employee POS. Additionally, the authors explored whether perceptions of justice differed based on sex, tenure of employment, and type of supervision. All three dimensions of organisational justice were significantly related to POS, with distributive justice demonstrating the greatest effect. Based on findings from this study, it appears that employee perceptions of workplace fairness serve as an important determinant of POS.

Abstracts of articles on sports management in various journals are presented including "The Value of Volunteering in Special Events: A Longitudinal Study," by M.G. Gallarza, F. Arteaga, and I. Gil-Saura in the 2013 issue of "Annals of Tourism Research," "The Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Support and Affective Commitment: A Social Identity Perspective," by G. Marique, F. Stinglhamber, D. Desmette, G. Caesens, and F. DeZanet in a 2012 issue of "Group & Organization Management," and "An Exploration of the Motivation to Attend for Spectators of the Lexmark 300 Champ Car Event," by J. L. Menzies and S. N. Nguyen in a 2012 issue of the "Journal of Sport & Tourism."

The article describes the case to demonstrate the utility of using three methods of nonresponse analysis with the objective of establishing convergent results as a way to identify the presence of nonresponse error. Surveys are the often used method of data collection in sports management research but low response rates are always a concern. He says when non-response error exists, survey results can produce misleading conclusions and are not representative of the larger population.

While many researchers have investigated the commitment and satisfaction of coaches separately, few have examined the relationship between the two constructs together. Both of these variables have been linked to employee performance and retention, two important outcomes for athletic administrators. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to examine the role of both commitment and satisfaction in the retention and performance of intercollegiate athletic coaches. Results showed that together, satisfaction and commitment were significantly related to the turnover intentions and objective performance of intercollegiate head coaches, explaining 33.8% and 5.7% of the variance in each outcome, respectively. Most importantly, satisfaction had a greater influence on intention to leave the organization, while commitment had a greater influence on objective performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ICHPER -- SD Journal is the property of International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport & Dance (ICHPER-SD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Application of organizational justice theory in a team sport setting is likely to enhance athlete perceptions of fairness resulting in improved attitudes and behaviors. Positive attitudes and behaviors demonstrated by team members could lead to improved individual and team performance. Research in organizational justice suggests people develop perceptions of fairness based on four criteria (Cropanzano & Greenberg, 1997). These criteria include: (1) the fairness of outcomes, (2) policies and procedures used to determine outcomes, (3) interpersonal treatment, and (4) decision justifications. Knowledge of these four criteria can assist coaches who are attempting to influence athlete perceptions of fairness by instituting strategies identified in organizational justice research. Indicators of athlete perceptions of injustice are presented and strategies for improving these perceptions are discussed. These strategies include: (1) provision of "voice", (2) application of Leventhal's rules, (3) consideration, and (4) informational justifications. Application of the aforementioned strategies can lead to outcomes such as increased performance, commitment, satisfaction, team unity, and overall enjoyment experienced by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract is presented of the article "A call for more mixed methods in sports management research" published in a 2010 issue of the periodical "Sport Management Review."

An abstract is presented of the article "Organizational commitment and the well being of temporary agency workers: A longitudinal study" published in a 2009 issue of the periodical "Human Relations."