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El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el uso tradicional y compuestos químicos de hojas y ramas de Salix humboldtiana colectada en Chumatlán, Veracruz, México por medio del índice de significancia cultural y los principales compuestos fitoquímicos obtenidos a partir de los extractos crudos se analizaron por Cromatografía en Capa Fina, respectivamente. Los extractos crudos biosintetizaron a los compuestos fitoquímicos en función del órgano vegetal (hojas o ramas). Por el otro lado, el conocimiento tradicional de la especie de Salix es escaso en el municipio de Chumatlán. En las entrevistas realizadas se encontraron varios usos tradicionales del sauce.

This project aims to obtain and characterize protein hydrolysates from the solid residues (dark muscle) and effluents (cooking water) generated from the processing of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and evaluate their potential to be applied as organic fertilizer in farming. From the studied viscera (stomach, pyloric blind, liver, pancreas, and intestine), it was found that the pyloric blind of the tuna digestive system represents an adequate source of alkaline proteases that act on the dark muscle of tuna and cooking water, at pH optimum of 10.5 and temperature of 50 °C. The results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and enzymatic inhibition indicate that the proteolytic activity exhibited by the enzymatic extract of the pyloric blind of tuna is mainly due to serine protease enzymes, especially trypsin type, and it showed a proteolytic activity similar to that of a commercial protease coming from Bacillus sp. It is possible to use these enzymes in processes that require pH values between 8 and 11 and mild temperatures conditions (30-50°C). The cooking water showed a low yield and high ash content, which may decrease the protein hydrolysates' nutritional quality and functional properties.

Introduction: Allelopathy is a harmful effect indirectly or directly produced by one plant to another through the production of chemical substances that enter the environment. Allelopathy has a pertinent significance for systems of ecological, sustainable, and integrated management. These natural reactions have multiple effects, ranging from processes of inhibition and stimulation of growth in neighbor plants to inhibition of seed germination. Metabolomics is a discipline integral that studies all the metabolites in a particular tissue, organ, or organism in a specific developmental stage or under particular environmental conditions, and it allows for the assessment of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the modification of metabolism. With the growing number of “omics”, new approaches can be used to understand metabolic changes that occur in plants, especially in proteomics and metabolomics, and thus those analyses could be profiled in coming years with the objective of knowing the allelopathome of a larger number of plant species and their interactions. Aim: To provide a recent update on the science of allelopathy in the context of physiology, practical application of metabolomics in allelopathic studies, allelochemicals analyzed by metabolomics in alfalfa, rice, canola, sorghum, rye, wheat and other crops and finally mentionated the biological activity of allelopathic secondary metabolites. Methods: A recent comprehensive literature search of allelopathy and metabolomics in journal databases was carried out. Results: The concept of allelopathy, allelopathic mechanisms, metabolomic studies in allelopathy, allelochemicals analysed by metabolomics in alfalfa, rice, canola, rye sorghum, wheat and other agro-industrially important crops, and the biological activity of allelopathic secondary metabolites are detailed. Conclusions: These studies suggest that a combination of secondary metabolites can be used to attack weeds. In situ and In vitro culture of secondary metabolites (allelochemical types) is recommended to be used as organics compounds in weed organic control in the future.

Fresh wastes of Mexican headshell shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), blue crab (Callinectes bellicosus), and Mexican brown crab (Callinectes sapidus) exoskeletons were autoclaved, dried, and grounded at a particle size of 150 µm. Macerated samples were diluted to ethyl acetate, acetone, cyclohexane, isopropyl alcohol, hexane, heptane, and a combination of hexane-acetone-ethanol-toluene solvents. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis determined the astaxanthin amount in every organic solvent extract. Acetone was the most efficient solvent: 114 µg/g (L. vannamei), 39 µg/g (C. bellicosus), and 44 µg/g (C. sapidus); the mixture of hexane-acetone-ethanol-toluene resulted a idoneus solvent when was used on crab exoskeletons: 39 µg/g (C. bellicosus) and 51 µg/g (C. sapidus). The astaxanthin characterization was performed without saponification, in L. vannamei chromatograms, the amount of trans astaxanthin was 6.23 µg/g (5.47 % of total area), in C. bellicosus was 26.13 µg/g (67 % of total area) and in C. sapidus was 28.42 µg/g (64.6 % of total area).

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to two scientists, Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Max Planck Unit for Pathogen Science (Berlin, Germany), and Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna of the University of California (Berkeley, USA), for the development of a method for genome editing, one of the most resonant tools of the last decade: CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors. Nowadays, scientists can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision. The new CRISPR/Cas9 technology also has a revolutionary impact on human medicine, helping to generate new cancer therapies and even curing inherited diseases. The objectives of the present work are to mention the background, the importance of the discovery of genomic editing with CRISPR/Cas9, the molecular mechanism and the current applications of this valuable biotechnological tool in humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. La Real Academia Sueca de Ciencias otorgó el Premio Nobel de Química 2020 a dos científicas, la Dra. Emmanuelle Charpentier de la Unidad Max Planck para la Ciencia de los Patógenos (Berlín, Alemania), y la Dra. Jennifer A. Doudna de la Universidad de California (Berkeley, Estados Unidos), por el desarrollo de un método para la edición del genoma, una de las herramientas más resonantes de la última década: las tijeras genéticas CRISPR/Cas9. Actualmente, los científicos pueden modificar el ADN de animales, plantas y microorganismos con una precisión extremadamente alta. La nueva tecnología CRISPR/Cas9 también tiene un impacto revolucionario en la medicina humana, y contribuye a generar nuevas terapias contra el cáncer e, incluso, a curar enfermedades hereditarias. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son mencionar los antecedentes, la importancia del descubrimiento de la edición genómica con CRISPR/Cas9, el mecanismo molecular y las aplicaciones actuales de esta valiosa herramienta biotecnológica en humanos, animales, plantas y microorganismos.

Various applications of omics sciences in the study of medicinal plants have been noticed in pharmacology field, specifically in drug discovery, treatment, and dose assessment. In metabolic engineering, the omics sciences support has been used in multicomplex analysis. Catharanthus roseus synthesize terpenoid indole alkaloids through a complex network, therefore it is becoming an excellent biological model in order to analyze metabolomics and fluxomics during alkaloid metabolism of this medicinally valuable plant. C. roseus plays a key role in the traditional medicine, which has been used to treat several diseases, as it contains alkaloids with antileukemic, sedative and antihypertensive properties. Therefore, the main purpose of this chapter is to discuss the spectrum of metabolomics and fluxomics studies performed in C. roseus, from the point of view of studies carried out directly in plants and in vitro culture as well as in the elicitation processes in suspended cells of C. roseus and the metabolic changes generated by the elicitation.

Two chemical treatments, five enzymatic (pectinase, lipase, hemicellulase, hemicellulose-cellulase or lipase-pectinase) and one microbiological (Bacillus subtilis) treatment were evaluated to obtain glucosamine hydrochloride (Gluc-HCl) from the chitin obtained from crab (Callinectes bellicosus) exoskeletons. Chemical treatments were referred as Method A (HCl hydrolysis during 75 min at 90°C) and Method B (HCl hydrolysis during 20 min and 14 h of rest). Glucosamine and, in some cases, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were identified and quantified by HPLC. Treatments with the greater concentrations of Gluc-HCl in descending order were: lipase (94.4 mg/g), microbiological (45.7 mg/g), lipase-pectinase (22.9 mg/g), hemicellulase-cellulase (20.9 mg/g), hemicellulase (15.3 mg/g), pectinase (10.7 mg/g), Chemical A (7.3mg/g) and Chemical B (7.3mg/g). In terms of yield, the best treatments in descending order were: pectinase (94%), microbiological (94%), hemicellulase (92%), lipase (91%), Chemical B (88%), lipase-pectinase (88%), hemicellulase-cellulase (86%) and Chemical A (28.5%). The two most profound treatments were lipase and microbiological, so they are proposed as part of a viable method to produce Gluc-HCl from crab exoskeletons; they are ecofriendly procedures and could add value to the crab´s productive chain. RESUMO: Dois tratamentos químicos, cinco enzimáticos (pectinase, lipase, hemicelulase, hemicelulose-celulase ou lipase-pectinase) e um microbiológico (Bacillus subtilis) foram avaliados para obter o cloridrato de glucosamina (Gluc-HCl) da quitina obtida a partir de exoesqueletos de caranguejo (Callinectes. Bellicosus). Os dois tratamentos químicos foram nomeados como método A (hidrólise de HCl para 75 min a 90 °C) e método B (hidrólise de HCl para 20 min e 14 h de repouso). A Glucosamina e, em alguns casos, N-acetil-D-glucosamina foram identificados e quantificados por HPLC. Os tratamentos em que as melhores concentrações de Glucosamina-HCl foram obtidas, em ordem decrescente: lipase (94,4 mg/g), microbiológica (45,7 mg/g), lipase-pectinase (22,9 mg/g), hemicelulase-celulase (20,9 mg/g), hemicelulase (15,3 mg/g), pectinase (10,7mg/g), Quïmica A (7,3 mg/g) e Quïmica B (7,3 mg/g). Em termos de produtividade, os melhores tratamentos em ordem decrescente foram: pectinase (94%), microbiológica (94%), hemicelulase (92%), lipase (91%), química B (88%), lipase-pectinase (88%), hemicelulase- celulase (86%) e produto químico A (28,5%). Os dois melhores tratamentos foram lipase e microbiológicos, propostos como método viável para obtenção de Gluc-HCl a partir de exoesqueletos de caranguejo; cumprem procedimentos ecologicamente corretos e podem agregar valor à cadeia produtiva do caranguejo.

A review of the situation of bio-fuels in the world, mainly of biodiesel is made. A comparison among the different raw materials for the synthesis of biodiesel is done and it is emphasized in the production of biodiesel from microalgae. The different fresh and salt water micro-algae in its lipid content and productivity are compared. A review of the process of biosynthesis of lipids in microalgae and how to improve the production of lipids in microalgae is shown. It is discussed the importance of the genetic manipulation to highly lipid-producing microalgae (example: Botryrococuus braunni, Nannochloropsis sp, Noechlorisoleobundans and Nitschia sp.). A study of the advantages and disadvantages of the different systems of cultivation of microalgae is also made. Finally, it is shown a perspective of biofuels from microalgae. Among the main challenges to overcome to produce biodiesel from microalgae are: the cost of production of biomass, which involves the optimization of media, selection and manipulation of strains and photobioreactors design. The processof separation of biomass, the extraction of oils and by-products, the optimization of the process of transesterification, purification and use of by-products must also be considered.

A study of potential environmental risk of major biofuel: bioethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen in Mexico and specifically in Sinaloa is shown. The advantages that the algae have in relation to other production inputs of these biofuels are discussed. The bioenergetics impact: Economically.- Reducing costs and improving quality in products, giving economical independence and improving the competitiveness. In environmental.- Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, creating recyclable and biodegradable products. Socially.- Helping the growth and diversification of rural economy. Bioenergy production on a commercial scale may be feasible in Mexico and Sinaloa, where there are actions that should include comprehensive technical, economic and environmental aspects in consultation with the agricultural and agroindustrial sectors. . It is recommended: For the production biodiesel: Jatropha, algae, salicornia, moringa, palm oil, higuerilla and used oil. For the production of bioethanol: algae, sweet sorghum, agricultural and municipal wastes, grass giant and maguey to produce hydrogen: algae native of Sinaloa State.

Se hace una revisión de la situación de los biocombustibles en el mundo, principalmente del biodiesel. Se comparan las diferentes materias primas para la síntesis de biodiesel y se enfatiza en la producción de éste a partir de microalgas. Se comparan las diferentes microalgas de agua dulce y salada en cuanto a su contenido lipídico y productividad. Se revisa el proceso de biosíntesis de los lípidos y como se puede mejorar su producción de lípidos en estas. Se discute la importancia de manipular genéticamente a Botryrococuus braunni, Nannochloropsis sp, Noechlorisoleobundans y Nitschia sp. También se hace un estudio de las ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes sistemas de cultivo de microalgas. Finalmente se presenta una perspectiva de los biocombustibles a partir de las microalgas. Entre los principales retos a vencer para producir biodiesel están: El costo de producción de biomasa, que involucra la optimización de medios, selección y manipulación de cepas y el diseño de fotobioreactores. También se debe considerar el proceso de separación de biomasa, la extracción de aceites y subproductos, la optimización del proceso de transesterificación, purificación y uso de subproductos.

Las epidemias de infección intestinal por Salmonella spp. son uno de los problemas más comunes, es considerada la enfermedad más difundida a nivel mundial. Existe una gran preocupación por la infección de este enteropatógeno y se han convertido en un factor de riesgo debido a la creciente resistencia de esta bacteria a los fármacos. Ante esta problemática, se han buscado herramientas para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de estas enfermedades multidrogorresistentes. Durante los últimos años, la genética y bioinformática, mediante la secuenciación y el análisis de marcadores genéticos, han adquirido una significación especial para ello. Por lo tanto, los genes de esta bacteria en las muestras de hospitales de la Ciudad de México recolectados y secuenciados por el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB) en México, fueron analizados para identificar similitudes entre los serotipos de Salmonella. Se descargaron 7,979 genomas de Salmonella enterica y 12 de Salmonella bongori desde el servidor del Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica (NCBI). Para el preprocesamiento de los genomas ensamblados, se utilizó el software FastQC. Una vez obtenidos los genomas con ensamble de novo, se procedió a comparar los genomas anteriormente ensamblados con los genomas completos descargados de la base de datos de NCBI. Se determino el pangenoma, coregenoma y el genoma accesorio de todos los genomas de Salmonella y para localizar los genes de resistencia dentro de los resultados anteriores, se utilizó el software ARIBA. Se encontraron 36,057 genes que estuvieron presentes en todos los genomas descargados de la base de datos de NCBI, dentro de los cuales, se ubicaron 1,838 genes dentro del coregenoma y los 34,219 genes restantes fueron ubicados dentro del genoma accesorio. Dentro del último objetivo específico, se concluye que, de los 15 genomas aislados por la ENCB, 419 genes presentaron resistencia a antibióticos, los cuales, se comparten entre todos los aislados y 52 de estos genes encontrados están ubicados dentro del genoma accesorio, lo que indica que son genes únicos. Tesis