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Abstract Atmospheric turbulence, irregular fluctuations of the fluid state, is studied on Mars. Universality of the turbulence spectrum underpins atmospheric models where computational requirements preclude full fidelity simulations of the smallest scales. However, there are discrepancies among reports on the existence and spectral location of universal scaling in Martian atmospheric data. Here, results indicate the smallest resolvable structures from Martian wind speed data are still associated with the energetic regime, which may ultimately explain why multiple reports have not found a consistent Kolmogorov-like spectral regime on Mars. Universal spectral scaling of wind data from Perseverance’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is used to estimate the thresholds that separate three turbulence regimes: energetic, inertial, and molecular dissipation. Wind measurements at 2-Hz, the fastest sampling rate for direct wind sensor measurements on Mars, resolves turbulence in the energetic regime and approaches the inertial regime, which is consistent with reported Martian dust devil sizes.

The genome sequence of Pantoea agglomerans UADEC20 is presented, which is a strain isolated from agricultural fields in northeast Mexico. The genome was assembled into 13 scaffolds, constituting a total chromosome size of 4.2 Mbp, with two of the scaffolds representing closed plasmids. The strain exhibits activity in phosphate solubilization and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and secretion; therefore, we explored its biotechnological potential via its genome sequencing and annotation. Genomic analyses showed that a total of 57 and 58 coding sequences (CDSs) related to phosphate solubilization and EPS production were identified within its genome, in addition to a reduced number of CDSs related to drug resistance and phages. The comprehensive set of genes supporting phosphate solubilization, EPS synthesis, and secretion, along with its low virulence and antibiotic resistance levels, justify further research for its potential biotechnological application and possible use as a plant growth-promoting agent in the field. These findings suggest a unique genetic background in the P. agglomerans UADEC20 strain.

CRM1 (XPO1) has been well-characterized as a shuttling receptor that mediates the export of protein and RNA cargos to the cytoplasm, and previous analyses have pinpointed several key residues (A541, F572, K568, S1055, and Q742) that modulate CRM1 export activity. CRM1 also has a less studied nuclear function in RNA biogenesis, which is reflected by its localization to the Cajal body and the nucleolus. Here, we have investigated how the mutation of these key residues affects the intranuclear localization of CRM1 and its ability to mediate export of endogenous cargos. We identify A541K as a separation-of-function mutant that reveals the independent nature of the Cajal body and nucleolar localizations of CRM1. We also show that the F572A mutation may have strikingly opposite effects on the export of specific cargos. Importantly, and in contrast to previous claims, our findings indicate that S1055 phosphorylation is not generally required for CRM1 function and that the Q742 is not a function-defining residue in human CRM1. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into an understudied aspect of CRM1 biology and highlight several important issues related to CRM1 function and regulation that need to be re-evaluated and addressed in more detail.

Resumen: Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el proceso diagnóstico de los pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar idiopática en España, desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico y tratamiento antifibrótico, en relación con la publicación de las sucesivas guías de práctica clínica. Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional, ambispectivo, en el que se analizaron los pacientes incluidos en el registro de la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica. Para ello se habilitó un cuaderno electrónico de recogida de datos en la web de la sociedad. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas al diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes. Resultados: Desde enero de 2012 hasta diciembre de 2019 se incluyeron 1.064 pacientes, siendo finalmente analizados 929. El proceso diagnóstico varió en función del año en el que se realizó el diagnóstico y el patrón radiológico observado en la tomografía computarizada de alta resolución. En 244 (26,3%) pacientes, el diagnóstico se realizó con tomografía computarizada de alta resolución de tórax y evaluación clínica. La biopsia quirúrgica se utilizó hasta en el 50,2% de los casos diagnosticados antes del 2011, y en un 14,2% a partir de 2018. La mediana de tiempo que transcurre desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico es de 360 días (RIC 120-720), siendo mayor de 2 años en el 21,0% de los pacientes. Recibieron tratamiento antifibrótico al 79,4% de los pacientes. El tiempo desde el diagnóstico hasta el inicio del tratamiento fue de 309 ± 596,5 días, con una mediana de 49 (RIC 0-307). Conclusiones: El proceso diagnóstico, incluyendo el tiempo hasta el diagnóstico y el tipo de pruebas utilizadas, ha ido cambiando desde 2011 hasta 2019, probablemente debido el avance en la investigación clínica y la publicación de guías consenso diagnóstico-terapéuticas. Abstract: Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the diagnostic process and the time until the start of treatment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in relation to the publication of successive clinical practice guide. Material and methods: Multicenter, observational, ambispective study, in which patients includes in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis registry of the Spanish Society of Pulmonologist and Thoracic Surgery were analyzed. An electronic data collection notebook was enabled on the society's website. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected at diagnosis and follow-up of the patients. Results: From January 2012 to december 2019, 1064 patients were included in the registry, with 929 finally analyzed. The diagnosis process varied depending on the year in which it was performed, and the radiological pattern observed in the high-resolution computed tomography. Up to 26.3% of the cases (244) were diagnosed with chest high-resolution computed tomography and clinical evaluation. Surgical biopsy was used up to 50.2% of cases diagnosed before 2011, while it has been used in 14.2% since 2018. The median time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 360 days (IQR 120-720), taking more than 2 years in the 21.0% of patients. A percentage of 79.4 of patients received antifibrotic treatment. The average time from diagnosis to the antifibrotic treatment has been 309 ± 596.5 days, with a median of 49 (IQR 0-307). Conclusions: The diagnostic process, including the time until diagnosis and the type of test used, has changed from 2011 to 2019, probably due to advances in clinical research and the publication of diagnostic-therapeutic consensus guidelines.

Las actuales transformaciones en el modelo de formación han exigido a la Educación Superior, una reconsideración de los modelos del perfil profesional. En este empeño se perfecciona el currículo en la carrera de Ingeniería Eléctrica, en el que la esencialidad de los contenidos es fundamental para reducir el tiempo de formación y lograr mayores niveles de independencia y protagonismo del estudiante. Para ello es importante aprovechar las ventajas que ofrecen las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en el ámbito educativo, por lo que el objetivo del artículo es proponer la programación como método para mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los ingenieros electricistas mediante el desarrollo de una aplicación de interfaz gráfica derivada del Scilab. La investigación se desarrolló en la carrera de Ingeniería Eléctrica con una muestra de 70 estudiantes de 4to año, los resultados que se obtienen corroboran la importancia de utilizar el método propuesto.

La acelga es un cultivo hortícola de alto valor nutritivo y en México se producen más de 12 mil toneladas al año. Para su producción, estos cultivos requieren nutrientes, los cuales pueden ser aportados a través de soluciones de nutrientes minerales o biofertilizantes. Los biofertilizantes son productos que contienen microorganismos benéficos que mejoran la calidad del suelo y que favorecen el crecimiento de las plantas. Además, estos microorganismos realizan la fijación de nitrógeno y la solubilización de fosfato. El presente trabajo evaluó la aplicación de té de compost, co-inoculación (Azospirillum y Glomus) y fertilizante inorgánico sobre el crecimiento (raíz, tallo y hojas) y contenido de nutrientes en plantas de acelgas (Beta vulgaris var. Forhook Giant). El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en un invernadero utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las plantas de acelga tratadas con té de compost + fertilización inorgánica (CTIF) acumularon más peso seco en raíces y tallos (4.06 y 8.10 g respectivamente), por otro lado, el peso seco de la hoja aumentó bajo tres tratamientos: fertilización inorgánica (IF), té de compost + co-inoculación (CTCi) y CTIF (12.5, 9.22 y 10.5 g respectivamente). El área foliar fue mayor en los tratamientos IF y CTIF. El contenido de P y Mg también fue mayor en los controles (C). El tratamiento con CTCi aumentó el contenido de N, K y Mn; el tratamiento de coinoculación (Ci) incrementó el contenido de Cu, así como el tratamiento de CTIF incrementó los contenidos de Ca, Fe, Zn y B y en menor medida también los contenidos de P, Mg, Cu y Mn. El coeficiente de partición de biomasa indica que en seis muestreos (de un total de siete muestreos), la mayoría de los fotosintatos (PS) fueron utilizados por las plantas para formar o aumentar el tamaño de las hojas. Si se desea un método alternativo de fertilización, se recomienda utilizar una combinación de biofertilizante y fertilización inorgánica como la combinación de té de composta y solución mineral que aumentó la producción y la concentración de nutrientes en el cultivo de acelgas.

Objective This study aimed to analyze the actigraphy-based sleep parameters in wheelchair basketball (WB) athletes during the 3 weeks leading up to the playoffs, the week of playoffs, and the week after playoffs. Secondarily, the relationship between training load, sleep, and recovery was evaluated.

The lens proteome undergoes dramatic composition changes during development and maturation. A defective developmental process leads to congenital cataracts that account for about 30% of cases of childhood blindness. Gene mutations are associated with approximately 50% of early-onset forms of lens opacity, with the remainder being of unknown etiology. To gain a better understanding of cataractogenesis, we utilized a transgenic mouse model expressing a mutant ubiquitin protein in the lens (K6W-Ub) that recapitulates most of the early pathological changes seen in human congenital cataracts. We performed mass spectrometry-based tandem-mass-tag quantitative proteomics in E15, P1, and P30 control or K6W-Ub lenses. Our analysis identified targets that are required for early normal differentiation steps and altered in cataractous lenses, particularly metabolic pathways involving glutathione and amino acids. Computational molecular phenotyping revealed that glutathione and taurine were spatially altered in the K6W-Ub cataractous lens. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that both taurine and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, two indicators of redox status, were differentially compromised in lens biology. In sum, our research documents that dynamic proteome changes in a mouse model of congenital cataracts impact redox biology in lens. Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms associated with congenital cataracts and point out that unbalanced redox status due to reduced levels of taurine and glutathione, metabolites already linked to age-related cataract, could be a major underlying mechanism behind lens opacities that appear early in life.

Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe the latest treatment available in the solution of this problem through remineralization. Literature review: A literature review was carried out in various electronic databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, LILACS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library; from 1989 to 2022. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms used in the literature search were in English: “tooth reminaralization”, “dental white spot”, “orthodontic. Discussion: White spot lesions after orthodontic appliances is an undesired effect seen in dentistry. There is a wide option of agents that offer remineralization by the process of depositing calcium and phosphate ions into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, producing net mineral gain and preventing early enamel lesions progression, including fluoride toothpastes, fluoride varnishes, fluoride mouth rinses, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). Conclusion: Fluoride-based prevention strategies are the agent with the strongest evidence for the treatment of WSL. The dental professional should offer this therapy in the earliest phase of the lesions so that it can be remineralized.

This report describes acidic microbial mats containing cyanobacteria that are strongly associated to precipitated minerals in the source area of Río Tinto. Río Tinto (Huelva, Southwestern Spain) is an extreme acidic environment where iron and sulfur cycles play a fundamental role in sustaining the extremely low pH and the high concentration of heavy metals, while maintaining a high level of microbial diversity. These multi-layered mineral deposits are stable all year round and are characterized by a succession of thick greenish-blue and brownish layers mainly composed of natrojarosite. The temperature and absorbance above and below the mineral precipitates were followed and stable conditions were detected inside the mineral precipitates. Different methodologies, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, immunological detection, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and metagenomic analysis were used to describe the biodiversity existing in these microbial mats, demonstrating, for the first time, the existence of acid-tolerant cyanobacteria in a hyperacidic environment of below pH 1. Up to 0.46% of the classified sequences belong to cyanobacterial microorganisms, and 1.47% of the aligned DNA reads belong to the Cyanobacteria clade.

IntroductionViolent extremism is a complex and urgent issue that affects all sectors of society and necessitates research aimed at preventing and transforming violent behavior.MethodsThis study presents the findings of a questionnaire comprising 34 items administered to 1,169 teenagers from two secondary schools in Almería and Madrid, Spain, immediately following the conclusion of COVID-19 confinement measures. The primary objective of the study is to analyze teenagers’ perspectives on violent extremism and pro-violent attitudes, along with their association with various factors such as digital consumption, interpersonal relationships, and the socio-demographic circumstances of their families. Data collection involved direct interventions with the students at the participating educational institutions.ResultsThe findings demonstrate that variables such as gender, number of siblings, and religious practice influence violent extremism, whereas nationality does not emerge as a significant factor. Additionally, the study identifies several contributing factors to the prevalence of extremist and pro-violent attitudes, and employs a moderation analysis utilizing the mother’s level of education as a moderator variable.DiscussionBased on these results, the study recommends further research to enhance our understanding of the development of violent attitudes and behaviors. Additionally, it suggests implementing family and personal support programs aimed at fostering healthy adolescent development.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer la aplicación educativa libre sobre amplificadores operaciones(OpEdu), en su versión 0.5, basada en el software libre Scilab, que permite el análisis, la experimentación, demostración y diseño de las funciones de los amplificadores operacionales. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos se encuentran el desarrollo de siete módulos de diseño como son el amplificador inversor, amplificador no inversor, amplificador diferencial, amplificador sumador y convertidor de tensión – corriente. La aplicación va dirigida a la enseñanza de la ingeniería específicamente de los amplificadores operacionales, entre sus utilidades prácticas se encuentran que los estudiantes sean capaces de realizar independientemente sus propios experimentos y diseños en un ambiente seguro y contribuir al desarrollo nacional de aplicaciones informáticas libres. Este tipo de software es generalmente de licencia privada, con un alto costo de adquisición, por lo que sus semejantes, en licencia libre, permite un mayor alcance entre los estudiantes y especialistas a fines.

Introducción: la cromoblastomicosis es una micosis subcutánea, crónica, causada por un grupo de hongos dematiáceos; Fonsecaea pedrosoi es de los agentes etiológicos más frecuentes, está presente en climas tropicales, de abundante vegetación. El diagnóstico se basa en tres pilares fundamentales: el clínico-epidemiológico, el de Anatomía Patológica y el microbiológico. Objetivo: describir el diagnóstico etiológico y las variables epidemiológicas de interés de la enfermedad en la Provincia de Villa Clara durante el período de 2003 a 2018. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal en una población de 47 pacientes. Como medida de resumen se utilizaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas y para la exploración espaciotemporal la técnica de Kulldorff. Resultados: del total de pacientes al 19% se le realizaron estudios micológicos en los que se aislaron las especies Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Cladophialophora carrionii y Phialophora verrucosa. En el Municipio de Manicaragua se identificó un conglomerado espacial verdadero de alta tasa de incidencia. Fue 2,12 veces más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. Conclusiones: en la provincia no existe integración clínica, anatomopatológica y microbiológica para el diagnóstico de la cromoblastomicosis; al menos tres agentes etiológicos conocidos, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Cladophialophora carrionii y Phialophora verrucosa, fueron causa de la enfermedad durante el período estudiado. El Municipio montañoso de Manicaragua constituye un área geográfica de alto riesgo en la provincia. El sexo más afectado por la enfermedad fue el masculino.

Aged muscles accumulate satellite cells with a striking decline response to damage. Although intrinsic defects in satellite cells themselves are the major contributors to aging-associated stem cell dysfunction, increasing evidence suggests that changes in the muscle-stem cell local microenvironment also contribute to aging. Here, we demonstrate that loss of the matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) in young mice alters the composition of the muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), and specifically disrupts the extracellular matrix of the satellite cell niche. This situation causes premature features of aging in the satellite cells, contributing to their functional decline and a predisposition to enter senescence under proliferative pressure. Similarly, reduction of MMP-10 levels in young satellite cells from wild type animals induces a senescence response, while addition of the protease delays this program. Significantly, the effect of MMP-10 on satellite cell aging can be extended to another context of muscle wasting, muscular dystrophy. Systemic treatment of mdx dystrophic mice with MMP-10 prevents the muscle deterioration phenotype and reduces cellular damage in the satellite cells, which are normally under replicative pressure. Most importantly, MMP-10 conserves its protective effect in the satellite cell-derived myoblasts isolated from a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient by decreasing the accumulation of damaged DNA. Hence, MMP-10 provides a previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunity to delay satellite cell aging and overcome satellite cell dysfunction in dystrophic muscles.

Our working hypothesis was that magnesium (Mg) supplementation modulates plant performance under low water availability and improves drought tolerance in soybean genotypes. Plants of Bônus 8579, M8808 and TMG1180 genotypes were grown under field conditions and subjected to three water stress treatments (control, moderate and severe stress) and three Mg levels [0.9 (low), 1.3 (adequate) and 1.7 cmolc dm-³ (supplementation)]. After 28 days of drought imposition, the growth parameters, osmotic potential, relative water content, leaf succulence, Mg content and photosynthetic pigments were assessed. In general, drought drastically decreased the growth in all genotypes, and the reductions were intensified from moderate to severe stress. Under adequate Mg supply, TMG1180 was the most drought-tolerant genotype among the soybean plants, but Mg supplementation did not improve its tolerance. Conversely, although the M8808 genotype displayed inexpressive responses to drought under adequate Mg, the Mg-supplemented plants were found to have surprisingly better growth performance under stress compared to Bônus 8579 and TMG1180, irrespective of drought regime. The improved growth of high Mg-treated M8808-stressed plants correlated with low osmotic potential and increased relative water content, as well as shoot Mg accumulation, resulting in increased photosynthetic pigments and culminating in the highest drought tolerance. The results clearly indicate that Mg supplementation is a potential tool for alleviating water stress in M8808 soybean plants. Our findings suggest that the enhanced Mg-induced plant acclimation resulted from increased water content in plant tissues and strategic regulation of Mg content and photosynthetic pigments.

On 13th June 2021, Animación.es: una historia en una exposición closed its doors at the Imprenta Municipal de Madrid. It was the largest exhibition held to date on the history and production processes of Spanish animation and it had to face an extremely complicated context, due to the restrictions on mobility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which hindered attendance. In the paper we review the process of creation and planning of the exhibition, the numerous difficulties it had to face, and the impact and urgency of such proposals in the promotion of animation in Spain.

En el presente estudio se plantea la necesidad de asociar unas características de personalidad a los diferentes estilos de apego adulto. A pesar de la existencia de numerosos cuestionarios para medir tanto el apego adulto como las características de personalidad, se ha optado por elegir dos cuestionarios recientes, validados empíricamente y sencillos de administrar, puesto que la muestra está compuesta por un grupo indeterminado de adolescentes que cursaban enseñanza secundaria obligatoria. Los resultados muestran un grado de correspondencia elevado entre los cuatro grupos de perfil de personalidad creados mediante el CBP (Torreblanca, 2017) y los estilos de apego utilizados en el CAA (Melero y Cantero, 2008). Se observa concordancia en torno al 70% en tres de los cuatro perfiles realizados con los estilos de apego seguro, preocupado y temeroso. Los porcentajes restantes en cada grupo se han distribuido de forma heterogénea. En el grupo correspondiente al apego evitativo, la concordancia entre perfil de personalidad y estilo de apego ha sido menor, dando lugar a nuevas posibilidades de investigación y al planteamiento de hipótesis nuevas sobre el apego adulto.

Weed coexistence with an agricultural crop can negatively affect its growth, development, and yield. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate weed management strategies and their effect on the agronomic parameters of cowpea cultivation in direct (SPD) and conventional (SPC) planting systems. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement with four replications. The plots received a source of variation referring to the planting systems (direct and conventional planting), and the subplots corresponded to ten weed management strategies (manual hoeing 18 days after planting (DAP); at 36 DAP; at 54 DAP; at 18 and 36 DAP; at 18 and 54 DAP; at 18 and 72 DAP; at 36 and 54 DAP; at 36–72 DAP; at 18, 36, and 54 DAP; and a control with no hoeing). Density and dry mass evaluations of the cowpea plants were performed at harvest (72 DAP) by determining the number of pods per plant, pod length, number of grains per pod, 1000-grain mass, and yield. A total of 28 species distributed in 12 botanical families were identified in the two cultivation systems. The family Poaceae showed the highest frequency, with 25% of the species identified. At the end of the assay, treatment 20 had the highest positive influence and provided significant quantitative gains to the complex of traits related to cowpea production (SPD and hoeing at 18, 36, and 54 DAP). UPGMA cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were performed and allowed a better classification of the evaluated treatments. It was observed that the first two canonical variables explained 90.8% of the total variance contained in the original variables. The use of SPD with weeding at 18, 36, and 54 days after planting provides greater weed control and significant quantitative gains for the complex of characteristics related to cowpea production. The results underscore the importance of choosing the correct cropping system and implementing effective weeding practices to optimize weed control and improve crop performance.

El presente estudio pretende resumir la situación actual de la producción de maíz en España en relación a la situación mundial. A día de hoy, los dos principales factores limitantes para el aumento de la superficie cultivada de maíz y el aumento de su rendimiento en España son la disponibilidad de agua y la rentabilidad económica. Por eso este trabajo resume los avances alcanzados hasta la fecha, pero también las mejoras potenciales que permitirían mejorar su rendimiento económico sin aumentar (o incluso disminuyendo) su impacto ambiental. Y estas técnicas se basan en la mejora de la eficiencia de uso de los insumos agrícolas empleados (fertilizantes, gasoil, fitosanitarios, entre otros) así como por la eficiencia en el uso del agua. Por eso, los agricultores que deseen seguir cultivando maíz en España, además de ser capaces de mejorar su rendimiento y reducir el impacto ambiental, deberán, sobre todo, mejorar sus márgenes de beneficio.

Obtaining oligodendroglial cells from dispensable tissues would be of great interest for autologous or immunocompatible cell replacement therapy in demyelinating diseases, as well as for studying myelin-related pathologies or testing therapeutic approaches in culture. We evaluated the feasibility of generating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from adult rat adipose tissue by expressing genes encoding transcription factors involved in oligodendroglial development. Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells were lentivirally transduced with tetracycline-inducible Sox10, Olig2, Zfp536, and/or Nkx6.1 transgenes. Immunostaining with the OPC-specific O4 monoclonal antibody was used to mark oligodendroglial induction. O4- and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-positive cells emerged after 3 weeks when using the Sox10 + Olig2 + Zfp536 combination, followed in the ensuing weeks by GFAP-, O1 antigen-, p75NTR (low-affinity NGF receptor)-, and myelin proteins-positive cells. The O4+ cell population progressively expanded, eventually constituting more than 70% of cells in culture by 5 months. Sox10 transgene expression was essential for generating O4+ cells but was insufficient for inducing a full oligodendroglial phenotype. Converted cells required continuous transgene expression to maintain their glial phenotype. Some vestigial characteristics of mesenchymal cells were maintained after conversion. Growth factor withdrawal and triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation generated mature oligodendroglial phenotypes, while FBS supplementation produced GFAP+- and p75NTR+-rich cultures. Converted cells also showed functional characteristics of neural-derived OPCs, such as the expression of AMPA, NMDA, kainate, and dopaminergic receptors, as well as similar metabolic responses to differentiation-inducing drugs. When co-cultured with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, the converted cells differentiated and ensheathed multiple axons. We propose that functional oligodendroglia can be efficiently generated from adult rat mesenchymal cells by direct phenotypic conversion.

This study analyzes the inter- and intra-differences in external load across the microcycle in professional female soccer players. External load during four consecutive microcycles (i.e., M1, M2, M3, and M4) and training sessions (i.e., MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1) and a match day (i.e., MD) were registered in seventeen female professional soccer players (age: 26.3 ± 4.6 years; height: 166.3 ± 6.1 cm; body mass: 59.8 ± 6.8 kg; and body mass index: 21.6 ± 1.7 kg·m-2) who belonged to the same team in Spanish first division. A 10-Hz GPS that integrated a 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer was used to register external load. The results showed lower decelerations in M2 compared to M1 and M3 (p < 0.05), lower high-intensity distance (>16.0 km·h-1) in M3 vs. M2, and greater relative sprint distance (>21.0 km·min-1) in M4 vs. M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). MD-3 registered the highest load for all variables (p < 0.05). Forwards (FWs) performed (p < 0.05) significantly more sprints (meters and number > 21.0 km·h-1) than central midfielders (CMs) and central defenders (CDs) in MD-2 and MD. Both, fitness and conditioning staff should pay special attention to the external loads for each playing position in training sessions to optimize the training process.

Los dientes impactados son frecuentemente observados en la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, la presencia de premolares impactados es una anomalía dentaria poco reportada. Se sabe de una relación genética entre la presencia de varias anomalías dentarias en un mismo paciente, así como en una misma familia. Las impactaciones de premolares inferiores pueden estar asociada a impactaciones palatinas de caninos e incisivos laterales superiores con alteración en forma y/o número. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo describir las causas asociadas a impactación de premolares a través de una serie de 6 casos, en edades comprendidas entre 11 y 15 años de edad. Los resultados encontrados sugieren que las causas asociadas a la impactación de premolares inferiores fueron: retención prolongada de dientes primarios, patrón eruptivo alterado, presencia de supernumerarios, pérdida prematura de dientes primarios y erupción retardada asociada a factor hormonal. Se concluye que la presencia de impactación de premolares apunta a la asociación de varias causas que confluyen observándose no solo una sino varias anomalías dentarias.

Summary: This work designs a heatwave with a calorimeter to analyze the response of soils from oak forest ecosystems to increasing temperature from 20°C to 60°C and to cooling from 60°C to 20°C. Calorimetry measures the heat rate of the soil organic matter decomposition and the response to increasing and decreasing temperatures directly. It was applied to soil samples representing different soil horizons with organic matter at different degree of decomposition given by their heat of combustion, calculated by differential scanning calorimetry. Results showed temperature-dependent decomposition rates from 20°C to 40°C or 50°C typical for enzymatic activity. From 40°C to 60°C, changes in the rates are less predictable. Data analysis during cooling showed that all samples suffered losses of their enzymatic capacity and that only those with the heat of combustion values close to that of carbohydrates resisted the heat wave.

Autophagy is a fine-tuned proteolytic pathway that moves dysfunctional/aged cellular components into the lysosomal compartment for degradation. Over the last 3 decades, global research has provided evidence for the protective role of autophagy in different brain cell components. Autophagic capacities decline with age, which contributes to the accumulation of obsolete/damaged organelles and proteins and, ultimately, leads to cellular aging in brain tissues. It is thus well-accepted that autophagy plays an essential role in brain homeostasis, and malfunction of this catabolic system is associated with major neurodegenerative disorders. Autophagy function can be modulated by different types of stress, including glycative stress. Glycative stress is defined as a cellular status with abnormal and accelerated accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It occurs in hyperglycemic states, both through the consumption of high-sugar diets or under metabolic conditions such as diabetes. In recent years, glycative stress has gained attention for its adverse impact on brain pathology. This is because glycative stress stimulates insoluble, proteinaceous aggregation that is linked to the malfunction of different neuropathological proteins. Despite the emergence of new literature suggesting that autophagy plays a major role in fighting glycation-derived damage by removing cytosolic AGEs, excessive glycative stress might also negatively impact autophagic function. In this mini-review, we provide insight on the status of present knowledge regarding the role of autophagy in brain physiology and pathophysiology, with an emphasis on the cytoprotective role of autophagic function to ameliorate the adverse effects of glycation-derived damage in neurons, glia, and neuron-glia interactions.

Este artículo analiza los testimonios manuscritos y tradición editorial de Flor de academias, conjunto de poesías escritas, por diversos autores, en las reuniones o «actos» palaciegos convocados en Lima entre septiembre de 1709 y marzo de 1710 por el virrey del Perú Manuel de Oms y Santa Pau, olim de Sentmanat, marqués de Castelldosrius. En el estudio de las particularidades de los manuscritos, destacan la dedicatoria al duque de Alburquerque, quien había sido virrey de la Nueva España (presente en tres manuscritos) y las ilustraciones que solo contiene el manuscrito de New York. Asimismo, se estudia el papel del limeño Diego Rodríguez de Guzmán como compilador de los actos de Flor de academias y protagonista de un debate con Lorenz de Rada, residente en México, sobre la destreza indiana de la espada: dos actividades vinculadas y que explican la cuidada factura del manuscrito ilustrado de New York. Bajo el nombre y la labor de Rodríguez de Guzmán actúa un grupo de intelectuales limeños cuyas voces nutren ambos conjuntos textuales.

In the middle of the 20th century, the production of plastics exploded worldwide because of their low cost and the versatility of their applications. However, since plastic debris is highly resistant to environmental degradation, a growing presence of plastics in all the ecosystems has been confirmed. Among them, plastic particles < 5 mm, also known as microplastics (MPs), are of special concern because they are dispersed in aerial, terrestrial and aquatic environments, being the soil the main environmental sink of these contaminants. Due to their large specific surface area and hydrophobicity, MPs are considered good adsorbents for other environmental organic pollutants also present in terrestrial ecosystems, such as pharmaceuticals, personal-care products or pesticides with which they can interact and thus modify their environmental fate. In this review article, we examine the recent literature (from 2017 to 2022) to get a better understanding of the environmental fate of pesticides in soil (adsorption, mobility and/or degradation) when they are simultaneously present with MPs and the ecological risks on living organisms of the interactions between MPs and pesticides in soil. More studies are needed to fully understand the toxicological impact of the copresence in soil of pesticides and MPs.

Abstract Background Major adverse cardiovascular events are the main cause of morbidity and mortality over the long term in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. There are few reports assessing the prognostic value of markers of inflammation in relation to the risk of cardiovascular disease after carotid endarterectomy. Here, we aimed to determine whether matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-10), tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP-1) and in vivo inflammation studied by 18F-FDG-PET/CT predict recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with carotid stenosis who underwent endarterectomy. Methods This prospective cohort study was carried out on 31 consecutive patients with symptomatic (23/31) or asymptomatic (8/31) severe (> 70%) carotid stenosis who were scheduled for carotid endarterectomy between July 2013 and March 2016. In addition, 26 healthy controls were included in the study. Plasma and serum samples were collected 2 days prior to surgery and tested for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, TIMP-1, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 18F-FDG-PET/CT focusing on several territories’ vascular wall metabolism was performed on 29 of the patients because of no presurgical availability in 2 symptomatic patients. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed with antibodies targeting MMP-10, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and CD68. Results The patients with carotid stenosis had significantly more circulating MMP-1, MMP-7 and MMP-10 than the healthy controls. Intraplaque TIMP-1 was correlated with its plasma level (r = 0.42 P = .02) and with 18F-FDG uptake (r = 0.38 P = .05). We did not find any correlation between circulating MMPs and in vivo carotid plaque metabolism assessed by 18F-FDG-PET. After a median follow-up of 1077 days, 4 cerebrovascular, 7 cardiovascular and 11 peripheral vascular events requiring hospitalization were registered. Circulating MMP-7 was capable of predicting events over and above the traditional risk factors (HR = 1.15 P = .006). When the model was associated with the variables of interest, the risk predicted by 18F-FDG-PET was not significant. Conclusions Circulating MMP-7 may represent a novel marker for recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with moderate to severe carotid stenosis. MMP-7 may reflect the atherosclerotic burden but not plaque inflammation in this specific vascular territory.

Sports organizations are subject to a permanent movement, having to plan correctly and systemically towards the future. This research analyzes the different concepts, theories and research of different authors on which are the internal and external variables on which the public and private sports organizations base their management. In this sense, a documentary investigation was designed, with explanatory level depth, oriented in a phenomenological, interpretative epistemological approach, of qualitative nature. The data collection technique is a documentary analysis; using arching of sources and triangulation, the instrument was a digital word processor. Among the findings, it was observed that many sports organizations based their planning mainly on theoretical facts, unrealistic to their situation, always considering the same internal and external variables. In their management these organizations mainly consider the managerial level, and a little to their personnel, being more interested in the results of the teams or of their athletes, the typical operating management is highly qualified to solve current problems and resist a change of paradigm to get involved and to investigate more deeply on other internal variables of their organism equally on external variables that impact on their organization. Finally, the research reflects other variables to be considered in order to optimize the management process in sports organizations, which, when properly considered, can support their management and will result in sustainable development, fulfilling their activities and achieving the stated goal.

Sportske organizacije podliježu stalnim promjenama i moraju pravilno i sistematski planirati svoj rad u budućnosti. Ovo istraživanje analizira različite koncepte, teorije i istraživanja različitih autora koji su se bavili analizom unutrašnjih i vanjskih varijabli na kojima javne i privatne sportske organizacije temelje svoje upravljanje. U tom je smislu osmišljeno dokumentarno istraživanje s dubljim objašnjenjima, orijentisano na fenomenološki, interpretativni epistemološki pristup, kvalitativne prirode. Tehnika prikupljanja podataka je dokumentarna analiza; koristili su se arhivirani izvori i triangulacija, dok je tekst obrađen digitalnim putem. Na osnovu prikupljenih podataka primijećeno je da su mnoge sportske organizacije svoje planiranje temeljile uglavnom na teorijskim činjenicama, nerealnim njihovoj situaciji, uvijek uzimajući u obzir iste unutrašnje i vanjske varijable. U svom menadžmentu ove organizacije uglavnom uzimaju u obzir menadžerski nivo, a malo se orijentišu prema svom osoblju, više zainteresovani za rezultate timova ili svojih sportista, tipično operativno rukovodstvo je visoko kvalifikovano za rješavanje trenutnih problema i opire se promjeni paradigme i ne uključuju se u dublje istraživanje unutrašnje varijable svoje organizacije jednako kao na vanjske varijable koje utiču na njihovu organizaciju. Konačno, istraživanje odražava i druge varijable koje treba razmotriti kako bi se optimizirao proces upravljanja u sportskim organizacijama koje, ako se pravilno razmotre, mogu podržati njihovo upravljanje i rezultirati održivim razvojem, ispunjavanjem svojih aktivnosti i postizanjem navedenog cilja.

Introduction: phenotypic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus are the best expression of its phenotypic study nowadays. Objective: to identify phenotypic patterns of susceptibility to methicillin resistant and sensitive strains. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out at the Arnaldo Milián Castro Hospital from 2013 to 2017 on Staphylococcus aureus isolated in skin and soft parts of hospitalized patients that presented the complete antibiogram consisting of: methicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and cotrimoxazole, classified as resistant or sensitive; 16 patterns were created with the last four antimicrobials in that pre-established order. The population was 1 789 isolates. A distribution frequency of each pattern was obtained and statistical analysis was performed as Chi square of independence and Cramer’s V. Results: the 16 phenotypic patterns of susceptibility circulated; the 13, 1 and 15 were the largest isolates in the five years covered by the study. There was dependence between the methicillin susceptibility and patterns 13 (RSSS), 1 (SSSS), 15 (RSRR), 16 (RSRS), 2 (SSSR), 9 (RRRR) and 3 (SSRR); this association was moderate with patterns 13 and 1, while it was low with the remaining five patterns. Whenever sensitive methicillin was present, patterns 1, 2 and 3 were found more frequently, and if methicillin was resistant, the most frequent patterns were 13, 15, 16 and 9. Conclusions: there was pleomorphism of Staphylococcus aureus strains in skin and soft tissue infections with predominance of statistical association to resistant methicillin.

Abstract Background Little is known on the characteristics of patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in Spain. We aimed to characterize the demographic and clinical profile of IPF patients included in the IPF National Registry of the Spanish Respiratory Society (SEPAR). Methods This is a prospective, observational, multicentre and nationwide study that involved 608 IPF patients included in the SEPAR IPF Registry up to June 27th, 2017, and who received any treatment for their disease. IPF patients were predominantly males, ex-smokers, and aged in their 70s, similar to other registries. Results Upon inclusion, mean ± SD predicted forced vital capacity was 77.6% ± 19.4, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was 48.5% ± 17.7, and the 6-min walk distance was 423.5 m ± 110.4. The diagnosis was mainly established on results from the high-resolution computed tomography in the proper clinical context (55.0% of patients), while 21.2% of patients required invasive procedures (surgical lung biopsy) for definitive diagnosis. Anti-fibrotic treatment was prescribed in 69.4% of cases, 51.5% pirfenidone and 17.9% nintedanib, overall with a good safety profile. Conclusions The SEPAR IPF Registry should help to further characterize current characteristics and future trends of IPF patients in Spain and compare/pool them with other registries and cohorts.

Background: Early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to reduce disease spread. Rapid antigen tests have not been sufficiently evaluated in asymptomatic patients to be used as massive population screening tools. Methods: Head-to-head evaluation of Roche SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as SARS-CoV-2 screening tools performed in asymptomatic adults from a semi-closed community in University of Navarra (Spain) from November 2020 to January 2021. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated using RT-PCR as reference method. Findings: Roche SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test was performed on 2542 asymptomatic adults in a community with a SARS-CoV-2 incidence of 1·93%. It showed a sensitivity of 71·43% (CI 95%: 56·74 – 83·42) and a specificity of 99·68% (CI 95%: 99·37 - 99·86). Positive Predictive Value was 81·4 (CI 95% 66·6 – 91·61) and Negative Predictive Value was 99·44 (CI 95% 99·06 – 99·69). Test sensitivity was related to viral load, with higher sensitivity in RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values under 25 (93·75%, CI 95%: 71·96 – 98·93), that dropped to 29·41% (CI 95%: 10·31- 55·96) in RT-PCR Ct values above 25. Interpretation: This study suggests that rapid antigen tests are less effective in asymptomatic population, when compared with RT-PCR. Further studies are needed to evaluate different options to improve screenings based on rapid antigen test, such as the use of clinical questionnaires to select higher risk-participants, the confirmation of negative results with RT-PCR or the use of repetitive sequential testing. Funding: This research received no external funding.

Albufera Natural Park (ANP) (Valencia, Spain) is one of the most important wetland areas of the Mediterranean coast subject to high anthropogenic pressure, on whose soils a battery of bioassays has never been applied to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk. The present study determined available and water-soluble heavy metal content in four paddy soils used in the ANP, and the ecotoxicological effect on these soils was evaluated by performing the bioassays regulated in Spanish Royal Decree 9/2005. Soil properties and extractable Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn (EDTA pH = 7) were analyzed in soils. These elements and macro- and micronutrients were also assessed in soil leachate. A test battery covering the following was needed: acute toxicity test in Eisenia foetida (OECD TG 207); mineralization tests of nitrogen (OECD TG 2016) and carbon (OECD TG 217); growth inhibition test in Raphidocelis subcapitata (OECD TG 201); mobility inhibition test in Daphnia magna (OECD TG 202). The soils found in the most anthropized areas to the north of the ANP (Massanassa and Alfafar) demonstrated a higher concentration of available heavy metals than in the southern ones (Sueca and Sollana). The aqueous leachate of the studied soils contained very low concentrations, which would be related to soil properties. Despite the high concentration of available potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Massanassa and Alfafar soils, the studied soils showed no toxicity during the performed battery bioassays. Therefore, soils can be considered non-toxic despite the obtained PTEs available concentration.

Objetivo: Valorar las potencialidades de la utilización de aditivos zootécnicos en la apicultura en Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: Se revisaron artículos disponibles en bases de datos en línea (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Google académico), relacionados con el uso de aditivos zootécnicos en abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera). Se hizo una búsqueda por las palabras clave aditivos zootécnicos, probióticos, prebióticos y fitobióticos, extracto de plantas, y luego se adicionó abejas. Todas las búsquedas se realizaron entre 2019 y 2020. No hubo exclusión de ningún período y no se aplicaron restricciones de idioma. Resultados:La utilización de antibióticos en el control y la prevención de infecciones bacterianas en la apicultura producen cambios en la cría de esta especie, y por ello su uso se limita en muchos países. Ante esta realidad, el uso de aditivos zootécnicos constituye una alternativa, debido a su capacidad de modular el sistema inmunológico y la microflora intestinal en las abejas; además de tener una función antagonista contra patógenos. En las últimas décadas se constata que los probióticos y los extractos de plantas son los más utilizados para mejorar los indicadores de salud y productivos, por lo que se trabaja para lograr su estandarización en Cuba. Conclusiones: La obtención y evaluación de aditivos zootécnicos en abejas es una estrategia creciente a nivel mundial, que se enfoca en minimizar o eliminar el empleo de químicos. En Cuba, el uso de estos aditivos constituye una propuesta sostenible para mejorar indicadores de salud, y mantener así la calidad de las mieles.

Introducción: el Staphylococcus aureus es reconocido por su presencia hospitalaria, como productor de sepsis y por su resistencia antimicrobiana; por todo es considerado una superbacteria. Objetivo: caracterizar la susceptibilidad y los patrones fenotípicos antimicrobianos de Staphylococcus aureus en la piel de quemados hospitalizados. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva y transversal en el Hospital “Arnaldo Milián Castro” sobre infecciones de la piel en quemados hospitalizados causadas por Staphylococcus aureus de 2012 a 2016. La muestra fue de 53 aislamientos que tenían susceptibilidades a meticilina, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, gentamicina y sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. Para determinar la frecuencia de susceptibilidad se interrelacionaron las respuestas a la meticilina con las homólogas de cada antimicrobiano. Para los patrones se diseñaron 16 combinaciones aleatorias con los cuatro antimicrobianos, excepto meticilina, y se distribuyeron en dos grupos de acuerdo a su susceptibilidad. Se determinaron las frecuencias de apariciones en ambas variables. Resultados: hubo un franco predominio de sensibilidad individual a meticilina 77,3%, a ciprofloxacina 67,9%, a cloranfenicol 94,3%, a gentamicina 64,1% y a sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim 71,7%. Predominaron los resultados sensibles de los antimicrobianos interrelacionados en igual sentido con la meticilina. El análisis de los patrones demostró la circulación de los 10 fenotipos, el 77,3% está relacionado con la meticilina sensible y, de ellos, el 30,1% con sensibilidad a los cuatro antimicrobianos. Conclusiones: predominó la sensibilidad de los antimicrobianos, de forma individual e interrelacionada en igual sentido, a la meticilina. Se confirmó la variabilidad de patrones fenotípicos, con franco predominio de los relacionados con la sensibilidad a la meticilina.

Se presentan los resultados de la reciente intervención desarrollada en el yacimiento calcolítico de El Pico de la Mora (Peñafiel, Valladolid). Éste es un pequeño asentamiento de 0,5 ha el cual ocupa el extremo de un espigón de páramo y su peculiaridad consiste en que cuenta con una muralla de 100 m de longitud defendiendo su flanco más desprotegido. La excavación de la misma ha servido para identificar una compleja estructura arquitectónica pétrea —con basamento, lienzos, relleno y contrafuerte— que ha sido fechada por radiocarbono en el periodo ca. 2900-2650 cal a. C. Esto convierte a El Pico de la Mora en el más antiguo asentamiento amurallado del valle medio del Duero y uno de los más septentrionales de todo el Calcolítico peninsular.

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño (SAHS) es altamente prevalente en la edad pediátrica y un problema importante de salud pública. Se pretende conocer la presentación clínica y polisomnográfica del SAHS infantil en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los estudios del sueño realizados a menores de 14 años desde 1999 hasta 2012 en la Unidad del Sueño del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. Se recogen edad, sexo, datos antropométricos, clínicos, indicación y variables del estudio del sueño, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: Doscientos treinta y cuatro niños. SAHS el 71,8%: moderado 42,3% y grave 44,6%. 60,7% varones y mediana de edad 5 años; el 78% en edad preescolar o escolar. Presentaban sobrepeso/obesidad 44%, ronquidos 93,4%, apneas 84,5% y somnolencia diurna 5,4%; 23 polisomnografías y 145 poligrafías: mediana de índice de apneas-hipopneas (IAH) 10, de SatO2 mínima 84% y de índice de desaturaciones 8, y media de sueño en supino 53,65% y de eventos en supino 57,61%. El tratamiento fue medidas higiénico-dietéticas en el 29,2%, CPAP el 6% y cirugía el 42,9%. Mejoraron los ronquidos y/o apneas el 69,4% y el peso el 32,4% de los niños con sobrepeso/obesidad. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los niños estudiados tenían un IAH patológico. Casi la mitad presentaban sobrepeso/obesidad y un alto porcentaje tenía SAHS moderado-grave. El tratamiento más indicado fue la cirugía. La evolución clínica fue favorable en casi el 70%. Menos de un tercio con SAHS y sobrepeso/obesidad mejoraron el peso. Abstract: Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent in children and a major public health problem. An attempt is made to determine the clinical and polysomnographic presentation of paediatric OSA in our area. Patients and methods: Retrospective descriptive study of sleep tests conducted on children up to 14 years-old from 1999 to 2012 in the Sleep Unit of the University Hospital of Albacete. Age, gender, anthropometric, clinical data, indication and variables of sleep study, treatment, and outcomes were collected. Results: The study included 234 children. OSA was found in 71.8%, with 42.3% moderate and 44.6% severe. The majority were male (60.7%) and the mean age 5 was years, of whom 78% were pre-school or school age. There was overweight/obesity in 44%, with 93.4% snoring, apnoea 84.5%, and 5.4% daytime sleepiness. There were 23 polysomnographies and 145 polygraphies, with a median apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) of 10, Sat.O2 minimum 84%, desaturation index 8, and mean sleep supine 53.65% and supine events 57.61%. Treatment was lifestyle modifications 29.2%, CPAP 6%, and surgery 42.9%. Improved snoring and/or apnoea 69.4%, and weight 32.4% of overweight/obesity children. Conclusions: Most of the studied children had a pathological AHI. Almost half were overweight/obese, and a high percentage had moderate-severe OSA. Most frequent treatment was surgery. The clinical outcome was favourable in almost 70%. Less than a third with OSA and overweight/obesity improved weight.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is highly prevalent in children and a major public health problem. An attempt is made to determine the clinical and polysomnographic presentation of paediatric OSA in our area. Patients and methods: Retrospective descriptive study of sleep tests conducted on children up to 14 years old from 1999 to 2012 in the Sleep Unit of the University Hospital of Albacete. Age, gender, anthropometric, clinical data, indication and variables of sleep study, treatment, and outcomes were collected. Results: The study included 234 children. OSA was found in 71.8%, with 42.3% moderate and 44.6% severe. The majority were male (60.7%) and the mean age was 5 years, of whom 78% were pre-school or school age. There was overweight/obesity in 44%, with 93.4% snoring, apnoea 84.5%, and 5.4% daytime sleepiness. There were 23 polysomnographies and 145 polygraphies, with a median apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) of 10, SatO2 minimum 84%, desaturation index 8, and mean sleep supine 53.65% and supine events 57.61%. Treatment was lifestyle modifications 29.2%, CPAP 6%, and surgery 42.9%. Improved snoring and/or apnoea 69.4%, and weight 32.4% of overweight/obesity children. Conclusions: Most of the studied children had a pathological AHI. Almost half were overweight/obese, and a high percentage had moderate-severe OSA. Most frequent treatment was surgery. The clinical outcome was favourable in almost 70%. Less than a third with OSA and overweight/obesity improved weight. Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño (SAHS) es altamente prevalente en la edad pediátrica y un problema importante de salud pública. Se pretende conocer la presentación clínica y polisomnográfica del SAHS infantil en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los estudios del sueño realizados a menores de 14 años desde 1999 hasta 2012 en la Unidad del Sueño del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. Se recogen edad, sexo, datos antropométricos, clínicos, indicación y variables del estudio del sueño, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: Doscientos treinta y cuatro niños. SAHS el 71,8%: moderado 42,3% y grave 44,6%. 60,7% varones y mediana de edad 5 años; el 78% en edad preescolar o escolar. Presentaban sobrepeso/obesidad 44%, ronquidos 93,4%, apneas 84,5% y somnolencia diurna 5,4%; 23 polisomnografías y 145 poligrafías: mediana de índice de apneas-hipopneas (IAH) 10, de SatO2 mínima 84% y de índice de desaturaciones 8, y media de sueño en supino 53,65% y de eventos en supino 57,61%. El tratamiento fue medidas higiénico-dietéticas en el 29,2%, CPAP el 6% y cirugía el 42,9%. Mejoraron los ronquidos y/o apneas el 69,4% y el peso el 32,4% de los niños con sobrepeso/obesidad. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los niños estudiados tenían un IAH patológico. Casi la mitad presentaban sobrepeso/obesidad y un alto porcentaje tenía SAHS moderado-grave. El tratamiento más indicado fue la cirugía. La evolución clínica fue favorable en casi el 70%. Menos de un tercio con SAHS y sobrepeso/obesidad mejoraron el peso.

The food industry, in response to current consumer demand for natural and functional foods, is constantly evolving and reformulating traditional products formulations. Thus, during the last decades, multiple natural sources have been investigated to replace the need to add synthetic additives. In addition, the use of natural sources can also increase the nutritional quality of the food. With this in mind, elderberry is used in the food industry for certain purposes. However, its potential is much higher than the number of applications it currently has. Its high content of anthocyanins, as well as other polyphenols and vitamins, means that it can be used by the food industry both as a colorant and as an antioxidant. In addition, the incorporation of these bioactive compounds results in functional foods, with a high antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the inclusion of elderberry products in foods formulation increases their shelf-life, but the correct amount and strategy for adding elderberry to food should be studied to ensure a positive effect on nutritional and technological properties without affecting (or improving) the sensory quality of foods. Therefore, this manuscript aims to review the main bioactive compounds present in elderberries, as well as their potential uses in the food industry.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) not only have shown remarkable results as antimicrobial and antiviral agents but also as antitumor agents. This work reports the complete characterization of five polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNP (PVP-AgNP) formulations, their cytotoxic activity against human colon tumor cells (HCT-15), their cytotoxic effect on primary mouse cultures, and their lethal dose on BALB/c mice. The evaluated AgNP formulations have a composition within the ranges Ag: 1.14–1.32% w/w, PVP: 19.6–24.5% and H2O: 74.2–79.2% with predominant spherical shape within an average size range of 16–30 nm according to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All formulations assessed increase mitochondrial ROS concentration and induce apoptosis as the leading death pathway on HCT-15 cells. Except for AgNP1, the growth inhibition potency of AgNP formulations of human colon tumor cancer cells (HCT-15) is 34.5 times higher than carboplatin, one of the first-line chemotherapy agents. Nevertheless, 5–10% of necrotic events, even at the lower concentration evaluated, were observed. The cytotoxic selectivity was confirmed by evaluating the cytotoxic effect on aorta, spleen, heart, liver, and kidney primary cultures from BALB/c mice. Despite the cytotoxic effects observed in vitro, the lethal dose and histopathological analysis showed the low toxicity of these formulations (all of them on Category 4 of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) and minor damage observed on analyzed organs. The results provide an additional example of the rational design of safety nanomaterials with antitumor potency and urge further experiments to complete the preclinical studies for these AgNP formulations.

Ti prosthesis have shown better biological compatibility, mechanical performance, and resistance to corrosion in cases of bone replacements. Nevertheless, fully dense Ti in connection with bone-host tissues show stress-shielding phenomenon that, together with the development of frequent undesirable microbial infections, may lead to implant failures. To overcome these issues, the present study aimed at the development of a novel combination of a chemically functionalized porous Ti substrate with a potentially therapeutic AgNPs coating. Fully dense and porous Ti substrates (30 and 60 vol.%, 100–200 and 355–500 μm, as spacer particles) were studied. Ti surface was treated with acid or basic medium followed by silanization and deposition of AgNPs by “submerged” and “in situ” methods. In general, for similar porosity, mechanical resistance decreased as pore size increased. Acidic reagent and submerged methodology were the best combination for fully dense Ti substrates. Hence, they were also employed for porous Ti substrates. Depending on the porosity of the substrates, variations can be observed both in the size and degree of agglomeration of the deposited AgNPs, entailing differences in the antibacterial behavior of the samples.

One of the major limitations during titanium (Ti) implant osseointegration is the poor cellular interactions at the biointerface. In the present study, the combined effect of recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and nanopatterned Ti6Al4V fabricated with Directed irradiation synthesis (DIS) is investigated in vitro. This environmentally-friendly plasma uses ions to create self-organized nanostructures on the surfaces. Nanocones (≈36.7 nm in DIS 80°) and thinner nanowalls (≈16.5 nm in DIS 60°) were fabricated depending on DIS incidence angle and observed via scanning electron microscopy. All samples have a similar crystalline structure and wettability, except for sandblasted/acid-etched (SLA) and acid-etched/anodized (Anodized) samples which are more hydrophilic. Biological results revealed that the viability and adhesion properties (vinculin expression and cell spreading) of DIS 80° with BMP-2 were similar to those polished with BMP-2, yet we observed more filopodia on DIS 80° (≈39 filopodia/cell) compared to the other samples (3.3 fold) compared to polished with BMP-2. Hence, this study shows there is a synergistic effect of BMP-2 and DIS surface modification in improving Ti biological properties which could be applied to Ti bone implants to treat bone disease.

Basaltic samples selected from different areas of Tenerife were analyzed by applying laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy and X Ray Diffraction (XRD) in order to identify the basic chemical composition and mineralogy. The basic composition obtained from the analysis was: O, F, Na, K, Mg, Al Si, Ca, Ti and Fe. Raman spectroscopic and XRD analyses indicated a basaltic mineralogy which is consistent with the basic composition results obtained from LIBS. The results of the analyses carried out using portable instrumentation proved the suitability of the LIBS, specially combined with the Raman spectroscopy for their application in the mineralogical-chemical identification in the areas where basalts and lapilli are extracted for construction works in Tenerife.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most isolated nosocomial microorganisms and exhibits high resistance to antimicrobial ones. Objective: to characterize the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin and soft tissue. Method: A transverse descriptive investigation was realized at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Hospital about Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial isolated from skin and soft tissue in hospitalized patients from 2003 to 2012. The sample was of 835 isolations, the results were presented in tables and graphs and a statistical regression analysis and seasonal factors was performed. Results: the nosocomial isolations represented 21.6% of the totality of Staphylococcus aureus, the surgical services reported the highest insolation values (78%), and the endemic corridor showed epidemic peaks in the months of April and November and antimicrobial resistance was lower for chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions: one of four isolatations of Staphylococcus aureus is nosocomial, the endemic corridor identified epidemic outbreaks without coincident with the historical behavior of the series in which the maximum peak correspond to October, Staphylococcus aureus showed profiles of high resistance for all used antimicrobial and the chloramphenicol and the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed lower values of antimicrobial resistance.

En este trabajo se abordan los efectos de la educación en el comportamiento financiero de las familias españolas, con relación a la contratación de los planes privados de pensiones. Se realizan varias estimaciones de la probabilidad de tener planes de pensiones y de realizar aportaciones a los mismos, utilizando el modelo logit y los microdatos de la Encuesta Financiera de las Familias del Banco de España del 2005. Los resultados muestran que son los hábitos financieros, más que el nivel de estudios del cabeza de familia, los que más influyen en la participación voluntaria en planes de pensiones.