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Abstract The sea urchin Diadema africanum is a macro-herbivore found in the rocky reef systems of the West African region and Macaronesian archipelagos. Over several decades, high densities of this species have generated marine barrens in certain areas at the Canary Islands. In contrast, more recently, during the last few years, the species has suffered mass mortality events that continue to the present day. In this study, we used 9,109 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and a fragment of a mitochondrial gene to evaluate the species’ population structure, effects of mass mortalities on its diversity, and potential local adaptation across the Canary Islands and Cabo Verde. Our research provides compelling evidence of low genomic diversity and homogeneity across the studied area for neutral markers, along with recent demographic fluctuations. The high connectivity among distant areas likely allows a rapid recovering of the populations from local mortality events. Interestingly, we also observed genomic sub-structure from 405 SNPs identified as candidate loci under selection for seawater temperature. The lack of divergence among distant sites and the low diversity found can be attributed to the species’ divergence from a small ancestral genomic pool, followed by a contemporary demographic expansion, and ongoinggene flow.

El artículo examina el impacto de la violencia criminal en la participación electoral, considerando el nivel de desarrollo humano a nivel municipal. Con este fin, se analizan las elecciones municipales en Ciudad de México (CDMX) y Chiapas en el periodo 2006-2018. Se hipotetiza que la asociación entre participación electoral y tasa de homicidios varía según el desarrollo humano municipal. Para su comprobación, se utiliza una metodología cuantitativa y una base de datos de elaboración propia. Los resultados no confirman que el desarrollo humano municipal modere la relación entre violencia criminal y participación electoral, lo que podría atribuirse a la complejidad de factores contextuales y dinámicas específicas de cada área estudiada.

Abstract Specimens of lophogastrids were collected off Chile, including four first records: Ceratolepis hamata G.O. Sars, 1883 in the vicinity of Easter Island, Eucopia unguiculata (Willemoës-Suhm, 1875) the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Gnathophausia zoea Willemoës-Suhm, 1873 off Concepción, and Neognathophausia ingens (Dohrn, 1870) off Valparaíso. Additional records were also obtained for Chile for four species: Eucopia australis Dana, 1852, Eucopia grimaldii Nouvel, 1942, Fagegnathophausia gracilis (Willemoës-Suhm, 1875), and Paralophogaster sp. Based on these records, lophogastrids are now represented off Chile, in the southeastern Pacific, by nine species.

IntroductionThe Unfolded Protein Response, a mechanism triggered by the cell in response to Endoplasmic reticulum stress, is linked to inflammatory responses. Our aim was to identify novel Unfolded Protein Response-mechanisms that might be involved in triggering or perpetuating the inflammatory response carried out by the Intestinal Epithelial Cells in the context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.MethodsWe analyzed the transcriptional profile of human Intestinal Epithelial Cell lines treated with an Endoplasmic Reticulum stress inducer (thapsigargin) and/or proinflammatory stimuli. Several genes were further analyzed in colonic biopsies from Ulcerative Colitis patients and healthy controls. Lastly, we generated Caco-2 cells lacking HMGCS2 by CRISPR Cas-9 and analyzed the functional implications of its absence in Intestinal Epithelial Cells.ResultsExposure to a TLR ligand after thapsigargin treatment resulted in a powerful synergistic modulation of gene expression, which led us to identify new genes and pathways that could be involved in inflammatory responses linked to the Unfolded Protein Response. Key differentially expressed genes in the array also exhibited transcriptional alterations in colonic biopsies from active Ulcerative Colitis patients, including NKG2D ligands and the enzyme HMGCS2. Moreover, functional studies showed altered metabolic responses and epithelial barrier integrity in HMGCS2 deficient cell lines.ConclusionWe have identified new genes and pathways that are regulated by the Unfolded Protein Response in the context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease including HMGCS2, a gene involved in the metabolism of Short Chain Fatty Acids that may have an important role in intestinal inflammation linked to Endoplasmic Reticulum stress and the resolution of the epithelial damage.

El objetivo de la investigación fue implementar un procedimiento para el desarrollo de la cadena productiva del ecoturismo como contribución al desarrollo local. Para ello se establecen los fundamentos de la concepción de su desarrollo a partir de factores claves explicativos de su estado de desarrollo e implementación de acciones para su transformación. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: revisión documental, entrevistas abiertas no estructuradas a especialistas y empresarios, observación, sistema estructural y triangulación; además, se empleó el programa informático Statistic Program for Social Sciences versión 20.0, coeficiente de Kendall, análisis estructural de la matriz de impactos cruzados-multiplicación aplicada a una clasificación (MIC-MAC) y matriz de alianzas y conflictos: tácticas, objetivos y recomendaciones La aplicación en el municipio Bartolomé Masó, provincia Granma, Cuba, demostró la viabilidad del procedimiento, confirmó las posibilidades de desarrollar la cadena productiva del ecoturismo desde lo local, así como superar las carencias teóricas y prácticas encontradas.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo examinar los efectos del sistema electoral sobre las cuotas de género en Brasil y Perú, en los que están fijadas en 30 % y se han celebrado al menos tres elecciones legislativas desde que entraron en vigor. Con tal fin, se realiza una descripción de los elementos de cada uno de los sistemas electorales y de la evolución en la representación femenina en las cámaras bajas o únicas. Se confirma que la magnitud de los distritos electorales, el sistema de listas y el mandato de posición son tres de los elementos del sistema electoral que más afectan a la efectividad de las cuotas de género. / This article reviews the effects of the electoral system on gender quotas in Brazil and Peru, where they are fixed at around 30 % and have been enforced for at least three legislative elections since they were enacted. For this purpose, we provide a description of the elements of both electoral systems and how the representation of women has evolved in each. Our findings are that electoral district magnitude, the listing system and mandatory positions are among the elements which most impact gender quota effectivity.

El presente artículo tiene por objeto describir el concepto de bienes y servicios en las Directivas de consumo de la Unión Europea (UE) y en el Estatuto del Consumidor colombiano, para luego analizar en cada uno de estos ordenamientos cómo han de entenderse en un contexto de mercado digital. Esto permitirá, mediante una metodología descriptiva, considerar el tratamiento jurídico en Colombia de bienes que utilizan elementos digitales para su funcionamiento, conocido también como el Internet de las cosas. Al ponerse de presente los efectos jurídicos que de una relación de consumo de esta clase emergen, se sustenta que el Estatuto del Consumidor colombiano, en su estado actual, no es suficiente para afrontar la cuarta revolución industrial y el mercado digital, proponiendo una serie de medidas sustanciales y procesales necesarias que permitan el acoplamiento de Colombia al acelerado crecimiento del intercambio electrónico.

Abstract Recurrent sea urchin mass mortality has recently affected eastern Atlantic populations of the barren‐forming sea urchin Diadema africanum. This new episode of die‐off affords the opportunity to determine common meteorological and oceanographic conditions that may promote disease outbreaks. The population dynamics of this sea urchin species are well known—urchin barrens have persisted for many decades along most of the coastlines off the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvages, and the Canary Islands, where they limit macroalgae biomass growth. However, this new and explosive mortality event decimated the sea urchin population by 93% on Tenerife and La Palma Islands. Two severe episodes of southwestern rough sea that led to winter storms, in February 2010 (Xynthia) and February 2018 (Emma), preceded both mass mortality events. The autumn and winter months of those years were anomalous and characterized by swells with an average wave height above 2 m that hit the south and southwest sides of the islands. The amoeba Paramoeba brachiphila was the only pathogen isolated this time from the moribund and dead sea urchins, suggesting that the amoeba was the primary cause of the mortality. This new sea urchin die‐off event supports the “killer‐storm” hypothesis that has been already described for western Atlantic coasts. These anomalous southwest storms during winters generate pronounced underwater sediment movement and large‐scale vertical mixing, detected in local tide gauge, which may promote paramoebiasis. This study presents valuable insights about climate‐mediated changes in disease frequency and its impacts on the future of coastal marine ecosystems in the Atlantic.

In recent years, recurrent sea urchin mass mortalities in the Canary Islands have been registered. These mortality-related events have decimated 93% of the eastern Atlantic populations of the barren-forming sea urchin Diadema africanum. Two severe episodes of rough southeastern seas led to winter storms in February 2010 (Xynthia) and February 2018 (Emma) and preceded the last mass mortality event. We hypothesized that these events are related to the mass mortalities registered during the February in those years. Previous studies identified Neoparamoeba branchiphila as the causal agent of the disease, possibly acting in synergy with Vibrio alginolyticus and/or other pathogens. To determine the link between winter storms and the sea urchin pathogen community, we monitored the marine pathogen assemblage before and after the winter storm Filomena (February 2020) on Tenerife Island, on different habitats (sea water, sediment and algae) and in four species of sea urchin hosts (D. africanum, Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis). A total of six pathogens, including N. branchiphila, Vexillifera minutissima, Acanthamoeba sp., Vahlkampfia sp., V. alginolyticus and green colonies of Vibrio spp., were identified. Only small amoebas were found in sea urchins, while Vibrio species were more common in seawater, sediment and algae substrates. V. alginolyticus was occasionally detected in three sea urchins specimens, while N. branchiphila was found in the coelom of all four sea urchin studied. As previously hypothesized, a significant pathogen increment in seawater and in the sea urchin species D. africanum and P. lividus, was found after Filomena. Our results confirmed the relationship between the winter storms and marine pathogen dynamics. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the direct relationship between these pathogen increases and the sea urchin mass mortalities.

Abstract The offshore mysid Neobirsteiniamysis inermis (Willemoes-Suhm, 1874) is reported for the first time in western Mexico. A large series of specimens (168 specimens: 44 males, 124 females) was obtained from samples taken with a large benthic sled in as many as 28 localities distributed off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula (15), in the Gulf of California (11), and off SW Mexico (2). Only one ovigerous female was collected. A complete description of the material, based on a mature specimen, is provided, including SEM images of the mandibles, which are described in detail, and of the eyes.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine the state of knowledge management research in supply chain management from three standpoints, methodological approach, supply chain management area, and knowledge management processes. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve this, a systematic review is conducted over the period 2000-2014 on the basis of a qualitative content analysis. Findings: Major results showed that knowledge management can be viewed as a leverage mechanism for: (i) supply chain integration; (ii) the enhancement of intra and inter-relations across the supply chain; (iii) supply chain strategy alignment; and (iv) the reinforcement of knowledge transfer in product development. Some supply chain management areas such as reverse logistics, inventory management, forecasting/demand planning, outsourcing, and risk management have been explored only to some extent. Furthermore, knowledge transfer is being studied in the majority of the articles, mainly by both case study and survey approach; mathematical models and simulation techniques are used in very limited articles. Findings concerning theoretical perspectives and managerial issues are also described. Research limitations/implications: The limitation of our study encompasses the aspects of search period (2000-2014), selection of search databases (Web of Science and SCOPUS and language selection (English). Practical implications: The exhibition of the KM processes within the SC context may help practitioners and managers interested in implementing KM initiatives to replicate the methodologies in order to increase the possibilities of a successful KM adoption. Originality/value: The systematic review will contribute to the understanding of the present state of research in the knowledge management theory, with focus on the supply chain, as there are no state-of-knowledge studies that report a systematic literature review approach.

We tested the suitability of three different kinds of artificial collectors designed for quantitative assessment of echinoid settlement rates: (1) nylon nets containing plastic biofilter balls, (2) vertical scrub brushes with vegetal bristles and (3) horizontal triangular mats of coconut fibre. We measured the collecting efficiency by counting the number of post-larvae of two sea urchin species (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) gathered by each collector and deployed in two geographic areas: Tenerife (Canary Islands, eastern Atlantic) and Tossa de Mar (Costa Brava, northwestern Mediterranean). The plastic biofilter ball collector proved to be the most efficient design, collecting more settlers of both sea urchin species under all assayed conditions and showing a higher reproducibility than the other two designs. We therefore suggest using plastic biofilter balls in future studies aimed at quantifying echinoid settlement rates.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the thread of research regarding the need for logistic systems for planning and scheduling/rescheduling within the agro-industry. To this end, an agent-based model driven decision support system for the agri-food supply chain is presented. Inputs in this research are taken from a case example of a Mexican green coffee supply chain. In this context, the decision support agent serves the purposes of deriving useful knowledge to accomplish (i) the decision regarding the estimation of Cherry coffee yield obtained at the coffee plantation, and the Parchment coffee sample verification decision, using fuzzy logic involving an inference engine with IF-THEN type rules; (ii) the production plan establishment decision, using a decision-making rule approach based upon the coupling of IF-THEN fuzzy inference rules and equation-based representation by means of mixed integer programming with the aim to maximize customer service level; and (iii) the production plan update decision using mathematical equations once the customer service level falls below the expected level. Three scenarios of demand patterns were considered to conduct the experiments: increasing, unimodal and decreasing. We found that the input inventory and output inventory vary similar over time for the unimodal demand pattern, not the case for both the increasing and decreasing demand patterns. For the decreasing demand pattern, ten tardy orders for the initial production schedule, an 88% service level, and nineteen tardy orders from the estimated production results, a 77% service level. This value falls below the expected level. Consequently, the updated aggregate production schedule resulted in ten tardy orders and an 88% service level.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protection from extractive activities on the population structure of two limpets of commercial interest, Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella candei crenata. We evaluated the status of these populations in La Palma Marine Protected Area (MPA), Canary Islands, and in comparable unprotected areas in the lower intertidal zone of the same island. We showed that the density of P. ulyssiponensis depended greatly on the level of protection, whereas the effects of protection on the density of P. candei crenata were less clear and only differences between sites were found. These results are probably linked to the different habitat affinities of the two species studied and demonstrate the need to tailor conservation strategies in MPAs to individual species for appropriate management of local shellfish resources.

This article is aimed at outlining the general aspects that undermine the use of the clinical method in everyday medical practice and also at exposing those that cause a negative effect on the use of the various steps leading to the correct diagnosis and treatment of a patient. A presentation is made on the issues and situations that may contribute not to take into account the clinical method and the requirements for its implementation. Finally, it is concluded that the importance and appropriate management of the clinical method is not still widely known and that the decline of the doctor-patient relationship is a key element that hinders its application.

Experimental studies were carried out to determine the effects of predation on populations of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum in barren grounds at the Canary Islands. The studied urchin populations were dominated by small to medium sized individuals (24-38 mm) and were variable in space. Tethering experiments showed that predation rates on D. aff. antillarum were very low and no differences were found between sites. Predation was found to be most intense on juveniles (< 20 mm) and on 20-30 mm sized adults, the size range at which most individuals cease to exhibit cryptic behaviour. Urchins with test diameter > 40 mm were not preyed upon whatsoever. We have experimentally demonstrated that there is an absolute predator ‘escape size’ of around 40 mm for D. aff. antillarum individuals in barren grounds. Predation rates obtained for juveniles show that a sufficient number may escape predation and sustain the adult population, maintaining the urchin barren habitat. Recruitment and topographic complexity, rather than predation, seem to determine the structure of urchin populations in barren grounds. We conclude that predation in fished barren grounds of the Canarian Archipelago is not of sufficient magnitude to substantially alter dense urchin populations and cause community-level effects.

Diadema antillarum Philippi occurs in high density populations in the Canary Islands, creating extensive barren areas. During one year we determined seasonal changes in the algal abundance and population densities, test diameter, gut contents and gonad index of sea urchins in two localities (Abades and Boca Cangrejo). Boca Cangrejo shows higher algae cover and species richness than Abades. The sea urchin population at Abades had a higher density and smaller urchins than Boca Cangrejo. Boca Cangrejo sea urchins showed higher specific richness in gut contents than Abades urchins. The sea urchin population at Abades did not have a clearer reproductive periodicity or higher gonad index than the Boca Cangrejo population. Temporal and spatial changes in gonad periodicity of Diadema antillarum are attributed, at least in part, to benthic food availability (algal cover and algal species number) and intra-specific competition.

El objetivo del trabajo fue establecer las bases teóricas para fundamentar científicamente la necesidad de evaluar el impacto de la reconversión de la industria azucarera y de la aplicación de una política común a realidades diferentes. Se partió de un análisis crítico del antes y el después para reflejar la situación de la localidad de Punta Alegre, municipio Chambas, provincia Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, y poder diseñar un procedimiento que permita la reinserción de esta en la estrategia de desarrollo del Municipio Chambas, provincia de Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Se determinó que en la comunidad estudiada existe una alta tasa de desempleo, falta de estabilidad y mal estado técnico del transporte; deterioro de las redes hidráulicas y de comunicaciones. Se concluyó que la integración y apoyo por parte de la Dirección del Gobierno municipal es insuficiente todavía: sólo diez acciones propuestas estaban destinadas a la recuperación o diversificación de la base económica de la localidad, que se encuentra estancada.

Objetivo. Determinar la incidencia anual de CCU en

La problemática sobre los valores éticos posee plena vigencia en la sociedad actual, constituyendo uno de los retos más complejos que debe enfrentar nuestro Sistema Socialista, en particular el Sistema de Educación Superior y dentro de esta, nuestra Universidad Médica, en la cual sus estudiantes se encuentran protagonizando la Cruzada Universitaria por la Ética Profesional y la Excelencia en los Servicios de Salud. Se realizó una propuesta de Estrategia, que permite accionar para darle cumplimiento a dicha Cruzada (desde la brigada hasta el centro), personificado en la figura de Martí. Partimos de 500 estudiantes encuestados de Pinar del Río, 200 de 1ero, 2do año y 100 de 3er año. Del total, calificados de M-(265) para 52,0%, R-(160) para un 32,0% y B-(80) para un 16,0%.Los resultados reflejaron la necesidad de profundizar sobre la problemática anterior.

El turismo es una de las actividades más importantes de la Economía Mundial actual. Muchas son las acciones que se han llevado a cabo para garantizar un desarrollo en este sector; sin embargo, la alta fragilidad que casi siempre existe en estas áreas es un problema para conseguir que este desarrollo se lleve a cabo de forma sostenible; además, la introducción de la actividad turística de forma desordenada sin una valoración seria, trae posibles consecuencias, como impactos negativos que repercutan en el futuro, por lo que no existe un proceso de desarrollo turístico equilibrado si aumentan las diferencias sociales y económicas o si se produce el beneficio excesivo de determinados grupos sociales o territorios frente al aislamiento o empobrecimiento de otros y se producen impactos ambientales que repercuten de forma negativa en el desarrollo turístico. Ante este escenario, y la creciente incorporación de este sector a las economías de una mayor cantidad de países, especialmente aquellos en vía de desarrollo que cuentan con alta biodiversidad, es que se debe convertir en un reto principal de todo el capital humano que participa, garantizar su sostenibilidad, lo cual, hará posible, que el turismo en estas áreas tenga un impacto positivo a lo largo del tiempo, sin traer la degradación del patrimonio y consecuencias sociales no deseadas y que por el contrario, contribuya a su revalorización y desarrollo. En el trabajo se proponen acciones para lograr materializar estos objetivos en el entorno turístico enmarcado en el destino “Jardines del Rey”.

Se sabe que el conocimiento que en la actualidad se tiene sobre el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, a pesar de los múltiples estudios realizados, sigue siendo poco. Se realizan muchos esfuerzos para lograr una solución efectiva contra esta pandemia. Se pretende conocer e identificar cada una de sus manifestaciones por lo vitales que resultan para el médico de asistencia de cualquier especialidad. En este artículo se presentaron las alteraciones digestivas más frecuentes en este síndrome y con las que un profesional sanitario puede encontrase en el ejercicio de sus funciones.It is well known that in spite of the number of studies made, the present knowledge about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is still poor. A lot of efforts are being made to reach an effective solution to this pandemics. It is intended to know and identify each of its manifestations because they are vital for the physician of every specialty. This article set forth the most frequent digestive disorders in this syndrome that a health professional may encounter in the performance of his/her functions.

Se realizó esta investigación para estudiar las alteraciones de los lípidos en 35 pacientes que tenían entre 3 y 6 meses de evolución de un infarto del miocardio; se cuantificaron las fracciones lipídicas, las apolipoproteínas A-I y B y el fibrinógeno, que son los principales factores lipídicos predictivos del riesgo coronario. Se procesaron en el laboratorio de bioquímica del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras," mediante el programa de Excel y se obtuvieron los resultados siguientes: los niveles del colesterol, de la HDL-C y del índice COL/HDL-COL, estuvieron aumentados en la mitad de los infartados, los triglicéridos y la VLDL estuvieron aumentados en la tercera parte de ellos. La HDL-C y la Apo A-I, estaban disminuidas en la tercera parte de los infartados, sin embargo la Apo-B se incrementó en más de la mitad de los mismos. El fibrinógeno solo se elevó en la cuarta parte de esos pacientes.An investigation was made to study the lipid alterations in 35 patients with a myocardial infarction from 3 to 6 months of evolution. Lipid fractions, apolipoproteins A-I and B and fibrinogen, which are the main lipid factors predicitive of coronary risk, were quantized. They were processed at the biochemical laboratory of "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Clinical and Surgical Hospital by using the Excel program and the following results were obtained: the levels of cholesterol, of HDL-C and of the COL/HDL-COL index augmented in half of the patients suffering from infarction. Triglycerides and VLDL increased in the third part of them. HDL-C and Apo A-I decreased in the third part of the patients with infarction. However, Apo-B rose in more than half of them. Fibrinogen was only elevated in the fourth part of these patients.

During parasitological surveys of marine fishes and zooplankton in localities of the Northwestern Pacific coast of Mexico, 28 Gafftopsail pompano (Trachinotus rhodopus Gill) and 50 mysid crustaceans (Metamysidopsis frankfiersi Hendrickx & Hernández-Payán) we identified to be infected with adults and cystacanths, respectively of an acanthocephalan morphologically corresponding to the genus Rhadinorhynchus Lühe, 1911. DNA sequences of the small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunits of ribosomal DNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) from mitochondrial DNA were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the newly sequenced individuals in a clade with Rhadinorhynchus sp. from carangids in other localities of the Pacific coast of Mexico; together, all these individuals formed an independent lineage that is recognized herein as a new species, Rhadinorhynchus trachinotin. sp. The new species is morphologically distinguished from the other 38 congeners by having a long and cylindrical proboscis armed with 12 longitudinal rows bearing 16–18 hooks each. The ecological information gathered from the parasites, together with genetic evidence, confirms that the Gafftopsail pompano is the definitive host of R. trachinotin. sp., while mysid crustaceans serve as the intermediate host. Current records also indicate that R. trachinotin. sp. is distributed along the Pacific coast of Mexico, from Mazatlán, Sinaloa in the north to Puerto Angel, Oaxaca in the south. This distribution aligns with the Mexican Coastal Current, which extends from the Gulf of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca to the entrance of the Gulf of California and southern Baja California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]