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La clasificación ambiental representa uno de los primeros pasos en el desarrollo de cualquier tipo de estudio sobre una región en particular. El uso del mapeo del hábitat se ha adoptado cada vez más para representar las características del medio pues permite identificar regiones homogéneas basadas en características únicas. La Sorpresa es un arrecife rocoso altamente heterogéneo, sin embargo, las caracterizaciones realizadas hasta el momento no han capturado dicha propiedad. El objetivo del presente estudio es desarrollar un producto cartográfico apegado a la manifestación espacial del hábitat en este arrecife rocoso. Para ello se llevó a cabo un muestreo en el que fueron obtenidos datos del entorno bentónico útiles para caracterizar la zona, al interpolar los valores de porcentaje de las coberturas abióticas y bióticas. En el presente trabajo se demostró que el uso de datos puntuales obtenidos a partir de censos visuales junto con los métodos de interpolación, resultaron ser una estrategia eficaz, con un buen desempeño para la caracterización de los arrecifes. Además, se conformaron los mapas de hábitats de la zona. El método interpolación Distancia Media Ponderada (IDW) mostró mayor fidelidad para representar las características del ambiente. Gracias a este, fue posible comprobar que el arrecife presentó elevada heterogeneidad de hábitats. De manera general el arrecife rocoso presenta una composición con tepetate y las rocas como los sustratos duros predominantes en el área, en estos se soporta la cobertura de algas coralinas, coral y macroalgas.

Shallow hydrothermal systems are extreme environments. The sediments and fluids emitted from the vents present unusual physical and chemical conditions compared to other marine areas, which promotes unique biodiversity that has been of great interest for biotechnology for some years. In this work, a bioprospective study was carried out to evaluate the capacity of bacteria associated with shallow hydrothermal vents to produce biofilm-inhibiting compounds. Degradation assays of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducers (C6HSL) involved in the quorum sensing process were carried out on 161 strains of bacteria isolated from three shallow hydrothermal systems located in Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico. The biosensor Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 was used. Twenty-three strains showed activity, and organic extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate. The potential of the extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilms was tested against two human pathogenic strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Aeromonas caviae ScH3), a shrimp pathogen (Vibrio parahaemolyticus M8), and two marine strains identified as producing biofilms on submerged surfaces (Virgibacillus sp C29 and Vibrio alginolyticus C96). The results showed that Vibrio alginolyticus and Brevibacillus thermoruber, as well as some thermotolerant strains (mostly Bacillus), produce compounds that inhibit bacterial biofilms (B. licheniformis, B. paralicheniformis, B. firmus, B. oceanizedimenis, B. aerius and B. sonorensis).

The main effects of El Nino and La Nina on fish are increases in mortality rates, abundance and recruitment variation, and expansion/restriction in the range of distribution and spawning areas. Potentially, the interactions with seasonal effects can further exacerbate or dampen fluctuations in these parameters. The objective of this work, therefore, was to characterize the possible differences in the reef fish community structure in two seasons of the year (warm/cold) and between years (2010/2012) following El Nino-La Nina events. There were no significant differences in mean species richness between years. Furthermore, although more than twice the number of individuals was observed in the year after La Nina (2012) compared to the year following El Nino (2010), there were no significant differences with respect to mean abundance per transect. The total number of species recorded was slightly higher in the cold season, with 68 species across both years. In contrast, the total abundance was higher in the warm season. However, differences between seasons were neither significant for mean species richness nor for mean abundance. Neither season nor year exhibited a significant effect on community composition. The cold season in the Gulf of California is characterized by intense winds which generate a greater mixed layer; this, in turn, increases productivity, with cascading effects on higher trophic levels. In contrast, the presence of nitrogen-fixing picocyanobacteria which increase the levels of primary production may be a factor leading to maintaining a similar fish abundance in the warm season. Fluctuations between seasons and years of study were observed for some individual species, which may be related to oceanic productivity and reproductive periods. The results obtained in this work indicate that seasonality and climatic phenomena such El Nino and La Nina do not have a marked effect on community attributes of rocky reef fish in the southern Gulf of California, which apparently form a seasonally stable community, despite some fluctuations in individual species.

Overfishing is a key stressor in many coral reefs, affecting their function and ecosystem services. In the Gulf of California, 50 years of artisanal and recreational fishing have removed most of the largest and most vulnerable fish species, the Espiritu Santo Archipelago (ESA) is a marine protected area (MPA) where artisanal and recreational fishing are allowed in most of the natural reefs, while the artificial reefs (wrecks) are fully protected. An important question under such circumstances is whether artificial reefs can serve as surrogate habitats for the natural reefs. To address this question, we characterized the fish community (species richness, abundance, differences in taxonomic structure) and analyzed the obtained data by multivariate ordination and similarity analysis. The highest species richness was found in the artificial reefs, with total of 83 species, of which 21 species were exclusive. Contrary to the species richness, the total fish abundance was 20% higher at the natural reefs. The fish assemblages of the artificial reefs differ significantly from those of the natural reefs. The natural reefs of the ESA are dominated by few fish species from families of lower trophic levels. In contrast, the studied shipwrecks provide refuge to commercially important fish species (such as Snappers, Triggerfish, Jacks, and Groupers) including threatened species. The different fish compositions on the natural and artificial reefs is likely to be the outcome of differential fishing pressure. The non-fished areas (wrecks) of the ESA may represent a good strategy for reef restoration, enhanced fishing grounds (via spillover) and fishing management. However, the fish community structure of the artificial reefs differs from natural rocky reefs of the ESA, and therefore, should not be considered as surrogate habitats for natural reefs. The results point out the need to reassess the management effectiveness of the natural reefs of the ESA.

This study estimated the population density of Spondylus limbatus at six fishing banks that are representative of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Each bank was identified in July 2011. There were significant differences in density between banks, and a steady north-to-south decrease in density that was fitted to a potential model. At low densities, S. limbatus showed a lower variability in size. Since the densities of S. limbatus are suitable for commercial exploitation, sustainable extraction can be performed under a population recovery approach. Also, this study represents a baseline for the evaluation and monitoring of populations of this species through time and contributes to set general guidelines for the assessment of commercial feasibility and exploitation criteria.

Strong relationships exist between reef fishes and their habitat, anthropogenic habitat alterations may lead variations in the associated fish. Knowledge of fish species distribution over coastal areas heavily impacted by tourism over the Mexican Central Pacific is scarce. This work aims to identify the reef fish species on different coastal habitats (sand, rock, mud) present in Puerto Marques Bay. The fish community was characterized in terms of species richness, abundance, feeding behavior and was further assessed using similarity analysis. The number of species and the relative abundance of fish species recorded varied significantly among the habitats (ANOSIM test: R = 0.676, P 0.01, 999 permutations). In rocky areas, the highest value of richness, exclusive species and the number of organisms were recorded. In comparison with soft bottoms, the complexity of hard substrates plays a significant role in reducing prey abundances and providing nesting sites and different food resources such as invertebrates and macroalgae. Mugil cephalus was the only species recorded with muddy habitat affinity, where it feeds on detritus. Predatory species like Caranx caballus, Lutjanus jordani and Lutjanus peru, generally associated with complex rocky substrates were recorded exclusively in sandy areas near to the tourist marina. Although our data do not allow to conclude the anthropogenic outcomes in the reef fish community structure, they suggest that fish assemblage from sandy bottoms could be affected by the presence of artificial structures.

In reefs, fish distribution and community structure are strongly linked to habitat structure. The objective of this study was to develop a baseline of the attributes of a rocky reef fish community threatened by development and their possible relationship with habitat complexity in order to assess how predicted habitat modification would impact the fish community. In the study area, the construction of a tourist marina is planned as part of a residential area with a total size of 500 ha. The project includes the translocation of corals, infilling of reclamation areas by dredging, and floating docks, which is predicted to affect both benthic rugosity and the types of benthic cover. Using hierarchical clustering based on benthic substrate type and rugosity we defined three levels of habitat complexity (Low, Medium, High). The fish community at different levels of complexity was characterized in terms of species richness, abundance, diversity and dominance, and was classified into seven trophic groups. Transects with high habitat complexity featured the highest cover of dead coral with macroalgae (43.7% ± 2.3, mean ± SE) and live coral (21.0% ± 1.9). There were no significant differences in rugosity among the three levels of habitat complexity (ANOVA, F = 0.145, df = 2, p = 0.87). A total of 19,799 individuals belonging to 76 species were recorded over an area of 12,000 m 2 . The greatest mean density and species richness occurred at high habitat complexity, with 1229.7 (±202.7) individuals per 500 m 2 and 64 species, respectively. Community structure was significantly different in richness and abundance between high and low levels of complexity ( p

RESUMEN. La pesqueria de abulon en la region central del Pacifico de Baja California esta sostenida por las especies Haliotis fulgens y H. corrugata , cuya captura esta regulada por un sistema de cuotas que determina la autoridad pesquera. Por ser especies sedentarias, las evaluaciones que anualmente se hacen, asumen que la densidad poblacional y la biomasa son relativamente constantes. Sin embargo, surge la pregunta de si esto es correcto, o si la movilidad de los individuos, por reducida que sea, puede influir en la distribucion espacial de la especie y, en consecuencia, la densidad y biomasa que se calculan depende estrechamente del momento en que se realizan las evaluaciones. Con objetivo de responder a dicha pregunta se realizaron prospecciones a diferentes tiempos en un mismo banco, en ocho estaciones fijas de muestreo. Los resultados mostraron cambios de abundancia y posicion de abulones a las 24 y 72 h inmediatas. De igual forma, hubo cambios en todas las estaciones 24 dias despues. La abundancia total cambio de 79 individuos al inicio, a 46 al final del experimento. En algunos sitios la presencia de abulones disminuyo a menos del 50%. La distancia promedio entre individuos agrupados fue de 0.5 m; no obstante, la mayoria de los agrupamientos fue de solo dos individuos. Se concluye que, dado los cambios observados en densidad y distribucion espacial en tan corto tiempo, es necesario realizar varias prospecciones a lo largo del ano para obtener cifras de densidad promedio de la poblacion con mayor certidumbre. Asimismo, se recomienda monitorear el tamano y frecuencia de las agregaciones, que garanticen una reproduccion exitosa y mantengan los stocks a un nivel sustentable. Spatial distribution of abalone ( Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata ) and its time variability; implications for their management ABSTRACT. Abalone fisheries in the central pacific coast of Baja California relies on the exploitation of Haliotis fulgens (green abalone) and H. corrugata (pink abalone). Their catch is regulated under a quotas system annually assessed by the fisheries authority. Because they are sedentary species it is assumed that their density and biomass are roughly constant along the time. Thus, annual biomass assessments are realized only once a year. However, a central question emerges: whether this assumption is true, or density and biomass are changing even in a short time? To respond this question, submarine surveys were carried out at different times, in eight reefs along the same fixed sampling stations. Results showed that both the density and spatial distribution changed just after 24 and 72 h. Similar changes were observed 24 days later. Total abundance changed from 79 specimens at the beginning of the experiment to 46 at the end. In some sites, abundance falls less than 50 %. Changes in spatial distribution were observed commonly. The average of the minimum distance within the abalone patches was 0.5 m; however, most patches were only of 2 individuals. We conclude that it is necessary to undertake more than one annual survey assessment to attain average confident figures of density and biomass population, with less uncertainty. Furthermore, assessments should include measurement of size and frequency of the patches, which should be numerous enough to guarantee a successful reproduction, in-order-to maintain the stocks at a sustainable level.

Hotspots are priority marine or terrestrial areas with high biodiversity where delineation is essential for conservation, but equally important is their linkage to the environmental policies of the overall region. In this study, fish diversity presences were linked to abiotic conditions and different habitat types to reveal multi-species and hotspots models predicted by ecological niche modelling methods within the Bay of La Paz, Mexico (south of Gulf of California). The abiotically suitable areas for 217 fish species were identified based on historical (1975–2020) presence data sets and a set of environmental layers related to distances from mangroves and rocky shores habitats, marine substrate, and bottom geomorphology conditions. Hotspot model distribution was delineated from a multi-species model identifying areas with ≥60 species per hectare and was compared to the marine conservation areas such Balandra Protected Natural Area (BPNA), illustrating how these models can be applied to improve the local regulatory framework. The results indicate that (1) there is a need for the BPNA to be enlarged to capture more of the delineated hotspot areas, and thus an update to the management plan will be required, (2) new conservation areas either adjacent or outside of the established BPNA should be established, or (3) Ramsar sites or other priority areas should be subject to legal recognition and a management plan decreed so that these vital habitats and fish diversity can be better protected.

We investigated the influence of the intertidal geothermal hot spring (GHS) on the biogeochemistry of trace elements in Santispac Bight, Bahia Concepcion (Gulf of California). The geothermal fluids were enriched in As and Hg mainly in ionic form. The suspended particulate matter of the GHS had elevated enrichment factor (EF) >1 of As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, U and Zn. The sediment core from GHS1 had high concentration of As, Hg, Corg, S, V, Mo, and U and the extremely high EF of these elements at 8cm of the core. The maximum bioaccumulation of As and Hg was in seaweeds Sargassum sinicola collected near the GHS2. The results confirm the input of trace elements to the coastal zone in Bahia Concepcion from geothermal fluids and the evident modification of the chemical composition of the adjacent marine environment.

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Neurociências), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade de Letras, 2017 Submitted by Amelia Janeiro (ajaneiro@reitoria.ul.pt) on 2017-12-12T16:25:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd731128_td_Jose_Fonseca.pdf: 8291500 bytes, checksum: 1916ea96614528fcf5029eebc8aca05f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-10T17:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd731128_td_Jose_Fonseca.pdf: 8291500 bytes, checksum: 1916ea96614528fcf5029eebc8aca05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017

Dissertação de mestrado em Sociologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Globalização, crime e direito são fenómenos em desenvolvimento acelerado numa dinâmica peculiar entre si. Neste trabalho, analisamos um caso específico de globalização do direito penal no espaço europeu para compreender as relações entre estes fenómenos. O Mandado de Detenção Europeu (MDE) é um instrumento introduzido em 2002 que substituiu no espaço da União Europeia o sistema de extradição, aplicando-se a indivíduos arguidos ou condenados por crimes, abolindo qualquer papel do poder político no procedimento, tornando a entrega destes indivíduos um assunto a resolver apenas entre autoridades judiciárias. O MDE é considerado um marco no desenvolvimento da cooperação judicial europeia e a primeira materialização relevante do princípio do reconhecimento mútuo das decisões judiciais, pilar da cooperação judicial europeia. Abordamos algumas teorias sobre globalização do crime e do direito, focandonos em particular nas análise da globalização de Santos e nas questões que este autor coloca sobre a União Europeia enquanto exemplo de direito de integração regional que exige uma escavação arqueológica dos conceitos modernos de soberania, Estado e direito. Complementamos essa exposição com uma história do desenvolvimento da cooperação judicial na União Europeia, por forma a compreender os factores exógenos e endógenos na génese do MDE. De seguida, analisamos o diploma jurídico fundador deste instrumento, a decisão-quadro 2002/584/JAI, e comparamos a sua transposição em quatro países – Portugal, Espanha, Itália e Holanda. Para aferir o funcionamento MDE na prática, realizamos uma análise estatística de amostras de processos recolhida nestes quatro países, e interpretamos as notas de campo elaboradas a partir de alguns casos recolhidos em Portugal. Por fim, identificamos as principais forças na génese do MDE (ascensão do crime organizado transnacional, abolição de fronteiras na UE, guerra contra o terrorismo), as diferentes apropriações que dele se fizeram a nível nacional (soberanismo garantístico vs. confiança permissiva), registamos entre os seus fins manifestos e resultados práticos as principais conformidades (consolidação do principio da confiança mútua, celeridade) e contrastes (ausência relativa do grande crime organizado transnacional), e confrontamos as suas implicações para as questões colocadas por Santos.

Se analizaron seis especies de macroalgas comunes del Golfo de California: Dictyota flabellata,Padina concrescens, Laurencia johnstonii, Gymnogongrus martinensis, Ulva lactuca y Codium fragile para determinar su potencial aplicación industrial a través de la evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana frente a bacterias patógenas (5 cepas) y el potencial anti-incrustante como inhibidores de crecimiento de especies colonizadoras en ambientes marinos (7 bacterias, 5 hongos y 11 microalgas). Los extractos orgánicos de L. johnstonii, U. lactuca y D. flabellata presentaron antibiosis bacteriana. Los extractos etéreos fueron más activos en comparación con los extractos de butanol frente a la cepa bacteriana Staphylococcus aureus. Los mejores resultados de actividad anti-incrustante se obtuvieron con U. lactuca y L. johnstonii (0.1-1µg ml-1) frente a todas las cepas probadas. C. fragile mostró una significativa actividad anti-incrustante presentado una concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC) entre 1-10 µg ml-1 frente a las microalgas marinas Rhodosorus magnei, Neorhodella cyanea y Prymnesium calathiferum.

Research suggests that the relationship between resilience and substance use is a non-linear and multifactorial psychological process. Surprisingly, sensory processing is rarely mentioned as a variable associated with this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the relationship between resilience, sensory processing, attitudes and consumption behaviors for alcohol, tobacco and other psychoactive substances. For this, we used four instruments: Adult / Adolescent Sensory Profile; Resilience Scale; Attitudes scales; Tobacco, Alcohol and Other Drug Use Scale. The sample consisted of 340 healthy adult participants, of whom 261 (76.8%) were women and 79 (23.2%) men. As for chronological age, the youngest person was 18 and the oldest was 76 years (M = 39; DP = 11). Sensory processing was associated with the intake behaviors and attitudes. Sensory imbalances appeared to be implicated in decreased resilience. A investigação sugere que a relação entre resiliência e uso de substâncias é um processo psicológico não linear e multifatorial.Surpreendentemente, o processamento sensorial raramente é evocado enquanto variável associada a estes fenômenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre processamento sensorial, resiliência, atitudes e frequência de comportamentos de consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras substâncias psicoativas em adultos saudáveis. Foram empregados quatro instrumentos: Perfil Sensorial para Adolescentes e Adultos; Escala de resiliência; Escalas de atitudes; Escala de consumo de tabaco, álcool e outras drogas. A amostra foi constituída por 340 participantes adultos mentalmente saudáveis, dos quais 261 (76.8%) eram mulheres. Quanto à idade cronológica, o indivíduo mais novo tinha 18 anos e o mais velho tinha 76 anos (M = 39; DP = 11). O processamento sensorial apresentou-se associado a atitudes e condutas de consumo. Os desequilíbrios sensoriais parecem estar implicados na diminuição da resiliência. Investigaciones sugieren que la relación entre la resiliencia y el uso de sustancias es un proceso psicológico no lineal y multifactorial. Sorprendentemente, el procesamiento sensorial raramente se menciona como una variable asociada a estos fenómenos. En el presente estudio fue investigado la relación entre el procesamiento sensorial, la resiliencia, las actitudes y el comportamiento de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas. Fueron utilizados cuatro instrumentos de medida: Perfil Sensorial para Adolescentes y Adultos; Escala de Resiliencia; Escalas de Actitudes; Escala de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas. La muestra fue constituida por 340 participantes adultos sanos, de los cuales 261 (76.8%) eran mujeres y 79 (23.2%) hombres. En cuanto a la edad cronológica, el individuo más joven tenía 18 años y el más viejo 76 años (M = 39; DP = 11). El procesamiento sensorial se mostró asociado a las actitudes y la conducta de consumo. Los desequilibrios sensoriales parecen estar implicados en la disminución de la resiliencia. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies. In the early stages, radiotherapy is generally used after conservative surgery, in order to increase loco-regional control. Usually it is well tolerated, however, rare serious side effects, such as radiation pneumonitis, can appear weeks to months after this treatment. Some studies point to several potential risk factors, including the dose in the homolateral lung, systemic treatment, age and relevant comorbidities. Clinical Case: A 35-year-old woman with a history of asthma who underwent tumorectomy for breast carcinoma, followed by external radiotherapy, hormone therapy and chemical castration. Following a persistent and aggravated respiratory condition, a diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis was established six months after the end of the radiotherapy treatment, documented by imaging exams and with histological confirmation. The subsequent initiation of corticoid therapy resulted in a frank clinical improvement of the patient with resolution of the condition. Conclusion: The present case, well documented from a clinical, laboratory, imaging and anatomopathological point of view, highlights the risk factors associated with the development of radiation pneumonitis, seeking to awaken attention to a complication that, although rare, has a specific therapeutic approach to reduce the morbidity associated with this pathology. Introdução: O cancro da mama é uma das neoplasias malignas com maior incidência. Nos estádios iniciais, a radioterapia é, geralmente, utilizada após a cirurgia conservadora, de forma a aumentar o controlo loco-regional. Habitualmente bem tolerada pode, contudo, apresentar raros efeitos secundários graves, como a pneumonite rádica, que pode surgir semanas a meses após o tratamento. Alguns estudos apontam vários fatores de risco potenciais, incluindo a dose no pulmão homolateral, o tratamento sistémico, a idade e comorbilidades relevantes. Caso Clínico: Mulher de 35 anos, com antecedentes de asma, submetida a tumorectomia por carcinoma da mama, seguida de radioterapia externa, hormonoterapia e castração química. Na sequência de quadro respiratório persistente e agravado, é estabelecido o diagnóstico de pneumonite rádica, seis meses após finalizar o tratamento de radioterapia, documentado imagiologicamente e com confirmação histológica. O início subsequente de terapêutica dirigida resultou numa melhoria clínica franca da doente com resolução do quadro. Conclusão: O presente caso, bem documentado do ponto de vista clínico, laboratorial, imagiológico e anátomo-patológico, coloca em evidência os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de pneumonite rádica, procurando despertar a atenção para uma complicação que, apesar de rara, tem terapêutica direcionada que permite diminuir a morbilidade associada a esta patologia.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina Introdução: Os exames imagiológicos apresentam uma baixa sensibilidade para deteção da localização de recidivas bioquímicas do carcinoma da próstata, quando os doentes apresentam antigénio específico da próstata (PSA) inferior a 1 ng/mL. Por outro lado, sabemos que quanto mais cedo for tratado o doente com recidiva bioquímica, melhor é seu o prognóstico.Objetivo: Pretende-se compreender os avanços dos últimos dois anos acerca da taxa de deteção de doença dos exames de imagem no contexto de recidiva bioquímica do carcinoma da próstata com PSA inferior a 1 ng/mL.Métodos: Realizada pesquisa na base de dados PUBMED, com seleção dos artigos que abordavam a temática em estudo. Foram avaliadas as taxas de deteção de doença para diferentes valores de PSA e diferentes exames constantes dessas publicações, assim como variáveis de caraterização demográfica e terapêutica.Resultados: Foram identificadas 19 publicações, que envolveram maioritariamente técnicas de tomografia por emissão de positrões associada a tomografia computorizada (PET/CT) ou ressonância magnética (PET/MRI). A PET/CT com 18F-PSMA e 68Ga-PSMA, assim como a PET/MRI com 68Ga-PSMA foram as técnicas com melhores taxas de deteção de doença nos doentes com recidiva bioquímica com PSA inferior a 1 ng/mL, demonstrando capacidade para guiar a terapêutica de resgate nestes doentes. Também o radiotraçador 64CuCl2 mostrou potencial papel na deteção de recidiva local. A utilização de tomografia computorizada isoladamente e de cintigrafia óssea apresentaram piores resultados para deteção de lesões. Na análise dos estudos incluídos foi ainda possível verificar que é possível a existência de metastização à distância com PSA inferior a 1 ng/mL.Discussão/Conclusão: A PET/CT com 18F-PSMA, a PET/CT com 68Ga-PSMA e a PET/MRI com 68Ga-PSMA apresentam-se como a que melhores taxas de deteção obtiveram para doentes com recidiva bioquímica e PSA inferior a 1 ng/mL, apesar de carecerem de maior validação em estudos prospetivos e comparativos. A validação destas técnicas poderá permitir a sua utilização futura em contexto clínico. Introduction: In patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostatic cancer and prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) values lower than 1ng/mL imaging has a low sensibility for detection of suspicious lesions. On the other hand, its known that the prognosis of these patients is better when the treatment starts earlier.Aim: Assess the breakthroughs of the last two years on imaging that allow better detection rates in patients with BCR and PSA values lower than 1ng/mL.Methods: Through a search on PUBMED database, several articles were selected by its relevance for the topic. We evaluated the detection rates of disease for different PSA values and different techniques, as well as variables for demographic characterization and treatment.Results: 19 studies were identified. The majority of imaging techniques were based on positron emission tomography associated with computed tomography (PET/CT) or magnetic resonance (PET/MRI). 18F-PSMA and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, as well as 68Ga-PSMA PET/MRI, were the techniques with better detection rates for disease in BCR patients with PSA levels lower than 1ng/mL, showing their ability to guide salvage therapy in these patients. Also, the radiotracer 64CuCl2 showed great potential in detecting local recurrence. The use of CT and bone scan alone presented the worse results for lesion detection. In this analysis we verified that the presence of distant metastasis was possible for patients with BCR and PSA values lower than 1ng/mL.Discussion/Conclusions: 18F-PSMA and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, as well as 68Ga-PSMA PET/MRI, were the procedures with better detection rate in BCR patients with PSA levels lower than 1ng/mL, although there is a lack of validation in prospective and comparative studies. Validation of this techniques is therefore needed and may allow their future inclusion in clinical practice.

A perspetiva adotada nesta investigação foi a de que os conselhos de turma são uma estrutura educativa da organização escolar com enorme potencial estratégico para melho-rar as aprendizagens dos alunos, professores e comunidade educativa e cujo funciona-mento é praticamente desconhecido em Portugal. Foi realizada em quatro escolas, agrupadas e não agrupadas da zona sul de Portugal, e visou construir um modelo integrado de conceptualizações e práticas de funcionamento de conselhos de turma, com o intuito de construir conhecimento novo e útil sobre este fenómeno concreto, através da sua compreensão teórica. É uma investigação qualitativa e a abordagem metodológica adotada foi a da Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2008, 2006a). A recolha e a análise de dados foram feitas em simultâneo e iniciou-se com uma explora-ção que pretendeu produzir conhecimento sobre o contexto de organização e funciona-mento do objeto de estudo e alargou-se posteriormente ao terreno das escolas e conselhos de turma, utilizando como principais instrumentos a análise documental, a observação direta, a entrevista exploratória e a entrevista intensiva semiestruturada. Partindo das nove categorias que emergiram do processo de construção teórica, identifi-cou-se uma categoria central que apresenta os conselhos de turma como estruturas estra-tégicas na organização escolar, dado que expurgam do seu seio, de uma forma eficiente e eficaz, o questionamento e possíveis focos de conflito, e ao concretizarem este propósito, acolhem e legitimam os discursos e práticas de professores e escolas. Deste modo, os conselhos de turma desempenham um papel relevante no interior da escola, pelo que fazem e, sobretudo, pelo modo como o fazem, e pelo que representam para o exterior, harmonizando-se a preceitos de política profissional e organizacional, a crenças e mitos, a cerimoniais e rituais de envolvimento, inscritos num processo de cons-trução e legitimação da imagem pública da escola. Todas estas conjeturas se encontram consubstanciadas num modelo teórico que propiciou uma compreensão ampla e simultaneamente aprofundada do fenómeno em estudo. Palavras-chave: conselho de turma, conceptualizações de professores, práticas educativas e organização escolar; The Class Councils working. Conceptualizations and Practices of School Teachers. Abstract: The perspective adopted in this research was that the class councils are an educational structure of school organization with huge strategic potential to improve student, teachers and educational community learning and whose working is virtually unknown in Portu-gal. The research was conducted in four schools, grouped and not grouped in the south of Portugal, and aimed to build an integrated model of conceptualizations and class councils working practices, in order to bring up new and useful knowledge on this concrete phe-nomenon, through its theoretical understanding. It is a qualitative and exploratory research, and the methodological approach adopted was that of the grounded theory (Charmaz, 2008, 2006a). The collection and the analysis of the data were simultaneous and began with an explora-tion that sought to achieve knowledge about the context of the organization and the working of the study object, and then it was widened to schools and class councils, using as main instruments the document analysis, the direct observation, the exploratory inter-view and the semi-structured intensive interview. From the nine categories that emerged from the theoretical construction process, it was identified a central category which presents the class councils as strategic structures in school organization, as they purge from their midst in an efficient and effective manner, the questioning and possible outbreaks of conflict, and achieving this purpose, they wel-come and legitimate the discourses and practices of the teachers and schools. Thus, the class councils play an important role in the school, by what they do and, above all, by the way they do, and by what they represent to the outside, harmonizing to the professional and organizational policy precepts, to beliefs and to myths, and harmonizing to the ceremonial and rituals of involvement, inscribed in a process of construction and legitimation of the school's public image. All these conjectures are formalized in a theoretical model that provided a broad and simultaneously depth understanding of the phenomenon under study.

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde, no ramo de Medicina, na especialidade de Medicina Interna, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra

Trabalho final do 5º ano com vista à atribuição do grau de mestre no âmbito do ciclo de estudos de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Dentária apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra. Cancer is currently one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality, with more than 10 million new cases and 6 million deaths a year. Oral cancer is the eighth of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide, being squamous cell carcinoma responsible for more than 90% of the cases. Oral cancer is the common designation of the subtype of head and neck tumours that can occur in various locations such as lips, tongue, salivary glands, buccal floor and oral mucosa. It is usually very aggressive and difficult to treat and it usually has a reserved prognosis mainly because the diagnosis is made at an advanced stage of the disease. In spite of therapeutic advances, both of surgical therapies and radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the survival rate to 5 years has not changed significantly over the past decades and it is approximately 50%, since in advanced stages of the disease the different therapeutic modalities are ineffective. Therefore, efforts in the research and identification of new therapeutic strategies, as well as the research in order to identify new targets that allow early diagnosis and risk and prognosis factors of this pathology are justified. Perineural invasion (PNI) is one of the factors which, according to the literature, may influence the prognosis and increase the selection of patients who require more aggressive therapy. The aim of this article is to carry out a review of the literature concerning the perineural invasion (PNI) in oral cancer and its clinical significance and prognostic value. It was concluded that the perineural invasion occurs in various human cancers and has long been regarded as a prognostic factor independent of other factors, being regarded as a histological marker of aggressive disease and that may help identify patients with worse clinical course. It can also add important information to classic prognostic parameters. Due to the impact PNI may have on the prognosis and therapeutic decisions its histopathological observation must be part of the routine. PNI, for which there is not a consensus definition yet, is an entity still barely studied and understood with a few contradictions as to its meaning prognosis, which makes its study and understanding a challenge. More studies are needed and with them a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the PNI. A better knowledge of this entity and later diagnosis of its presence will be an asset enabling the maximization of the therapeutic success and the decrease of the morbidity and mortality associated with oral cancer. Finally it is important never to forget the (importance) significance of early diagnosis of oral cancer. Delays in the identification and recognition of suspicious lesions are responsible for the delay of diagnosis and the advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis with very low survival rates. O cancro é actualmente uma das causas mais comuns de morbilidade e mortalidade, com mais de 10 milhões de novos casos e 6 milhões de mortes por ano. O Cancro oral encontra-se na oitava posição dos cancros mais diagnosticados a nível mundial sendo carcinoma espinhocelular responsável por mais de 90% dos casos. É a designação comum do subtipo de tumores da cabeça e pescoço que pode ocorrer em várias localizações como os lábios, a língua, as glândulas salivares, o pavimento bucal e a mucosa oral. É geralmente muito agressivo e difícil de tratar com prognóstico geralmente reservado, principalmente porque o diagnóstico é feito em fase avançada da doença. Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos, tanto das terapêuticas cirúrgicas como da radioterapia e da quimioterapia, a taxa de sobrevivência, aos 5 anos não se alterou significativamente nas últimas décadas e é de aproximadamente 50%, já que nos estádios avançados da doença as diferentes modalidades terapêuticas são pouco eficazes. Justificam-se, assim, os esforços na pesquisa e identificação de novas estratégias terapêuticas bem como a investigação no sentido de identificar novos alvos que permitam o diagnóstico precoce e factores de risco e de prognóstico desta patologia. A invasão perineural é um destes factores que, segundo a literatura, pode influenciar o prognóstico e potenciar a selecção de doentes que necessitem de terapêuticas mais agressivas. O objectivo deste artigo é efectuar uma revisão da literatura relativamente à invasão perineural (PNI) no cancro oral e o seu significado clínico e valor prognóstico. Concluímos que a invasão perineural ocorre em vários cancros humanos e tem sido considerada como um factor de prognóstico independente de outros factores, sendo considerada como um marcador histológico de doença agressiva e que poderá ajudar a identificar os doentes com pior evolução clínica, e pode adicionar informações importantes aos parâmetros prognósticos clássicos. Devido ao impacto que a PNI poderá ter no prognóstico e decisões terapêuticas a sua observação anatomopatológica deve fazer parte da rotina. A PNI, para a qual ainda não existe uma definição consensual, é uma entidade ainda mal estudada e compreendida havendo algumas contradições quanto ao seu significado prognóstico, o que torna o seu estudo e compreensão um desafio. Mais estudos são necessários e com eles um melhor conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na PNI. O melhor conhecimento desta entidade e posterior diagnóstico da sua presença será uma mais valia permitindo aumentar o sucesso terapêutico e diminuir a morbilidade e mortalidade associadas ao cancro oral. Finalmente é importante nunca esquecer a importância do diagnóstico precoce do cancro oral. Atrasos na identificação e reconhecimento de lesões suspeitas são responsáveis pelo atraso do diagnóstico e pela fase avançada da doença no diagnóstico com taxas de sobrevivência muito baixas.