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The most prominent roles played by schoolchildren in bullying and cyberbullying situations are those of aggressors, victims, and bystanders. These roles are characterised by differences in the school environment and their achievements. This study aimed to analyse the differences between the roles of those directly involved in bullying and cyberbullying (aggressors, victims, and bystanders) by examining their attitudes and interest in reading. Participants were 326 primary schoolchildren in Murcia, Spain (M = 8.98, SD = 0.84), of whom 53.1% were girls. A multimodal questionnaire on school interaction was used with an instrument on attitudes and reading interests. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted and showed three profiles: a) low levels of aggressiveness and victimisation, b) high indices of aggressiveness, and c) high indices of victimisation. The results revealed differences in attitudes toward and interest in reading among the various profiles. The findings of the study can help customise educational programs by providing bullying and cyberbullying intervention and prevention methods based on the roles of victims, aggressors, and bystanders and their attitudes toward and interests in reading.

BACKGROUND: When the school climate is not ideal and coping skills for school situations are not strengthened in adolescents, school anxiety and stress may be manifested, potentially harming development and mental health during adulthood. This study aimed to analyze the predictive ability of school anxiety on elevated levels of stress in high-school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional predictive study was conducted with 1588 students aged 12–18 (M = 14.82; SD = 1.86) years in 2023. The School Anxiety Inventory (SAI) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were administered to the participants. An inferential data analysis method was applied. Specifically, binary logistic regression was used for data analysis. The influence of school anxiety on stress was examined using the odds ratio statistic. RESULTS: The total score on school anxiety (OR = 1.02), the situational factors: anxiety about aggression (OR = 1.03), anxiety regarding social evaluation (OR = 1.02), anxiety about failure and school punishment (OR = 1.03), and anxiety about school evaluation (OR = 1.04), as well as the response systems: cognitive (OR = 1.04), behavioral (OR = 1.08), and psychophysiological (OR = 1.04), positively and significantly (P = 0.000) influenced the high scores on stress. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the need to detect school anxiety in adolescents at an early state to intervene in both anxiety-provoking situations and responses and in the resulting high stress. Similarly, schools should promote mental health work and self-regulation to prepare students for adult life.

Objetivo. Se propone y somete a evaluación una adaptación del programa de desarrollo personal creado en España para utilizarlo en el contexto educativo chileno. Ello, con la idea de proporcionar una propuesta concreta que fortalezca uno de los ejes temáticos propuestos en Chile como parte de la formación personal de adolescentes y evaluarla para determinar su eficacia. Metodología. El diseño de investigación utilizado corresponde a una línea cuasi-experimental con pre y post-test y grupo control, se calculan pruebas “t” para determinar la existencia de diferencias estadísticas, entre los resultados de la evaluación inicial y final del autoconcepto, la inteligencia emocional, la ansiedad y la autoeficacia. Dichos constructos fueron medidos con el Self-Description Questionnaire II, versión breve (SDQII-S), el Trait Meta-Mood Scale 24 (TMMS-24), la Escala de ansiedad estado y rasgo (STAI-S) y el Cuestionario de autoeficacia general. La muestra consideró un total de 182 estudiantes de educación media de la comuna de Chillán, 88 hombres y 94 mujeres (48% y 52% respectivamente), con edades entre 14 y 17 años (M=15; DE; 1,01), quienes fueron seleccionados por conveniencia, atendiendo al criterio de accesibilidad. Resultados. Los resultados indican que el programa evidencia mejoras estadísticamente significativas de pequeña y moderada magnitud, en el grupo experimental. Conclusión. El programa fue valorado positivamente a partir de una encuesta de satisfacción, con lo que se estima que esta propuesta ha sabido responder a la necesidad formativa del sistema educativo chileno.

ABSTRACT Marine Synechococcus, together with Prochlorococcus, contribute to a significant proportion of the primary production on Earth. The spatial distribution of these two groups of marine picocyanobacteria depends on different factors such as nutrient availability and temperature. Some Synechococcus ecotypes thrive in mesotrophic and moderately oligotrophic waters, where they exploit both oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen. Here, we present a comprehensive study, which includes transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the response of Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 to nanomolar concentrations of nitrate, compared to micromolar ammonium or nitrogen starvation. We found that Synechococcus has a specific response to a nanomolar nitrate concentration that differs from the response shown under nitrogen starvation or the presence of standard concentrations of either ammonium or nitrate. This fact suggests that the particular response to the uptake of nanomolar concentrations of nitrate could be an evolutionary advantage for marine Synechococcus against Prochlorococcus in the natural environment. IMPORTANCE Marine Synechococcus are a very abundant group of photosynthetic organisms on our planet. Previous studies have shown blooms of these organisms when nanomolar concentrations of nitrate become available. We have assessed the effect of nanomolar nitrate concentrations by studying the transcriptome and proteome of Synechococcus sp. WH7803, together with some physiological parameters. We found evidence that Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803 does sense and react to nanomolar concentrations of nitrate, suggesting the occurrence of specific adaptive mechanisms to allow their utilization. Thus, very low concentrations of nitrate in the ocean seem to be a significant nitrogen source for marine picocyanobacteria.

La relevancia psicológica, social y educativa del presente estudio reside en la escasez de trabajos previos que hayan evaluado el rechazo escolar en Latinoamérica y las elevadas tasas de deserción a las que se enfrentan en esta región. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en examinar las diferencias en las puntuaciones medias de rechazo escolar y la formación de perfiles en adolescentes ecuatorianos y chilenos. Un total de 4266 estudiantes, entre 13 y 17 años de edad, procedentes de Ecuador (. = 14.83; SD = 1.86) y Chile (. = 15.23; SD = 1.26) fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados. El instrumento empleado para evaluar el rechazo escolar fue la School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised. Las puntuaciones medias de rechazo escolar para Ecuador y Chile revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de pequeña magnitud. Entre los estudiantes chilenos se registraron puntuaciones medias más altas de rechazo escolar, con el fin de captar la atención de sus seres queridos y obtener reforzadores tangibles externos a la escuela, en comparación con sus iguales procedentes de Ecuador. Los análisis de conglomerados confirmaron cuatro perfiles de rechazo escolar en ambos países: Rechazo Escolar Bajo, Rechazo Escolar Alto, Rechazo Escolar Ansioso y Rechazo Escolar Absentista. A pesar de que los adolescentes chilenos obtuvieron puntuaciones medias significativamente más altas que los ecuatorianos en algunas dimensiones del rechazo escolar, los resultados revelaron una pequeña variabilidad entre los perfiles de rechazo escolar encontrados en ambos países. Los resultados obtenidos se discuten atendiendo a las características culturales definitorias de cada uno de estos países.

This study examined the relationship between perfectionistic concerns (PC) and perfectionistic strivings (PS) with the subcomponents of emotional intelligence (EI) through a latent class person-centered approach. A sample of 1582 Ecuadorian adolescents (619 females) aged from 12 to 18 was employed. The trait meta-mood scale-24 (TMMS-24) and the child and adolescent perfectionism scale (CAPS) were used, respectively, for assessing three subcomponents of EI (i.e., emotional attention, emotional clarity, and mood repair) and two perfectionist dimensions (PC and PS). A three-class solution (High perfectionism, moderate perfectionism, and nonperfectionism) was identified by using latent class analysis. High perfectionism significantly scored higher on emotional attention in comparison with the moderate and nonperfectionism classes, with small and moderate effect sizes. Overall, results suggest that people with high perfectionism might be at greater risk of developing maladaptive emotional self-regulation strategies, such as rumination, because of their tendency to excessively attend their negative mood states.

School anxiety and psychopathological symptoms tend to co-occur across development and persist in adulthood. The present study aimed to determine school anxiety profiles based on Lang’s model of the triple response system (cognitive anxiety, psychophysiological anxiety, and behavioral anxiety) and to identify possible differences between these profiles in psychopathological symptoms (depression, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, somatization, anxiety, psychoticism, obsessive-compulsive, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation). The School Anxiety Inventory (SAI) and the Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SA-45) were administered to 1525 Spanish students (49% girls) between 15 and 18 years old (M = 16.36, SD = 1.04). Latent Profile Analysis identified four school anxiety profiles: Low School Anxiety, Average School Anxiety, High School Anxiety, and Excessive School Anxiety. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences among the school anxiety profiles in all the psychopathological symptoms examined. Specifically, adolescents with Excessive School Anxiety showed significantly higher levels of the nine psychopathological symptoms than their peers with Average School Anxiety and Low School Anxiety. In addition, the Excessive School Anxiety profile scored significantly higher in phobic anxiety than the High School Anxiety group. These findings allow to conclude that it is necessary enhance well-being and reduce psychopathology of those adolescents who manifest high and very high reactivity in cognitive, psychophysiological, and behavioral anxiety.

La ansiedad es uno de los trastornos emocionales con mayor relevancia en la población, teniendo en cuenta la excesiva exigencia marcada por la sociedad actual. Esta exigencia desmedida marcada, en ocasiones, por un rasgo de la personalidad perfeccionista, todavía tiende a agravar más si cabe los estados ansiosos y estresantes del individuo. En este sentido, es importante tener presente la etapa estudiantil la cual se enfrenta continuamente a situaciones estresantes. Por ello, es conveniente observar cuál es el vínculo entre las variables perfeccionistas, regidas por el Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito (PSP) y el Perfeccionismo Auto-Orientado (PAO) y la Ansiedad Escolar, compuesta, entre otras, por la Ansiedad ante la agresión y la Ansiedad ante el fracaso escolar y las sanciones disciplinarias. De ahí que el objetivo del presente estudio sea observar si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el Factor I y II del Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar (IAES) y el PSP y PAO, así como determinar la probabilidad de presentar altas puntuaciones en ambos factores de la Ansiedad Escolar en función del PSP y el PAO. Para ello, se reclutó una muestra de 1588 estudiantes ecuatorianos y se utilizaron medidas como el IAES y el Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS). Los resultados arrojaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para el Factor I y II del IAES tanto en PSP como en PAO, siendo estas de baja y moderada magnitud. Asimismo, se observa que a medida que aumenta el PSP y el PAO aumenta la posibilidad de presentar elevadas puntuaciones en Ansiedad ante la agresión y en Ansiedad ante el fracaso escolar y las sanciones disciplinarias. En conclusión, los hallazgos muestran que es necesario incrementar el número de estudios en variables perfeccionistas en el país de Ecuador, teniendo en cuenta su vínculo con la Ansiedad Escolar y lo que ello conlleva.

Students with School Refusal Behaviour (SRB) are a diverse group, often associated with negative academic repercussions (e.g., low academic performance, learning difficulties or academic demotivation). The aims of this research were: 1) to identify school refusal behaviour profiles based on low and high scores on the four functional conditions assessed by the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-R) and 2) to examine the relationship between SRB profiles and learning strategies. The SRAS-R and the Inventory of Learning and Study Strategies-High School version were administered to 1,261 students aged to 14 to 18 (M = 16.51; SD = 1.84). Four SRB profiles were obtained: SRB by positive reinforcement, Low SRB, SRB by negative reinforcement and Mixed SRB. School refusers belonging to the Mixed SRB and SRB by negative reinforcement profiles are characterised by low scores on learning strategies, except for the Anxiety dimension. The practical implications of these findings suggest that implementing study techniques and learning strategies programmes, in addition to courses on anxiety management and self-care will help students improve their learning paths and reduce anxiety-based school refusal.

La constatación empírica, así como la argumentación teórica, de que la violencia contra las mujeres se sustenta en factores de tipo psicológico y social, nos lleva a explorar variables como la estima, el estilo de apego y el sexismo en jóvenes universitarios, cuyo futuro desarrollo profesional está ligado a la educación infantil. Nos planteamos un diseño de investigación ex pos facto con una muestra de 124 estudiantes del Grado en Educación Infantil. Esperamos que los resultados revelen, el posible valor predictivo del estilo de apego y la estima en manifestaciones sexistas, así como estrategias de intervención, eficaces y concretas en el ámbito de la formación del profesorado.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. People who have this disorder are characterized by presenting difficulties in the processes of sustained attention, being very active, and having poor control of their impulses. Despite the high prevalence of this disorder and the existence of various tests used for its diagnosis, few data are available regarding the usefulness and diagnostic validity of these tools. Given the difficulties that these subjects present in executive functions, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions battery for Children (ENFEN, for its acronym in Spanish, Portellano et al., 2009) allows to establish specific profiles of executive performance for people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample was made up of 197 participants of both sexes, aged between 6 and 12 years age (134 with a clinical diagnosis and 63 without pathology). A nonexperimental design was followed, using a comparative descriptive study method. The results indicated that the scales of phonological fluency, color path, rings, and interference are the most associated with the diagnosis of ADHD, providing data on inhibition, mental flexibility, sustained and selective attention, planning, verbal fluency, and working memory, among others. The practical implication of these results is in line with providing support in the clinical diagnosis that is carried out in children’s mental health units. In addition, the ENFEN tool can be valued as a suitable psychometric instrument in the psychoeducational field, helping professionals in a school environment to be more aware of the areas of cognitive development in which a student diagnosed with ADHD will have more difficulties and, in doing so, providing more adjusted and effective psychopedagogical measures when it comes to supporting students in their adaptation to the school environment.

Burnout syndrome is has been associated with mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Given this fact, some teachers implement various coping strategies for emotional control that are not always functional to mitigate such difficulties. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify different burnout profiles that vary in the levels of the three underlying dimensions: depersonalization (DE), emotional exhaustion (EE), and personal accomplishment (PA). Further, this study aimed to examine whether there are significant differences in depressive symptomatology, coping strategies, and the quality of interpersonal relationships at school between teachers with varying burnout profiles. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Coping with Stress Questionnaire, and a questionnaire that measured sociodemographic characteristics were administered to 215 teachers (men: 42.8%) who were recruited from various secondary schools. Cluster analysis identified three different burnout profiles: groups of teachers with a predominance of (a) low levels of EE and high levels of PA, (b) high levels of EE and DE, and (c) low levels of DE and PA. The results revealed that there were significant differences in coping strategies, depressive symptomatology, and the quality of interpersonal relationships at school between teachers with different burnout profiles. These results have important implications for educational professionals. Specifically, the findings underscore the need for prevention and intervention programs that enhance teachers’ emotional skills, especially their ability to cope with exhaustion. These skills will alleviate their depression and consequently offer both teachers and students a conducive learning environment.

Little scientific attention has been paid to the problem of cyberbullying in the university environment, compared to similar studies conducted on adolescents. This study attempts to analyze the predictive capacity of certain emotional problems (anxiety, depression, and stress) and university adaptation with respect to cyberbullying in victims and aggressors. The European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire were administered to a sample of 1282 university students (46.33% male) aged between 18 and 46. The results suggest that high levels of depression and stress increase the probability of being a cyberbullying victim, while high levels of depression increase the probability of being a cyberbullying aggressor. Similarly, the personal–emotional and social adaptation of students are found to be predictor variables of being a cyberbullying victim, in that high levels of personal–emotional and social adaptation decrease the probability of being a victim, while high levels of personal–emotional, academic and institutional adaptation decrease the probability of being a cyberbullying victim. The results of this study are of special relevance, since they indicate that intervention programs should consider the influence of emotional intelligence, as well as the relevance students’ adaptation to university.

El presente estudio tiene por objeto analizar la relación entre el Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito (PSP) y el afecto durante la infancia. Se empleó una muestra compuesta por 804 alumnos de Educación Primaria entre 8 y 11 años (M=9.57; DE=1.12), así como la subescala PSP de la Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale y la 10-Item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children que evalúa el Afecto Positivo (AP) y Negativo (AN). Se compararon las puntuaciones medias en AP y AN entre los alumnos con altos y bajos niveles de PSP. Los alumnos con alto PSP puntuaron significativamente más alto que sus iguales con bajo PSP tanto en AP como en AN, siendo pequeña la magnitud de las diferencias encontradas. En consonancia, los resultados de las regresiones logísticas revelaron que ambas dimensiones afectivas predijeron positiva y significativamente altas puntuaciones en PSP, con valores de Odd Ratio de 1.08 y 1.05, respectivamente, para el AP y el AN. Los resultados no coinciden con las evidencias empíricas previas en población adulta y adolescente, lo cual implica que considerar el entorno demandante de perfeccionismo no posee las mismas consecuencias durante la infancia que en edades posteriores.

Background Our team discovered that Prochlorococcus can take up glucose, in a process that changes the transcriptional pattern of several genes involved in glucose metabolization. We have also shown that glcH encodes a very high affinity glucose transporter, and that glucose is taken up by natural Prochlorococcus populations. We demonstrated that the kinetic parameters of glucose uptake show significant diversity in different Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus strains. Here, we tested whether the transcriptional response of glcH to several glucose concentrations and light conditions was also different depending on the studied strain. Methods Cultures were grown in the light, supplemented with five different glucose concentrations or subjected to darkness, and cells harvested after 24 h of treatment. qRT-PCR was used to determine glcH expression in four Prochlorococcus and two Synechococcus strains. Results In all studied strains glcH was expressed in the absence of glucose, and it increased upon glucose addition to cultures. The changes differed depending on the strain, both in the magnitude and in the way cells responded to the tested glucose concentrations. Unlike the other strains, Synechococcus BL107 showed the maximum glucose uptake at 5 nM glucose. Darkness induced a strong decrease in glcH expression, especially remarkable in Prochlorococcus MIT9313. Discussion Our results suggest that marine picocyanobacteria are actively monitoring the availability of glucose, to upregulate glcH expression in order to exploit the presence of sugars in the environment. The diverse responses observed in different strains suggest that the transcriptional regulation of glucose uptake has been adjusted by evolutive selection. Darkness promotes a strong decrease in glcH expression in all studied strains, which fits with previous results on glucose uptake in Prochlorococcus. Overall, this work reinforces the importance of mixotrophy for marine picocyanobacteria.

El objetivo de este estudio consistió en examinar la relación entre el Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito (PSP) y los cinco grandes rasgos de la personalidad en una muestra compuesta por 804 alumnos de Educación Primaria entre 8 y 11 años de edad (M = 9.57; SD = 1.12). Se empleó la subescala PSP de la Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS) y el Cuestionario Big Five de Personalidad para Niños (BFQ-N) que mide los rasgos de Neuroticismo, Extraversión, Apertura a la experiencia, Cordialidad y Conciencia. Los resultados del análisis de diferencia de medias mostraron que los alumnos con alto PSP puntuaron significativamente más alto en Conciencia, Cordialidad, Extraversión y Apertura a la experiencia que sus iguales con bajos niveles de PSP, con tamaños del efecto pequeños en todos los casos. Por el contrario, no se observaron diferencias significativas en Neuroticismo. Los análisis de regresión logística revelaron que todos los rasgos de la personalidad, a excepción del Neuroticismo, cuyos resultados no alcanzaron la significación estadística, predijeron significativa y positivamente altas puntuaciones en PSP, con niveles de OR que oscilaron entre 1.01 (para Conciencia y Cordialidad) y 1.03 (para Apertura a la experiencia y Extraversión).

The growing interest in studying the behaviour of school refusal is due to the negative consequences associated with this problem. To know what kind of psychoeducational variables predict this negative behaviour is an interest to the scientific community at the present. The aim of this research was to analyse the predictive ability of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism on high scores in school refusal. In this study 537 Spanish students participated between 8 and 12 years. The instruments used were the School Refusal Assessment Scale Revised for Children (SRAS-R-C), to measure the four factors that justify the school refusal behaviour (I. Avoid Negative Affectivity; Escape II. Social Aversion or Evaluation; III Search for Significant Attention of Others; IV. Search Tangible Reinforcements Outside School) and the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS), to assess the subscale of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism. From the results found, it is confirmed that the subscale of perfectionism evaluated acts as a positive predictor of high scores in school refusal for factors II and III of the SRAS-R-C. These results should be valued by school psychologists when they assess school refusal behaviour and it is necessary to propose strategies for prevention and intervention.

The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive capacity of affect on high scores on Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) during childhood. A sample of 462 Spanish Primary school students between 8 and 11 years old, 50.08% of whom were males, was used. The Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS) and the 10-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (10-item PANAS-C) to evaluate, respectively, the SPP and the positive and negative affect, were utilized. The logistic regression analysis results revealed that both Positive and Negative Affect predicted significantly higher levels of SPP, with OR values of 1.03 and 1.10. The results partially supported the hypotheses, stating that during childhood, unlike during adulthood, the SPP is significantly and positively associated with both two types of affect. However, it became clear that this association was much stronger in the case of Negative Affect.

The goal of this study was to know if Spanish children with high scores in positive affect (PA) had statistically significant differences with the students with low scores in PA in the six dimensions that formed the language area of the academic attributions (Success: ability, effort and external causes; Failure: ability, effort and external causes). The sample was formed by 862 students, between 8 and 11 years old. The language subscale of the Sydney Attribution Scale (SAS) and the positive affect subscale of the short version of the Positive And Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) were used. The Student T-test showed that participants with high levels of PA significantly had higher means in language attributions to success and failure due to external causes. On the other hand, students with low scores in PA significantly obtained higher means in language attributions to failure due to ability and effort. These results widen the previous existing literature and give the opportunity to make bigger the field of affect and academic attributions.

The objective of this study was to verify whether or not a combination of academic goals may be established in different profiles of high school students. Subsequently, the study examined if statistically significant differences exist between the profiles obtained with respect to learning strategies used by the students. The Achievement Goal Tendencies Questionnaire (AGTQ) and the Learning and Studies Skills Inventory-High School Version (LASSI-HS) were administered to a sample of 2,069 high school students aged 12–16 (M = 14.11; SD = 1.35) and which was formed by 1,073 girls and 996 boys. Four academic goal profiles were identified using latent class analysis: a group of students with a high academic goal (HAG) profile (668 students), a group of students with a low academic goal (LAG) profile (502 students), a group of students with a predominance of learning goals and achievement goals (LGAG) (489 students) and a final group of students with a predominance of social reinforcement goals and achievement goals (410 students). The results revealed statistically significant differences between the profiles obtained with respect to learning strategies because students from the combined LGAG and HAG profiles used more learning strategies that those in the LAG and Achievement Goals and Social Reinforcement (AGSR)groups. However, the relationship between these motivational profiles and the obtainment of a higher academic performance has not been proven and it should be the subject of study in future research. Consequently, this study can be used to help in the development of strategies and intervention programs to promote the use of multiple academic goals in high school students.

The aim of this study was to identify the existence of combinations of aggression components (Anger, Hostility, Physical Aggression and Verbal Aggression) that result in different profiles of aggressive behavior in children, as well as to test the differences between these profiles in scores of perfectionism, school refusal and affect. It is interesting to analyze these variables given: (a) their clinical relevance due to their close relationship with the overall psychopathology; and (b) the need for further evidence regarding how they are associated with aggressive behavior. The sample consisted of 1202 Spanish primary education students between the ages of 8 and 12. Three aggressive behavior profiles for children were identified using Latent Class Analysis (LCA): High Aggression (Z scores between 0.69 and 0.7), Moderate Aggression (Z scores between −0.39 and −0.47) and Low Aggression (Z scores between −1.36 and −1.58). These profiles were found for 49.08%, 38.46% and 12.48% of the sample, respectively. High Aggression scored significantly higher than Moderate Aggression and Low Aggression on Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP), Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP), the first three factors of school refusal (i.e., FI. Negative Affective, FII. Social Aversion and/or Evaluation, FIII. To Pursue Attention), and Negative Affect (NA). In addition, Moderate Aggression also reported significantly higher scores than Low Aggression for the three first factors of school refusal and NA. Conversely, Low Aggression had significantly higher mean scores than High Aggression and Moderate Aggression on Positive Affect (PA). Results demonstrate that High Aggression was the most maladaptive profile having a high risk of psychological vulnerability. Aggression prevention programs should be sure to include strategies to overcome psychological problems that characterize children manifesting high levels of aggressive behavior.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between affect in its two commonly used theoretical categories, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), and social functioning dimensions (school performance, family relationships, peer relationships and home duties/self-care). The sample comprised 390 students of primary education aged 8-11 years (M = 9.39; SD = 1.15). The short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for children (PANAS-C-SF) and the Child and Adolescent Social Adaptive Functioning Scale (CASAFS) were used. Student's t tests indicated that those reporting high levels on all the social functioning dimensions also reported significantly higher levels of PA than peers who reported low levels; by contrast, students reporting high levels of social functioning reported significantly lower levels of NA than peers who reported low levels. Similarly, logistic regression analyses showed that an increase in PA increased probability of high levels of social functioning, and that an increase in NA decreased the probability of presenting high levels of social functioning dimensions, with the exception of school performance. These results expand the PA and NA relationship with social functioning reported in adults to Spanish children, which is potentially of interest in the fields of Education and Psychology.

La ira y la ansiedad están relacionadasa través dela vulnerabilidadbiológicasubyacente en ambos constructos, ya que los individuos reaccionan ante una amenaza conirao ansiedad. Pero ¿tiene la ira la capacidad para predecir la ansiedad? En este estudio nos hemos propuesto analizar esta capacidad predictiva de la ira sobre la ansiedad escolar en una muestra de 1131estudiantes chilenos de Educación Secundaria, 560 chicos y 571 chicas (49,51% y 51,49%, respectivamente) todos ellos con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 18 años (M=15.30; DE=1.10). La expresión de la ira se midió con el State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents (STAXI-NA) y la Ansiedad Escolar con el Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar (IAES). Los análisis de regresión logística revelaron que altas puntuaciones en sentimientos de ira, temperamento de ira, expresión interna de ira, ira-estado e ira-rasgo predicen la alta ansiedad. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de diseñar y desarrollar programas educativos que ayuden a los estudiantes a canalizar la expresión de la ira y disminuyan los niveles de ansiedad escolar.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the scientific literature on perfectionism in children and adolescents, published in the Web of Science, between 2004 and 2014. The documentary sample consisted of 174 publications, which were analyzed based on different bibliometric indicators such as the analysis of temporal productivity, the most productive journals and authors on the topic and the co-authorship index, as well as an analysis of the main instruments used and the themes identified. The results indicated that child and adolescent perfectionism is a still emerging field of investigation, for this reason, no specialized journals on the subject or authors with more than nine publications on the topic were found. Likewise, the analyzes in relation to co-authorship showed a tendency to work collaboratively, following the current stoppages of science. They highlighted the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale as the two instruments most used to measure perfectionism in children and adolescents. Regarding the content analysis, a total of seven thematic categories were identified, the most prevalent being the one that brings together the documents focused on examining the relationship between perfectionism and various disorders or psychological problems.

The relationship between perfectionism and rejection of school is a field of research with few studies. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (PSP) and rejection of the school based on the factors II (escape from social aversion and / or situations of school evaluation) and III (search for attention of other significant people) that justify this behavior. The sample consisted of 733 Spanish students between 8 and 12 years old (M = 10.03, SD = 1.25). The instruments used to establish this relationship were the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, to measure perfectionism, and the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children, to evaluate school refusal. The results revealed that students who presented high scores in school refusal, due to the need to escape from social aversion and / or evaluation situations, had significantly higher PSP scores. Likewise, students with high school rejection based on the search for care of their loved ones, had significantly higher scores in PSP. Thus, the results supported that there is a positive relationship between these two variables. These results could be considered by teachers and school or clinical psychologists when designing prevention and intervention strategies in cases of rejection of the school.

ABSTRACT Prochlorococcus requires the capability to accommodate to environmental changes in order to proliferate in oligotrophic oceans, in particular regarding nitrogen availability. A precise knowledge of the composition and changes in the proteome can yield fundamental insights into such a response. Here we report a detailed proteome analysis of the important model cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 after treatment with azaserine, an inhibitor of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (GOGAT), to simulate extreme nitrogen starvation. In total, 1,072 proteins, corresponding to 57% of the theoretical proteome, were identified—the maximum proteome coverage obtained for any Prochlorococcus strain thus far. Spectral intensity, calibrated quantification by the Hi3 method, was obtained for 1,007 proteins. Statistically significant changes (P value of

The present study analyzed the psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the child−adolescent perfectionism scale (CAPS-S), as well as its factorial invariance and latent means differences across sex and age. A sample of 1809 Spanish students of Primary Education, aged between 8 and 11 (Mage = 9.53, SD = 1.11), was used. Confirmatory factor analyses and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses were applied to examine the factor structure of the CAPS-S. The results revealed that a model made up of 13 items structured in 3 factors—Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Striving (SOP-Striving), Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Critical (SOP-Critical), and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP)—showed a better fit than any of the previously tested models, and it was invariant across sex and age. SOP-Striving did not significantly correlate with school anxiety and aggression, whereas significant and positive correlations were found in the case of SOP-Critical and SPP. The levels of reliability and stability of the scale were ω = 0.91, 0.74, 0.73, and 0.80, and rxx = 0.73, 0.62, 0.73, and 0.74, for the total CAPS-S and for the SOP-Striving, SOP-Critical, and SPP dimensions, respectively. Analysis of latent means differences revealed that boys scored significantly higher than girls in SOP-Critical. The 9-year-olds scored significantly lower in SPP than their 8-year-old peers. Conversely, 11-year-olds scored higher in SOP-Critical than 8-year-olds. In addition, 10- and 11-year-olds scored higher than their 9-year-old peers. The CAPS-S presented in this research is a reliable and valid instrument to assess perfectionism in Spanish child population.

The 2 x 2 model of dispositional perfectionism has been very well received by researchers of the topic, leading to the creation of new studies that have analyzed the way in which the four proposed subtypes are distinctly associated with measures of adaptation and maladjustment. The goal of this study was to determine the possible existence of four profiles of child perfectionism that are congruent with the subtypes proposed by the 2 x 2 model, and whether these subtypes are associated with school anxiety, in accordance with the hypotheses established by the model. The sample was composed of 2157 students from Spanish Primary Education aged between 8 and 11 years (M = 9.60, SD = 1.24). The Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale was used to assess Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Self-Oriented Perfectionism, and the School Anxiety Inventory for Primary Education was used to measure school anxiety. The results of cluster analysis identified four differential groups of perfectionists similar to the subtypes defined by the 2 x 2 model: Non-Perfectionism, Pure Personal Standards Perfectionism (Pure PSP), Pure Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism (Pure ECP), and Mixed Perfectionism. The four groups presented a differentiable pattern of association with school anxiety, with the exception of Pure PSP and Pure ECP, which showed no significant differences. Participants classified as Non-perfectionists presented the most adaptive outcomes, whereas subjects included in the Mixed Perfectionism group scored significantly higher on school anxiety than the three remaining groups. To conclude, the results partially supported the hypotheses of the 2 x 2 model, questioning the consideration of Self-Oriented Perfectionism as a positive manifestation of perfectionism and showing that it is the combination of high scores in both perfectionist dimensions, Self-Oriented Perfectionism and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, that implies higher levels of school anxiety. These findings should be taken into account when generalizing the 2 x 2 model to child population.

El rechazo escolar es una de las problemáticas educativas que interfiere negativamente en el desarrollo social y educativo del niño. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la productividad científica sobre rechazo escolar durante el periodo 2004- 2013, con la finalidad de ofrecer una descripción global del estado actual de la investigación sobre rechazo a la escuela y comunicar las últimas aportaciones científicas. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó mediante cuatro bases de datos internacionales obteniendo una muestra de 345 trabajos. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron un crecimiento progresivo de los niveles de productividad y destacan el interés científico por los estudios dirigidos al tratamiento del rechazo escolar y los factores de riesgo asociados al absentismo. Este estudio bibliométrico permite conocer la evolución que ha seguido la investigación sobre rechazo escolar durante la última década, sirviendo como marco de referencia para futuras investigaciones que precisen conocer aquellas tendencias de estudio más desarrolladas junto a las líneas de investigación emergentes, las cuales requieren ampliar sus estudios y una consolidación científica.

Al no existir ninguna condición que determine de forma inequívoca la existencia del TDAH, el diagnóstico es clínico, y se determina por la observación y la información facilitada por padres y maestros. Esto resulta altamente subjetivo e induce a resultados dispares, en buena medida, por la falta de acuerdo en los instrumentos y procedimientos de evaluación. De esta forma, la imprecisión del diagnóstico del TDAH, basado en criterios subjetivos, unida a que la hiperactividad es uno de los síntomas troncales de este trastorno conllevan que, desde hace más de una década se vengan realizando estudios para registrar medidas objetivas de movimiento en los sujetos. Este artículo revisa las diferentes tecnologías existentes en el mercado que permiten el registro y medición del movimiento de un cuerpo humano para facilitar la obtención de una medida objetiva de movimiento que apoye el diagnóstico del TDAH. Se revisan tres tecnologías diferentes: sistemas de video; sistemas de captura de movimiento basados en sensores o marcadores; y sistemas de detección de mapas de profundidad, describiendo las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una de ellas para el apoyo al diagnóstico del TDAH.

El objetivo de este estudio cuasi-experimental es examinar los miedos escolares en una muestra española de 95 hijos de padres divorciados con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 años, comparándolos con un grupo de niños de edades y género similares cuyos padres no se han separado. Los resultados muestran que los niños que han vivido una ruptura conyugal presentan puntuaciones ligeramente superiores en miedos escolares, excepto en los relacionados con el fracaso y el castigo escolar, mayores en los niños cuyos padres permanecen unidos. El análisis de regresión logística reveló una probabilidad de presentar miedos relacionados con el fracaso y castigo escolar 0,42 veces mayor en los niños que no han experimentado una ruptura conyugal. Los cambios en las pautas de crianza y la falta de supervisión, frecuente en los padres después de una ruptura, pueden explicar que los niños que proceden de una familia rota presenten menos miedos en este factor. Se discuten las implicaciones clínicas de estos hallazgos, destacando la importancia de unas pautas educativas coherentes y comunes en la crianza de los hijos.

Glutamine synthetase plays a key role in nitrogen metabolism, thus the fine regulation of this enzyme in Prochlorococcus, which is especially important in the oligotrophic oceans where this marine cyanobacterium thrives. In this work, we studied the metal-catalyzed oxidation of glutamine synthetase in cultures of Prochlorococcus marinus strain PCC 9511 subjected to nutrient limitation. Nitrogen deprivation caused glutamine synthetase to be more sensitive to metal-catalyzed oxidation (a 36% increase compared to control, non starved samples). Nutrient starvation induced also a clear increase (three-fold in the case of nitrogen) in the concentration of carbonyl derivatives in cell extracts, which was also higher (22%) upon addition of the inhibitor of electron transport, DCMU, to cultures. Our results indicate that nutrient limitations, representative of the natural conditions in the Prochlorococcus habitat, affect the response of glutamine synthetase to oxidative inactivating systems. Implications of these results on the regulation of glutamine synthetase by oxidative alteration prior to degradation of the enzyme in Prochlorococcus are discussed.

The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH; EC 1.1.1.42) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, to produce 2-oxoglutarate. The incompleteness of the tricarboxylic acids cycle in marine cyanobacteria confers a special importance to isocitrate dehydrogenase in the C/N balance, since 2-oxoglutarate can only be metabolized through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway. The physiological regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase was studied in cultures of Prochlorococcus sp. strain PCC 9511, by measuring enzyme activity and concentration using the NADPH production assay and Western blotting, respectively. The enzyme activity showed little changes under nitrogen or phosphorus starvation, or upon addition of the inhibitors DCMU, DBMIB and MSX. Azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamate synthase, induced clear increases in the isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and icd gene expression after 24 h, and also in the 2-oxoglutarate concentration. Iron starvation had the most significant effect, inducing a complete loss of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, possibly mediated by a process of oxidative inactivation, while its concentration was unaffected. Our results suggest that isocitrate dehydrogenase responds to changes in the intracellular concentration of 2-oxoglutarate and to the redox status of the cells in Prochlorococcus.

La ansiedad escolar se define como un conjunto de respuestas cognitivas, psicofisiológicas y motoras que un niño emite ante situaciones escolares que le resultan amenazantes y/o ambiguas. La asociación que puede darse entre esta conducta y otras variables psicoeducativas como el rechazo escolar, la convierte en uno de los factores más influyentes en el ajuste de los niños y niñas al contexto educativo. El propósito de este estudio fue comprobar si existían diferencias en el nivel de manifestación de los distintos tipos de rechazo escolar según el nivel de ansiedad escolar en alumnos de Educación Primaria. Para realizar este estudio se seleccionó una muestra de 525 alumnos y alumnas con edades que oscilaban entre los 8 y 12 años (segundo y tercer ciclo de Educación Primaria). Los participantes completaron el Inventario de Ansiedad Escolar para Educación Primaria (IAEP) y la versión española del School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R/C). Los alumnos encuadrados en el grupo de altos niveles de ansiedad escolar, puntuaron significativamente más alto que los alumnos con bajos niveles de ansiedad escolar en los tres primeros factores del SRAS-R/C: Rechazo escolar para evitar emociones negativas, Rechazo escolar para escapar de situaciones sociales aversivas y Rechazo escolar para llamar la atención. Por el contrario, estos resultados fueron distintos a los obtenidos para el cuarto factor del SRAS-R/C (Rechazo para obtener recompensas tangibles fuera de la escuela), debido a que no se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con alta y baja ansiedad escolar. Los resultados indican que, en la etapa de Educación Primaria, la ansiedad escolar está asociada a mayores niveles de rechazo escolar. Sin embargo, no todos los alumnos que rechazan asistir al colegio manifiestan ansiedad escolar, tal y como demuestra la ausencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el cuarto factor del SRAS-C/R.