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Una de las mayores controversias que suscita el estudio geoarqueológico de la minería aurífera romana se refiere al empleo de la amalgama con mercurio (Hg) para la concentración de oro en yacimientos tipo placer, donde éste aparece libre, en forma de pequeñas partículas o pepitas que se acumulan en el sedimento aurífero. A pesar de que el uso y propiedades del mercurio fueron conocidas en época romana, son escasos los trabajos realizados que permiten establecer las condiciones en las que su empleo estaba justificado en la recuperación y beneficio del oro procedente de yacimientos secundarios. En este artículo se ha realizado un estudio geoquímico de suelos para establecer su empleabilidad en la recuperación de oro en este tipo de explotaciones. Para ello, se ha analizado la concentración de Hg en los tramos de canal de lavado (agogae), donde se realizaría la extracción de oro. Los resultados indican que las anomalías observadas están ligadas al acopio y su posterior uso, ya que se concentran en los tramos inferiores de los canales. Esto confirma el empleo de mercurio para el beneficio aurífero en yacimientos de tipo placer, arrojando luz sobre los métodos metalúrgicos empleados en época romana.

This study aims to use geochemical, mineralogical, ecotoxicological and biological indicators for a comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks related to the mobility, ecotoxicity and bioavailability of potentially harmful elements in the Lousal mining district. Particularly, toxicity was evaluated using four assays: algae, cytotoxicity assays with HaCaT cell line (dermal), earthworms and Daphnia magna. The geochemical and mineralogical characterization of the studied area shows that the mine wastes underwent intense weathering processes, producing important contamination of the adjacent soils, which also led to the release and mobilization of PHEs into nearby water courses. Total PTE results indicate that the soils affected by mining activities were highly contaminated with As and Cu, while Zn and Pb content ranged from low to very high, depending on the analyzed samples. Cadmium levels were found to be very low in most of the soil samples. The test using Daphnia magna was the most sensitive bioassay, while the Eisenia foetida test was the least sensitive. Except for the LOS07 soil sample, the rest of the soils were classified as “High acute toxicity” and “Very high acute toxicity” for aquatic systems. The results in HACaT cells showed results similar to the ecotoxicological bioassays. The application of biotests, together with geochemical and mineralogical characterization, is a very useful tool to establish the degree of contamination and the environmental risk of potentially harmful elements.

The geochemical characterization of the mine deposits and soils in metal mining areas is essential in order to develop an effective mine reclamation strategy. The determination of total potentially toxic element (PTE) content, together with the application of chemical extraction procedures, can give insight into the behavior of contaminants after the application of different mine reclamation solutions, as well as identify the areas where urgent action is needed. This work presents a practical application to the evaluation of the pollution potential of trace elements in soils affected by mining activities, to be used in metallic mine reclamation. The PTE behavior was assessed by single extractions in order to simulate four environmental conditions: PTE mobility under rainfall conditions, acid mine drainage, reducing conditions, and plant uptake. The spatial distribution of contaminants in the study area was evaluated by determination of PTE total content in soil samples. Trace elements with high natural mobility, such as Zn, appeared concentrated at water and sediment discharge areas, while As, Pb, and Cu contents were higher near the mine wastes. The results obtained after the extractions suggested that the highest PTE content was extracted in the complexing–reducing medium, due to the dissolution of secondary sulfates and Fe3+ oxyhydroxides and the subsequent release of PTEs associated with those mineral phases. Reclamation strategies applied in the study area should promote efficient water drainage, infiltration, and subsuperficial water circulation in order to maintain oxidant conditions in the soil. The methodology applied in this study may constitute a valuable tool to define the geochemical constraints in metal mining areas, as well as help to develop appropriate mine reclamation solutions.

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant, being highly persistent in the atmosphere, in particular gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), which can easily be emitted and then transported over long distances. In the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy), contamination by Hg is well characterised but little is known regarding the concentrations, sources and fate of GEM in the atmosphere. In this work, discrete measurements of GEM were recorded from several sites at different times of the year. The database is consistent with temporal night-day variations monitored using a continuous real-time device. The meteorological conditions were collected as ancillary parameters. GEM levels varied from −3) to 48.5 ng m−3 (mean 2.7 ng m−3), with no significant differences found among sites. A clear daily pattern emerged, with maximum values reached just after sunset. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were identified as the main micrometeorological factors influencing both the spatial and temporal variation of GEM. Our results show that average atmospheric GEM values are higher than the natural background of the Northern Hemisphere and will be useful in future selection regarding the most suitable sites to monitor atmospheric Hg depositions and fluxes from soil and water.

El grupo minero de San Quintín (Ciudad Real), del que la Sociedad Minero-Metalúrgica de Peñarroya extrajo 515.300 toneladas de concentrados de galena entre 1888 y 1923, se encuentra actualmente abandonado. Para la caracterización geoambiental de una balsa de lodos de este grupo minero, se han utilizado dos técnicas geofísicas someras, tomografía eléctrica 2D y georadar, y técnicas mineralógicas y geoquímicas. Se han determinado los límites de la balsa, un espesor máximo de relleno de unos 12 m, y que está constituido por materiales de granulometría arenoso-arcillosa formados principalmente por cuarzo, minerales del grupo de la arcilla, yeso y feldespatos. No se han detectado indicios de drenaje ácido en la balsa ni de modificación de su estructura interna. Los trabajos últimos de relavado han reducido la cantidad de minerales metálicos en los lodos. El uso combinado de técnicas se muestra muy útil en la caracterización de depósitos mineros abandonados, paso previo a los trabajos futuros de restauración ambiental de este tipo de residuos medioambientalmente peligrosos.