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espanolEn los ultimos 20 anos se han forestado en Castilla La-Mancha cerca de 120 000 ha de terrenos agricolas, correspondiendo unas 30 000 ha a la provincia de Albacete. Las forestaciones se han realizado con densidades entre 650 y 1100 plantas ha-1 con especies arboreas y arbustivas, predominando pinos y encinas entre las primeras y retama y coscoja entre las segundas. El estudio de la evolucion de la flora arvense con la edad de las forestaciones nos aporta informacion sobre la dinamica de colonizacion de herbaceas y lenosas, asi como de los cambios en la comunidad a partir de la transformacion de un terreno agricola a forestal. Para ello, se han seleccionado 36 forestaciones pertenecientes a tres grupos de edad: de 1 a 7 anos; de 8 a 14 anos y de 15 a 21 anos. En todas ellas se han identificado las especies vegetales presentes y estimado su cobertura. Se ha calculado el indice de biodiversidad de Shannon-Wiener para cada una de las forestaciones y el indice de similitud de Sorensen para comparar los distintos grupos. Los resultados indican que, a partir de los 7 anos, el numero de especies de flora arvense presentes en las forestaciones se reduce en un 25 %; y la cobertura de estas especies se reduce en mas de un 70 % a partir de los 14 anos. EnglishIn the last 20 years, about 120,000 ha of agricultural land have been reforested in Castilla-La Mancha. About 30,000 ha in the province of Albacete. The afforestation of agricultural land can produce intense competition between weeds and forest species during the first years, however, as the forest vegetation grows the vegetative competition diminishes due to plant diversity reduction. In this work, we have studied the evolution of weeds with the age of afforestation to assess the dynamics of herbaceous and woody colonization. To find out the changes in the vegetal community from arable land to forest, we selected 36 afforestation sites from three age groups: from 1 to 7 years, 8 to 14 years and 15 to 21 years. In all of them, the present plant species have been identified and its coverage, the specific wealth and Shannon-Wienerindex to know the biodiversity for each of forestation have been estimated. The results show that from the7 years the number of species of weed in forestation is reduced to 25%. The weed cover decreases by more than 70% from 14 years. The study allows us to conclude that, if silvicultural tasks are not carried out after afforestation, the recruitment of herbaceous and woody forest species will have great difficulties.

For several decades, it has been postulated that dopaminergic pathways explain the neurobiology of schizophrenia, the biological underpinnings of treatment responses and the main mechanisms of action of antipsychotics [...]

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a disabling and difficult-to-treat mental disease. One of its core features is a significant difficulty in affect regulation, which is often accompanied by Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). It is suggested that this type of behavior elicits positive emotions and mitigates emotional distress, and therefore can ultimately be reinforced and promoted. In spite of the high prevalence of NSSI behaviors (also in non-BPD samples), their role in modulating reward-related processes has not yet been investigated in BPD patients. In the present study, this lack of research was addressed. A large sample of BPD patients (N = 40), divided into two groups depending on the presence of NSSI, and a group of matched healthy controls underwent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) while performing a gambling task. Patients who committed NSSI acts exhibited enhanced activation of the orbitofrontal cortex following an unexpected reward, when compared with controls and BPD patients with no NSSI behavior. In addition, the NSSI group showed diminished functional connectivity between the left orbitofrontal cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus. These findings might suggest impaired ability to update reward associations of potential choices when both BPD and NSSI are present. We propose that the presence of NSSI involves alterations in the reward system independently of BPD, and thus can be considered as a possible phenotype for reward-related alterations.