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Due to COVID-19, many countries, like Spain, imposed lockdown on the entire population to prevent the virus from spreading. The purpose of this exploratory study is to investigate the severity of psychological symptoms, dyadic adjustment, and parental stress of parents during the first three weeks of the outbreak. It also aims to identify several risk factors that contribute to this distress. A total of 727 parents completed a form on an online platform with sociodemographic data, BSI- 18, EAD-13, and the Spanish version of the PPS. Linear regression analyses were used to explore the significant associations between the sample characteristics (sociodemographic variables and their lockdown circumstances) and parents' psychological symptoms, dyadic adjustment, and parenting stress level during the COVID-19 epidemic. Most parents maintained good emotional, personal, conjugal, and family stability; however, female gender, not living with the partner, having a child with a mental disorder and were unable to balance the work and family lives were significantly associated with greater psychological distress. Being receiving psychiatric or psychological treatment has also been associated with poorer psychological and partner adjustment during the outbreak. It is essential to continue researching the impact of lockdowns on families so that, both the government and public health authorities, can offer resources to the most vulnerable families.

The specification of rhizoid precursor cells in the epidermis ofMarchantia polymorphagemmae has been shown to involve lateral inhibition mediated by the microRNA FRH1, which represses its activator RSL1, a rhizoidspecific transcription factor. However, how inhibition is conferred to adjacent cells and which is the mechanism underlying the emergence of rhizoid precursors remain unknown. In this paper, we use mathematical and computational modeling to show that the previously reported rhizoid patterns in WT, gain-of-function and lossof-function mutants ofFRH1andRSL1are consistent with lateral inhibition mediated by a mobile FRH1. Our modeling results suggest that cells inMarchantiawildtype gemmae reside close to a critical state, where diffusion of FRH1 drives a switch of RSL1 expression that specifies rhizoid precursors. This process involves an initially random trigger and subsequent lateral inhibition, leading to cellular patterns consisting of small and filamentous clusters of rhizoid precursors. We confirm these predictions with new data on WT rhizoid distributions. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism of cellular pattern formation, opening new research directions for understanding cellular differentiation and tissue morphogenesis, with potential implications for a broad range of biological systems.

BACKGROUND Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of online mental health treatments have grown exponentially. Additionally, it seems inevitable that this technical resource is here to stay at health centers. However, there is still very little scholarly literature published on this topic, and therefore, the impact of the changes that have had to be dealt with in this regard has not been studied. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the differences in the establishment of the therapeutic alliance (TA) based on the intervention modality (online or face-to-face), the type of attachment, and diagnosis. METHODS A total of 291 subjects participated in the study, 149 (51.2%) of whom were men and 142 were (48.8%) women between the ages of 18 and 30 years. The instruments used were sociodemographic data, SOFTA-o (System for Observing Family Therapeutic Alliances—observational), and Relationship Questionnaire. RESULTS The results show that the treatments conducted face-to-face obtain significantly better scores in the creation of the TA than those conducted online (t=–42.045, df=289, Pt=6.068, PF=4.566, P=.44), age (r=0.02, P=.70), and sex (t=0.217, P=.33). CONCLUSIONS We believe that professionals are not yet prepared to conduct remote treatment with a degree of efficacy similar to that of face-to-face. It is essential for professionals to receive training in this new technical resource and to understand and incorporate the variants it entails into their daily practice.

In animals and plants, stem-cell niches are local microenvironments that are tightly regulated to preserve their unique identity while communicating with adjacent cells that will give rise to specialized cell types. In the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana, two transcription factors, BRAVO and WOX5, among others, are expressed in the stem-cell niche. Intriguingly, BRAVO, a repressor of quiescent center divisions, confines its own gene expression to the stem-cell niche, as evidenced in a bravo mutant background. Here, we propose through mathematical modeling that BRAVO confines its own expression domain to the stem-cell niche by attenuating a WOX5-dependent diffusible activator of BRAVO. This negative feedback drives WOX5 activity to be spatially restricted as well. The results show that WOX5 diffusion and sequestration by binding to BRAVO are sufficient to drive the experimentally observed confined BRAVO expression at the stem-cell niche. We propose that the attenuation of a diffusible activator can be a general mechanism acting at other stem-cell niches to spatially confine genetic activity to a small region while maintaining signaling within them and with the surrounding cells., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) program ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’ MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER (PGC2018-101896-B-I00 to M.I.); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación and European Social Fund (Fondo Social Europeo, FSE) program ‘El FSE invierte en tu futuro’ (BES-2016-078218 to J.M.); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (BIO2016-78955 to A.I.C.-D.); the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant (ERC-2015-CoG–683163 to A.I.C.-D.); Generalitat de Catalunya (M.I. and J.M. in Grup de Recerca Consolidat 2017 SGR 1061; FI-DGR 2016FI-B 00472, also funded by FSE, to N.B.); and the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU15/02822 to I.B.-P.).

Stem cell niches are local microenvironments that preserve their unique identity while communicating with adjacent tissues. In the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana, the stem cell niche comprises the expression of two transcription factors, BRAVO and WOX5, among others. Intriguingly, these proteins confine their own gene expression to the niche, as evidenced in each mutant background. Here we propose through mathematical modeling that BRAVO confines its own expression domain to the stem cell niche by attenuating its WOX5-dependent diffusible activator. This negative feedback drives WOX5 action to be spatially restricted as well. The results show that WOX5 diffusion and sequestration by binding to BRAVO is sufficient to drive realistic confined BRAVO expression at the stem cell niche. We propose that attenuation of a diffusible activator can be a general mechanism to confine genetic activity to a small region while at the same time maintain signaling within it and with the surrounding cells.

Understanding stem cell regulatory circuits is the next challenge in plant biology, as these cells are essential for tissue growth and organ regeneration in response to stress. In the Arabidopsis primary root apex, stem cell-specific transcription factors BRAVO and WOX5 co-localize in the quiescent centre (QC) cells, where they commonly repress cell division so that these cells can act as a reservoir to replenish surrounding stem cells, yet their molecular connection remains unknown. Genetic and biochemical analysis indicates that BRAVO and WOX5 form a transcription factor complex that modulates gene expression in the QC cells to preserve overall root growth and architecture. Furthermore, by using mathematical modelling we establish that BRAVO uses the WOX5/BRAVO complex to promote WOX5 activity in the stem cells. Our results unveil the importance of transcriptional regulatory circuits in plant stem cell development., A.I.C-D. is a recipient of a BIO2016-78955 grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and a European Research Council, ERC Consolidator Grant (ERC-2015-CoG – 683163). I.B-P. is funded by the FPU15/02822 grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport; N.B. by the FI-DGR 2016FI_B 00472 grant from the AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya; and A.P-R. by the SEV-2015-0533 from the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D. M.I. and J.M. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER (EU) through grant FIS2015-66503-C3-3-P, from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades / Agencia Estatal de Investigación / Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Unión Europea through grant PGC2018-101896-B-I00 and from the Generalitat de Catalunya through Grup de Recerca Consolidat 2014 SGR 878 and 2017 SGR 1061. J.M. is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education through BES-2016-078218. Y.S. and R.C.D. were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG) (grant STA12/12 1-1). A.I.C.-D.–A.C. collaboration was funded by the European Regional Development Funds and Marie Curie IRSES Project DEANN (PIRSES-GA-2013-612583). CRAG is funded by “Severo Ochoa Programme” from Centers of Excellence in R&D 2016-2019 (SEV-2015-485 0533).

Caregivers experience physical and mental stress that ends up lowering their quality of life (QoL). Our goal was to research (a) the level of caregivers QoL; (b) the relationships between the demographic characteristics of the caregivers, their caregiving burden, their family functioning, their social and professional support and their QoL and (c) the best predictors of caregivers QoL.100 key caregivers (70% parents, 8% spouses, 17% siblings and 5% children) were studied using the world health organization quality of life-Bref (WHOQOL-BREF) to research their QoL, the Zarit Scale to assess their perception of their caregiving burden, the Social Network Questionnaire to examine their social support, the Family APGAR to assess the satisfaction with social support from the family and a professional support scale (Escala de Apoyo Profesional) to determine the professional support received by caregivers was performed.Scores on the WHOQOL-BREF in the Physical, Psychological, Social and Environment domains were 15.0 (SD = 3.7), 13.3 (SD = 4.2), 11.0 (SD = 4.7) and 13.5 (SD = 3.1), respectively. Through bivariate analysis, the dimensions that showed a positive significant association with QoL were being a young male caregiver who was a working father with a high educational level and help from other family members. Caregivers of patients who were older and had a later onset of the illness, a lower score on the Zarit Scale and a high score on the Social Network Questionnaire, Family APGAR and Escala de Apoyo Profesional showed higher QoL. Many of these variables made a unique contribution in the multivariate analysis.There is a significant association between the caregiver's burden and their QoL. Regression analysis showed that the best predictors of QoL were caregiving burden, social support and professional support.

This study evaluated the predictive relationship between the communicative openness and psychological adjustment of adopted adolescents, controlling for preplacement risk factors. One hundred Spanish international adoptees aged 12-18 took part in the study. Data were gathered with a structured interview, the Youth Self Report and the Adoption Communication Scale. A history of maltreatment prior to the adoption was associated with more closed communication between parents and children. Prenatal drug exposure shows a relationship with the presence of externalizing behaviors and attention problems in adolescents. Finally, a lower degree of communicative openness regarding the child's origins was significantly associated with the presence of all the adolescent behavioral problems studied.

Los numerosos e importantes cambios sociales protagonizados por internet y el fenómeno on line, están provocando que la forma de comunicarnos, de relacionarnos y de establecer vínculos, no se parezca en nada a la de hace solo unos años atrás. Estas transformaciones han llegado a todos los estamentos de nuestra sociedad y tanto es así que desde la práctica clínica psicológica cada vez son más las demandas de tratamientos on line. Ésta, cómo otras tantas novedades que han aparecido a lo largo de la historia de la psicología, no debería incorporarse en el marco de trabajo sin analizar previamente cuáles pueden ser sus efectos. El presente trabajo reflexiona acerca de los elementos que, a partir de nuestra práctica clínica, pensamos que deben de tenerse especialmente en cuenta antes de empezar un tratamiento on line. La transferencia, el encuadre y la alianza terapéutica, son solo algunos de los aspectos que analizaremos, enfatizando aquellos en los que hemos detectado las diferencias más significativas entre la terapia presencial y la on line. Al no tratarse de dos tipos distintos de terapia sino de la utilización intencionada de una herramienta comunicativa diferente, se postulan las principales características con el objetivo de que no se vea afectado ni el correcto desarrollo del tratamiento ni su eficacia. Palabras clave: Psicoterapia on line, psicoterapia por internet, comunicación virtual, espacio intermediario, psicoanálisis relacional.