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Aim: Estrogens and progesterone are essential for breast development in women. Paradoxically they promote the development of breast cancer, through the stimulation and proliferation of cells by the action of hormone receptors. In Côte d'Ivoire, more than half of all diagnosed cases of breast cancer are hormone-dependent. Because of the link between female hormones and breast cancer, the consideration of certain factors, such as the period of influence of hormones (estrogen and progesterone) as well as their quantification, could be considered in orientation screening for hormone-dependent breast cancer. Methodology: A case-control study conducted at the Cancerology Department of the Treichville University Hospital, the National Blood Transfusion Centre, and the Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire recruited 85 participants, including 39 cases and 46 non-menopausal and menopausal controls. Socio-demographic information and the participants' clinical status were collected through a questionnaire and consultation of the medical file. Blood samples were taken in dry red tubes with a coagulation activator on the day of inclusion for postmenopausal women and during the follicular phase for non-menopausal women (between days 4 and 7 of the menstrual cycle). The quantification of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH) was performed by immunoassay on the Cobas e411 Analyser®. Results: Postmenopausal cases had early menarche (13 years) and late menopause (52.46 years) compared to controls and also had slightly higher mean plasma oestradiol 2 and progesterone levels (P=0.04; P=0.017). Among these cases, those with ER+ tumors had slightly higher mean plasma oestradiol-2 levels (15.28 pg/mL) than those with ER- tumors (9.20 pg/mL) (P=0.03). Conclusion: The epidemiological investigation and the quantification of hormones in the participants' blood plasma revealed a positive association between the period of influence of these hormones, their concentrations, and hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

The development of vegetable crops contributes to the food security of populations while reducing the problems of unemployment. However, these crops are subject to many pests that cause quantitative and qualitative damage to crops. To improve their yield, most market gardeners resort to the use of phytosanitary products. In order to take stock of the use of these products in the fight against pathogens of vegetable crops in the district of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a survey was carried out from January to February 2018 among 33 producers in the communes of Cocody and Port-Bouët. Twenty-seven pesticide trade names divided into 8 different families were identified. The majority of pesticides used were insecticides (53%) followed by fungicides (25%). Seventy-five percent (75%) of market gardeners were aware of the risk of pesticide toxicity, however 53% of market gardeners did not use any means of protection during pesticide spraying. These bad practices jeopardize their health, that of consumers and the environment. It is therefore important to train and educate market gardeners on phytosanitary products and to provide them with adequate protective equipment.

Plusieurs études sur les poulets ont été menées sur les continents européens ; américain et asiatique. Mais suivant la littérature il existe peu de données relatives aux poulets africains, particulièrement ceux de la Côte d’Ivoire. La présente étude est menée sur le poulet africain Gallus gallus pour pallier l’insuffisance de données sur cette espèce. Elle porte sur des spécimens de Gallus gallus de races dites Dzaye et Bochibolochié en Côte d’Ivoire. L’étude concerne l’histologie du système excréteur du poulet Gallus gallus. L’observation à l’œil nu a permis d’une part la description générale de Gallus gallus et de son système excréteur. D’autre part des traitements histologiqueset une observation au microscope optique ont permis l’étude de la structure du système excréteur.

Aims: The pathophysiology of Plasmodium falciparum infection is most often associated with anemia and immune deficiency. Given the important role of vitamin D in the synthesis of hemoglobin and in the stimulation of the immune system, it would be essential to assess the vitamin D status of patients with malaria in order to improve the quality of treatment management. Methodology: A thick drop and a blood smear were used to determine parasite density and parasite species respectively. The complete blood count was performed using an automated analyzer labelled Sysmex XN 1000i. Biochemical parameters such as calcium and phosphorus were determined using the Cobas C311 Hitachi. The Vidas was used to determine the concentrations of 25 (OH) -vitamin D. Results: The results showed a decrease in 25 (OH) -vitamin D concentrations in relation to the parasite density and anemia observed in patients with uncomplicated malaria. Conclusion: Vitamin D status in patients with uncomplicated malaria could represent an essential biomarker in the monitoring of antimalarial treatment.

Sweet peppers are consumed less in Korhogo, in the north of Côte d'Ivoire, than other hotter peppers. In addition, the sweet pepper is underexploited, it encounters problems of conservation, distribution. This study is a valorization of the sweet pepper. The physical properties are: 5.8-6.93 cm for length, 14.21-15.03 cm for circumference, 34.28-42.65 g for weight, 91.19-91.80 % for humidity, 0.49-0.61 % for ash content. The contents of biochemical elements are: 5.42-5.54 for the pH, 2.92 meq / 100 g on average for the titratable acidity, 177.45-254.57 mg / 100g for reducing sugars, 3,42-4.29 % for total sugars, 0.36 % on average for lipids, 0.73-1 % for proteins, 2.03-3 % for fibers, 6.62-6.93 % for total carbohydrates, 32.64-34.7 Kcal / 100 g for energy value. The amounts of vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins are respectively: 26.67-51.25 mg / 100 g; 116.16-131.28 mg / 100 g; 1.97-4.43 mg / 100 g; 14.74-19.12 mg / 100 g. The contents of anti-nutritional compounds are 363-388.67 mg / 100 g for oxalates, 20.08-22.20 mg / 100 g for phytates. Sweet pepper contains 0.14 % DM on average phosphorus, 0.33-0.37 % DM for potassium, 0.30-0.31 % DM for calcium, 0.167-0.174 % DM for magnesium, 2.76 -3.80 ppm copper, 7.5-7.92 ppm iron, 0.59-0.69 ppm manganese, 16.24-16.34 ppm zinc, 6.46-20.15 ppm sodium. Processed before consumption, Sweet pepper constitutes a significant source of food fibre, natural antioxidant, and mineral elements for local population.

In developing countries (DC), general mortality is mainly due to infectious diseases which outweigh cardiovascular and degenerative diseases as well as cancers. Among these, opportunistic candidiasis is on the rise among HIV/AIDS patients. AIDS remains the leading cause of death in young adults in developing countries. In view of the growth of infectious diseases, our research team tested the chromatographic fractions of the X1-2Eucalyptus torellianaextract (ornamental plants) on the in vitro growth ofcandida albicans, candida tropicalis and candida glabrata. Among these fractions, fraction F5 showed the best activity on the three germs tested with a CMF value of 62.5 µg/mL for each germ.

The development of vegetable crops contributes to the food security of populations while reducing the problems of unemployment. However, these crops are subject to many pests that cause quantitative and qualitative damage to crops. To improve their yield, most market gardeners resort to the use of phytosanitary products. In order to take stock of the use of these products in the fight against pathogens of vegetable crops in the district of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a survey was carried out from January to February 2018 among 33 producers in the communes of Cocody and Port-Bouët. Twenty-seven pesticide trade names divided into 8 different families were identified. The majority of pesticides used were insecticides (53%) followed by fungicides (25%). Seventy-five percent (75%) of market gardeners were aware of the risk of pesticide toxicity, however, 53% of market gardeners did not use any means of protection during pesticide spraying. These bad practices jeopardize their health, that of consumers and the environment. It is therefore important to train and educate market gardeners on phytosanitary products and to provide them with adequate protective equipment.

Information collected from nine (09) traditional healers in the Moronou village in the Department of Toumodi revealed thatAnthocleista djanlonensisis regularly used by the population for primary health care in the processing of malaria. Evaluation of theIn vitroantiplasmodial activity showed that the aqueous extracts inhibit growth of clinical isolates and chloroquinoresistant strains (K1) with IC50of 8.29 µg/mL and 10.23 µg/mL while the ethanolic extracts had IC50of 37.65 µg/mL and 46.07 µg/mL on the same strains respectively. Results of theIn vitroantimalarial bioassay showed that aqueous extracts havepromising antiplasmodialeffects on clinical isolates and onPlasmodium falciparummultidrug resistant K1 strain (3 µg/mL 50&nbsp

Aims: This study was to identify mutations in patients’ vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in Côte d'Ivoire, precisely in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients deficient in vitamin D3. Methodology: Fifty (50) DNA extractions from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from HIV positive and vitamin D3 deficient patients were analyzed after verifying their integrity by quantification of genomic DNA and migration from agarose gel. The use of the restriction enzymes Dpn I, Bg III and Pst I made it possible to carry out the PCR-RLFP of the fragments Fok-1 in exon 2, Bsm-1 and Apa-1 in intron 8 and Taq-1 in exon 9. Results: The analysis of the DNA fragments Fok-1 in exon 2 and Bsm-1 in intron 8 of the VDR gene from HIV positive patients deficient in vitamin D3 showed a significantly high prevalence of mutant genotype (100% and 98%) respectively p = 0.0001. Furthermore, in this study, a prevalence of 6% of mutant genotype was observed in Taq-1 of exon 9 of the VDR gene. Conclusion: The high prevalence of mutant genotypes observed in the DNA fragments of Fok-1 in exon 2 and Bsm-1 in intron 8 of the VDR gene studied confirms the presence of mutations in the VDR gene of these patients. It would, therefore, be necessary to sequence the DNA fragments with mutations in order to identify the mutations that affect the VDR gene and that are responsible for the vitamin D3 deficiency observed in these patients.

Objectives: The male infertility is on the increase worldwide; therefore, it is attracting more attention in several studies in order to improve its treatment management. The current study aimed at contributing to set up epidemiological and biological data and draw a general profile of male infertility in Cote d’Ivoire.Materials & Methods: The current prospective and descriptive study was conducted on 401 males` sperm obtained through masturbation after three days of abstinence. The analysis of the information in the cards accompanying the samples and the spermogram and spermocytogram analyses were used to collect the related data.Results: The average age of the males in the study was 39.97 years and the average duration of infertility was 6.66 years; 35.16% of the subjects were in the private sector and mostly composed of traders. Primary infertility was the leading cause of consultation in 55.61% of the cases. A significant relationship (P=0.03) between stress and azoospermia was highlighted, showing that males with stress were twice as likely to develop azoospermia (Odds Ratio=2.24). Results of the current study showed that in the vast majority, semen had several abnormalities with a high rate of associated abnormalities, 37.41%. However, among the isolated abnormalities, asthenozoospermia was the most prominent abnormality with a rate of 20.70%.Conclusion: This study shows that the sperms evaluated have many abnormalities, the most important of which is asthenozoospermia.

This study on wheat flour type 55, the flour of young shoots of Palmyra palm (Borassus aethiopumMart.), the mixture of the two (2) flours containing 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% of flour of young shoots of the palmyra palm, is an enhancement of the young shoots of the palmyra palm, a tuber little transformed in Côte d'Ivoire. The study on the physicochemical properties of the different flours revealed that the incorporation of the flour of young shoots of palmyra palm in the compound flours increased the content of reducing sugars, total sugars and especially fibers, which is beneficial for the health of populations; the lipid and ash contents of wheat flour and of compound flour are not significantly different at the 5% threshold; the bulk density contents of all the flours are not significantly different at the 5% threshold with a general average of 0.65g / ml. The study of the functional properties revealed that the percentage solubility and the water absorption capacity of wheat flours and compound flours are not significantly different at the 5% level; that the swelling power of all the flours is not significantly different at the 5% level with a general average of 0.057 g/g. This study also consisted in evaluating the fermentation activity ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring the fermentation at 30 °C of baking dough containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of flour of young shoots of palmyra palm. When the incorporation rate is equal to 5%, we observe an increase in the fermentation activity ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand a significant volume increase in the fermentation paste. However, when the flour content of young shoots is greater than 5%, a gradual decrease in the fermentation activity of the yeast is observed. The granulometric study revealed that the flour of young shoots of palmyra palm is the finest with a grain content of less than 63µm diameter higher.

Background Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-malarial drugs has hampered efforts to eradicate malaria. Recent reports of a decline in the prevalence of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in several countries, including Malawi and Zambia, is raising the hope of reintroducing chloroquine in the near future, ideally in combination with another anti-malarial drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. In Côte d’Ivoire, the decrease in the clinical efficacy of chloroquine, in addition to a high proportion of clinical isolates carrying the Thr-76 mutant allele of the pfcrt gene, had led to the discontinuation of the use of chloroquine in 2004. Previous studies have indicated the persistence of a high prevalence of the Thr-76 mutant allele despite the withdrawal of chloroquine as first-line anti-malarial drug. This present study is conducted to determine the prevalence of the Thr-76T mutant allele of the Pfcrt gene after a decade of the ban on the sale and use of chloroquine in Côte d’Ivoire. Results Analysis of the 64 sequences from all three study sites indicated a prevalence of 15% (10/64) of the Thr-76 mutant allele against 62% (40/64) of the Lys-76 wild-type allele. No mutation of the allele Thr-76 was observed at Anonkoua Kouté while this mutant allele was in 31% (5/16) and 25% (5/20) of isolate sequences from Port-Bouët and Ayamé respectively. Conclusion More than a decade after the discontinuation of the use of chloroquine in Côte d’Ivoire, the proportion of parasites sensitive to this anti-malarial seems to increase in Anonkoua-kouté, Port-bouët and Ayamé. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2551-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background : Since 2009, Côte d'Ivoire has had a biobank, which now houses the ECOWAS regional biobank. This biobank intends to set up a biological tissue bank for research. In Côte d'Ivoire, several public and private structures handle biological tissues. However, we do not know which ones are involved in the conservation of biological tissues and their related procedures. To ensure optimal conservation of biological tissues at the biobank of Côte d'Ivoire, it is necessary to conduct a study on the state of the art of tissue preservation in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of our work is to know the attitudes and practices of biological tissue preservation in Côte d'Ivoire.Methods : This is a descriptive study carried out in biological analysis laboratories in the south of the Ivory Coast.Results : A total of 66 laboratories agreed to answer the questionnaire that was proposed to them. Among them, only 21.21% kept biological tissues, of which 42.86% were human tissues, 35.71% animal tissues and 21.43% plant tissues. Human tissuesz were stored in formalin at room temperature for a period ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months. Animal biopsies and surgical specimens were stored in formalin and at -80°C for an indefinite period of time. Plant tissues were stored at room temperature and +4°C for an indefinite period of time.Conclusion : The conservation quality of biological tissues still needs to be improved.

Background A biobank is a structure which collects and manages biological samples and their associated data. The collected samples will then be made available for various uses. The sharing of those samples raised ethical questions which have been answered through specific rules. Thus, a Biobank functioning under tight ethical rules would be immensely valuable from a scientific and an economic view point. In 2009, Côte d’Ivoire established a biobank, which has been chosen to house the regional biobank of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) countries in 2018. To ensure optimal and efficient use of this biobank, the scientific community must be aware of its existence and its role. It was therefore necessary to evaluate the knowledge of laboratories staff on the role and activities of a biobank. Methods This descriptive study was done by questioning staff from laboratories working on human’s health, animals or plants. The laboratories were located in southern Côte d’Ivoire. Results A total of 205 people completed the questionnaire. Of these 205 people, 34.63% were biologists, 7.32% engineers, 48.78% technicians and 9.27% PhD students. The average length of work experience was 10.11 ± 7.83 years. In this study, 43.41% of the participants had never heard of biobanking. Only 48.78% of participants had a good understanding of the role of a biobank. Technicians and PhD students were less educated on the notion of biobank (p p > 0.88). Conclusion The level of knowledge of laboratory staff about biobanking needs to be improved. Training on the role, activities and interests of the biobank is important.

Cote d'Ivoire is one of the most affected countries in West Africa with HIV/AIDS, with a prevalence of 3.4%. Essential amino acids are needed by the organism as they play key roles in the immune system and they are supplied through diet. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma lysine and threonine status for better medical and nutritional management of patients living with HIV. This study involved 254 individuals: 127 HIV positive and 127 HIV negative (serving as controls) after confirmation of their HIV status through an HIV test (test DETERMINE® and GENIE II). Lysine and threonine were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on plasma and CD4 lymphocyte count by the method of flow cytometry (FacsCalibur) from whole blood containing EDTA. This study showed that deficiency of lysine was more observed in male HIV infected individuals (66.7%) and threonine deficiency in female HIV infected individuals (17.1%) as compared to the controls subject. The amino acid concentrations as a measure of the degree of immunosuppression was significant for lysine (P = 0.0006) and not significant for threonine (P = 0.8640). The deficiency observed in HIV infected patients taking antiretrovirals is therefore probably due to viral infection and insufficient lysine intake in diet. The threonine concentration depends on the health condition of the subject. Key words: Amino acids, essential, Cote d'Ivoire, HIV-infected patients, lysine, threonine.

Aims: The present study was to evaluate the serum calcium level, phosphorus and 25 (OH) vitamin D subjects during HIV infection; precisely in patients living with HIV (PLHIV). Study Design: Prospective and experimental study, involving a cohort of blood samples from HIV-negative and positive subjects. Place and Duration: The study was carried out in the clinical and fundamental biochemistry Department of the Institut Pasteur of Côte d’Ivoire from June 2014 to December 2014. Methodology: A cohort of 220 samples from adult blood samples, comprising of 110 HIV negative controls and 110 samples from PLHIV subjects, were analyzed. After confirmation of HIV status (through an HIV rapid test) of subjects, CD4 lymphocytes were measured through flow cytometry analysis using an automated FacsCaliburTM. Analysis of calcium and phosphorus electrolytes was performed on the Cobas Integra 400 Plus and 25 (OH) vitamin D on the automated mini VIDAS, from the sera obtained from different blood samples from HIV positive and negative subjects. Results: The identified disorders in the PLHIV were hypocalcemia (P = 0.0009) and hyperphosphoremia (p < 0.0001). 57% of PLHIV against 67% of the control subjects showed normal levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We noticed a good level of 25 (OH) Vitamin D reserve in PLHIV among more than 50% of PLHIV. Calcium and Phosphorous metabolism disorders observed in people living with HIV in Côte d'Ivoire are due to a deficiency of the active form 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D.

Resume L’ochratoxine A (OTA) est une mycotoxine produite par les moisissures et contaminant de nombreuses denrees alimentaires. Elle est essentiellement connue pour ses effets nephrotoxiques et cancerogenes par un mecanisme de genotoxicite direct par formation d’adduits covalents. Des etudes realisees dans les regions balkaniques et du Maghreb ont soupconne l’implication de l’OTA dans les tumeurs du tractus urinaire. Cependant, malgre de nombreuses investigations realisees, le role de l’OTA dans le developpement des tumeurs de la vessie est encore sujet a controverse. En Cote d’Ivoire, les tumeurs de la vessie sont frequentes, et les patients sont recus generalement a un stade tres avance de la maladie. L’objectif de ce travail est d’etudier l’incidence de l’OTA dans le developpement des tumeurs de la vessie chez des patients ivoiriens. Ainsi, de 2005 a 2010, une etude cas-temoin a recrute 120 patients porteurs de tumeur de la vessie et 120 temoins sains. L’OTA a ete extraite des echantillons de sang par une solution chloroformique en milieu acide (MgCl 2 /HCl a pH 1,5) puis purifiee sur colonne d’immunoaffinite. Le dosage d’OTA a ete effectue par chromatographie liquide haute performance munie d’un detecteur fluorimetrique. Les resultats obtenus ont retrouve la presence d’ochratoxine A chez 70 % des temoins et 76,67 % des malades. La teneur moyenne en OTA detectee etait de 0,79 ± 1,20 μg/L dans la population des temoins contre 1,16 ± 1,85 μg/L chez les malades (pas de difference significative, p > 0,01). Toutefois, des mesures sont a prendre afin d’eliminer les risques de contamination par les mycotoxines des aliments les plus couramment consommes.

Over the past decade, the number of malaria cases has dropped by more than half in many malaria-endemic countries. However, recent parasite resistance to artemisinin undermines that progress. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs) is recommended for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Among the potential genes that are associated to resistance of P. falciparum to artemisinin include PfATPase6 gene that encodes the protein SERCA: the specific target of drugs in the parasite. PfATPase6 was the subject of many studies across the world to highlight its’ involvement in the resistance of P. falciprum to artemisinin. It was found in this work that this gene has a polymorphism but its’ involvement in the resistance of the parasite has not been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to describe the basic polymorphism of clinical isolates of P. falciparum in Cote d'Ivoire during the period when the country national anti- malaria program introduced ACTs in the treatment of malaria. Thus, 82 DNA fragments from 41 clinical isolates divided into regions A and B were analyzed using automatic sequencing method. The results show more points mutation of DNA fragments of PfATP6 but the most significant are D734Y (29.2%), Q254H (9.7%), N669Y (14.6%) and S670C (12.2%). Other mutations emerged in marginal proportions. We therefore recommend strict monitoring of gene polymorphism in PfATPase6 in as much as the effectiveness of artemisinin derivatives is concerned; but the fact remains that their involvement in the resistance of P falciparum to artemisinin is still very low. Key words: Cote d’Ivoire, detection, mutations, PfATPase6 , polymorphism.

Aim: Usually called Tea of Gambia, Lippia multiflora is traditionally used for its sedative, relaxing, febrifuge, anti-flu-like, antispasmodic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-catarrhal, mucolytic, antiinfective and hepatoprotective properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Lippia multiflora leaves against ethanol induced toxicity in rat livers. Study Design: Thirty Wistar albino rats (100-162 g) were divided into six groups of five animals. Original Research Article Bouagnon et al.; EJMP, 7(3): 146-155, 2015; Article no.EJMP.2015.077 147 Group 1 served as control and received only distilled water. Group 2 received only 15%ethanol (3 mL/100 g body weight/day). Group 3 served as standard group and received silymarin (70 mg/kg b.w.). Groups 4, 5 and 6 served as extract treatment groups and received respectively 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg of L. multiflora aqueous extract. 15% ethanol (3 mL/100 g b.w./day) was administered 1h after treatment in groups 3, 4, 5 and 6. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacodynamy, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University of Cocody-Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire) between September and November 2014. Methodology: All treatment protocols followed 28 days. Animals received daily doses and were observed for psychomotor changes and other signs of toxicity including death throughout the period of study. At days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of experimental period, blood samples were collected from retroorbital venous plexus in non-heparinized tubes and the serum levels of liver marker enzymes, biochemical metabolites and hematological parameters (numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet count and mean cell volume)were monitored. Results: L. multiflora extract (300 and 900 mg/kg b.w.) provides significant protection (P

Artemisinin-resistant malaria has not been reported from Africa, but resistance can possibly spread from Asia or arise independently in Africa. The emergence of artemisinin resistance in Africa can be monitored by molecular assay of Kelch 13 (K13) propeller sequences. A total of 251 archived DNA samples of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in 2002, 2003, and 2006 in Yaounde, Cameroon, and 47 samples collected in 2006 and 2013 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, were analyzed for K13-propeller sequence polymorphism. Only one isolate carried a mutant K13-propeller allele (E602D). None of the isolates carried the key mutant alleles (Y493H, R539T, I543T, and C580Y) associated with artemisinin resistance in Cambodia. The presence of the mutant allele was not correlated with in vitro response to dihydroartemisinin determined by the classical hypoxanthine incorporation assay. There was no evidence of K13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance before and soon after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire.

International audience; Artemisinin-resistant malaria has not been reported from Africa, but resistance can possibly spread from Asia or arise independently in Africa. The emergence of artemisinin resistance in Africa can be monitored by molecular assay of Kelch 13 (K13) propeller sequences. A total of 251 archived DNA samples of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in 2002, 2003, and 2006 in Yaounde, Cameroon, and 47 samples collected in 2006 and 2013 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, were analyzed for K13-propeller sequence polymorphism. Only one isolate carried a mutant K13-propeller allele (E602D). None of the isolates carried the key mutant alleles (Y493H, R539T, I543T, and C580Y) associated with artemisinin resistance in Cambodia. The presence of the mutant allele was not correlated with in vitro response to dihydroartemisinin determined by the classical hypoxanthine incorporation assay. There was no evidence of K13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance before and soon after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Cameroon and Cote d'Ivoire.

In Buruli ulcer (BU) endemic communities, most mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (MPM), including Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent, are present in water bodies used by inhabitants; yet, their mode of transmission is still unclear. This study aimed to assess the distribution of MPM strains, both from human suspected cases and aquatic environments, for identifying possible transmission modes within two BU endemic districts, Daloa and Tiassalé (Taabo), in Côte d’Ivoire. Collected samples were processed using conventional polymerase chain reaction and screened for the presence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and MPMs using 16S rRNA, IS2404 and enoyl reductase (ER) primers. MPM-positive samples were further discriminated using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing and sequencing. 16S rRNA and IS2404 sequences confirmed that 94% of the clinical samples contained MPMs. For environmental samples, 53% were contaminated with NTMs, of which 17% contained MPMs particularly M. ulcerans, suggesting that water-related activities could predispose inhabitants to BU transmission. MPM discrimination by VNTR at four M. ulcerans Agy99 loci identified genotype C, previously reported in Côte d’Ivoire as the most dominant profile. Phylogenetic clustering on the basis of genetic diversity in the MIRU 1 locus showed two main M. ulcerans lineages in Côte d’Ivoire.

An ethnopharmacological survey carried out in the central region of Côte d'Ivoire enabled us select eight medicinal plants used to treat various human diseases. They are :Anthocleista djalonensis, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Harungana madagascariensis, Mangifera indica, Margaritaria discoidea, Pericopsis laxiflora, Spathodea campanulata and Terminalia glaucescens. The purpose of this study is to analyze the elemental content and crude protein and possibly evaluate the link to their therapeutic activities. The analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium and zinc contents. The crude proteins were determined using the Kjeldahl method. The values of the mineral elements obtained in the different plants are as follows: Fe (237.46-383.1 ppm) Zn (3.43-33.76 ppm), Ca (17.63-129.05 ppm) P (23.63-36.06 ppm), Na (103.16-492.63 ppm) K (468.3-754.3 ppm) and Mg (736.3-743.79 ppm). The proportion of the crude proteins obtained was in the range of 5.46 to 12.38%. The possible relationship between these minerals elements found in these plants and its' use as remedies against certain diseases is discussed.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V5201602946 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.946

International audience; Background: Advances in malaria control have reduced the burden of disease resulting from exposure to parasite infections. The consequences on naturally acquired immunity are unclear. A magnetic bead‑based immunoassay (MBA) to assess antibody levels in populations living in endemic areas was previously evaluated. In this study, the effect of clinical attacks on immunity was analysed in three sentinel sites of Ivory Coast. Methods: Recombinant proteins or peptides derived from liver or blood stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum (CSP, LSA1 41 , LSA3, SALSA, PF13‑DBL1α 1 , GLURP, AMA1, MSP1p19, MSP4p20), the CSP of Plasmodium malariae and the salivary glands antigen of Anopheles gambiae (gSG6) were covalently linked to a colour‑coded microsphere (Luminex ™ beads) for the multiplex assay. ELISA was used for whole parasite extract antigen. Blood samples (n = 94) of patients consulting for symptomatic malaria attacks and living in three different malaria endemic settings (rural and periurban) were analysed. Results: Highly variable seroprevalence of antibody responses against parasite antigens was found ranging from 3 (gSG6) to 97 % (MSP4p20). A marked prevalence and significantly higher level of antibodies was found in patients from the rural site (Korhogo), those harbouring the lowest level of parasitaemia. The use of whole schizont extract could not discriminate immunity level, contrary to parasite‑derived recombinant proteins or peptides. Prevalence of responders to LSA1 41 and levels of antibodies to PF13 were significantly different between the three settings. Moreover, the post‑treatment clearance of parasites was clearly associated with a significantly higher level of antibody response for almost 50 % of the parasite antigens tested.Conclusion: The multiplex MBA‑Magpix technology assay provides an accurate high throughput monitoring of parasite‑specific antibodies during symptomatic malaria. The levels of antibody responses may provide a risk criterion with respect to the degree of parasitic infection. Additionally, they can be used as an indicator in the implementation of malaria prevention and local control strategies.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important economically transboundary disease of sheep and goats caused by a virus which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus. This genus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, also includes the measles virus (MV), canine distemper virus (CDV), rinderpest virus (RPV), and marine mammal viruses. One of the main features of these viruses is the severe transient lymphopaenia and immunosuppression they induce in their respective hosts, thereby favouring secondary bacterial and parasitic infections. This lymphopaenia is probably accounted for by the fact that lymphoid cells are the main targets of the morbilliviruses. In early 2000, it was demonstrated that a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily which is present on the surface of lymphoid cells, the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), is used as cellular receptor by MV, CDV and RPV. Wild-type strains of these viruses can be isolated and propagated efficiently in non-lymphoid cells expressing this protein. The present study has demonstrated that monkey CV1 cells expressing goat SLAM are also highly efficient for isolating PPRV from pathological samples. This finding suggests that SLAM, as is in the case for MV, CDV and RPV, is also a receptor for PPRV.

International audience; Background: The malaria situation has been worsening in Angola, partly due to armed conflict until the recent past and drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria transmission is heterogeneous within the country, and data on drug-resistant malaria in different parts of the country are incomplete. The aim of the present study was to evaluate resistance to 4-aminoquinolines and antifolate drugs in P. falciparum isolates collected in Benguela province, central Angola, using molecular markers. Methods: Fingerprick capillary blood was collected from asymptomatic children aged less than 15 years old during a household survey in and around Balombo town in 2010–2011. Samples were screened for P. falciparum by nested PCR. Molecular markers (P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase [pfdhfr], P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase [pfdhps], P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter [pfcrt], and P. falciparum multidrug-resistance gene 1 [pfmdr1]) were sequenced to determine the key codons associated with drug resistance. Results: A total of 60 blood samples were positive for P. falciparum. Most isolates with successful PCR amplification had mutant pfdhfr alleles, with either double mutant AICNI (69%) or triple mutant AIRNI (21%) haplotypes. A16V, S108T, and I164L substitutions were not found. Many of the isolates were carriers of either SGKAA (60%) or AGKAA (27%) pfdhps haplotype. K540E substitution was absent. There were only two pfcrt haplotypes: wild-type CVMNK (11%) and mutant CVIET (89%). Wild-type pfmdr1 NYSND haplotype was found in 19% of the isolates, whereas single mutant pfmdr1 YYSND and NFSND haplotypes occurred in 48% and 11%, respectively. Double mutant pfmdr1 haplotypes (YFSND and YYSNY) occurred rarely. Conclusions: The results suggest that the high prevalence of mutant pfcrt CVIET haplotype is in agreement with low clinical efficacy of chloroquine observed in earlier studies and that the double pfdhfr mutant AICNI and single pfdhps mutant SGKAA are currently the predominant haplotypes associated with antifolate resistance in Benguela province. The hallmark of clinical resistance observed in East Africa, i.e. triple pfdhfr mutant haplotype (AIRNI) and double pfdhps mutant haplotype (SGEAA), was absent. These molecular findings need to be further evaluated in parallel with clinical studies, in particular with the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnant women and artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria.

The endemicity of Buruli ulcer (BU), a non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection, has significantly increased in Cote d'Ivoire. The exact transmission mode remains unknown but DNA based evidence of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent, have implicated potential environmental reservoirs, similar to those suspected in the transmission to humans. The role of small mammals in transmission has recently received some research attention. Based on the hypothesis that the overlapping ecology of human and animal habitats would favour mycobacteria transmission, the study aimed to identify BU like infections in small mammals living in close proximity to humans, in endemic communities. One hundred and eleven animals were trapped within five communities in two major endemic areas, Daloa and Tabbo. Majority of trapped small mammals were mice, Mastomys natalensis, of which 8 animals had external lesions. PCR on organ and lesion samples identified, predominantly, mycobacterium spp, of which five mice were positive for IS2404. IS2404 sequencing confirmed infection in two mice as M. ulcerans strain Agy99. Our findings suggest that small terrestrial mammals could be susceptible to mycobacteria, particularly, M. ulcerans, within endemic communities in Cote d’Ivoire. It also consolidates earlier evidence asserting their role as potential environmental reservoirs of M. ulcerans in endemic communities. The potential public health threat from these small mammals warrants an “OneHealth” approach to investigating the ecology and transmission of M. ulcerans in endemic countries.

Les etudes epidemiologiques associent la pollution atmospherique, notamment particulaire, a l’augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite d’origine respiratoire et cardio-vasculaire. L’Afrique, qui possede un taux d’urbanisation parmi les plus eleves du monde, y est particulierement exposee. L’« Initiative sur la qualite de l’air en Afrique subsaharienne » a montre l’importance des concentrations atmospheriques de certains polluants tels que les oxydes d’azote, le dioxyde de soufre et les particules en suspension dans l’air de diametre inferieur ou egal a 10 μm (PM10). A l’instar des grandes capitales africaines, Abidjan, capitale economique et ville la plus industrialisee de la Cote-d’Ivoire, est confrontee a une pollution atmospherique d’origine industrialo-urbaine et a ses consequences sanitaires pour sa population de pres de 6 millions d’habitants.Afin de mieux connaitre les mecanismes d’action pulmonaires consecutifs a l’exposition aux particules atmospheriques, nous nous sommes proposes de : (i) prelever par impaction en cascade dans le District d’Abidjan des particules atmospheriques (PM2,5) sous trois influences (rurale, urbaine ou industrielle) ; (ii) determiner leurs principales caracteristiques physico-chimiques ; (iii) evaluer leur cytotoxicite et leur role dans l’induction de lesions oxydatives dans un modele de cellules pulmonaires humaines (A549) en culture.L’analyse de la composition chimique des particules a montre leur heterogeneite. De nombreux elements inorganiques (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mg) et composes organiques (paraffines) ont pu etre quantifies sous les differentes influences. Leurs Concentrations d’Effets (CE) a 10 % et 50 % sur les cellules A549 etaient les suivantes : influence rurale : CE10 = 5,91 μg/cm2 et CE50 = 29,55 μg/cm2, influence urbaine : CE10 = 5,45 μg/cm2 et CE50 = 27,23 μg/cm2, et influence industrielle : CE10 = 6,86 μg/cm2 et CE50 = 34,29 μg/cm2. L’exposition des cellules A549 pendant 24, 48 ou 72 h a ces particules atmospheriques a leurs CE10 ou CE50 a induit des dommages oxydatifs, comme l’ont montre la formation de malondialdehyde, les variations de l’activite enzymatique du superoxyde dismutase et l’alteration du statut en glutathion.

Purpose : The leaves of Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch. Beep. or (syn: Conyza sumatrensis (Retz) E.K. Walker) (Asteraceae) are used by some traditional healers in West Africa in HIV/AIDS therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess the immune-boosting properties of the aqueous leaf extract of Erigeron floribundus (Ef) by monitoring blood markers of cellular immunity in rabbit. Methods : Two sets each of five groups (six rabbits per group) were used in this study. The groups in the first set each received intraperitoneally a single dose of Ef (25, 50, 75 or 100 mg/kg) or 0.9 % NaCl (control). The groups in the second set received methylprednisolone (15 mg/kg, MP15) and mixtures of MP15 with Ef (50, 75 or 100 mg/kg), MP15 or isoprinosine 50 mg/kg (Ip50, reference standard). Whole blood was collected in EDTA tubes from the marginal vein of the rabbit ear on Days 0, 3, 9, 15 and 21 after administration for the determination of CD4+ count by flow cytometry, and also of neutrophils and total lymphocytes in the blood. Results : Each plant extract dose tested (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in neutrophils (p < 0.001), total lymphocytes and TCD4+ (p < 0.0001) from the 3rd to 15th day after administration, compared to control (0.9 % NaCl). Furthermore, the same test extract doses significantly reversed the immunosuppressive effect of methylprednisolone (p < 0.001) to the same extent as isoprinosine. Conclusion : The aqueous extract of the leaves of Erigeron floribundus stimulated the increase of neutrophils, total lymphocytes and TCD4+ in rabbit blood and thus provides some justification for its use in the traditional treatment of AIDS.

Exposure to high levels of air pollution particulate matter (PM) is strongly associated with increased pulmonary morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms of action whereby PM cause adverse health effects are still unclear. In developing countries, like in the sub-Saharian region of Africa, people are often exposed to high PM levels. Hence, three PM(2.5) samples were collected in the District of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire), under rural, urban or industrial influences. Their most toxicologically relevant physical and chemical characteristics were determined--thereby showing that most of them were equal or smaller than 2.5 microm--and the influence of both natural (Ca, Na, Mg, Ti, etc.) and anthropic (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, benzene and its derivatives, paraffins, etc.) emission sources. The toxicity induced by the three PM samples was studied through 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation to DNA, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hence, effect concentrations at 10 and 50% (EC(10) and EC(50), respectively) were as follows: (i) rural PM--EC(10) = 5.91 microg cm(-2) and EC(50) = 29.55 microg cm(-2); (ii) urban PM--EC(10) = 5.45 microg cm(-2) and EC(50) = 27.23 microg cm(-2); and (iii) industrial PM--EC(10) = 6.86 microg cm(-2) and EC(50) = 34.29 microg cm(-2). Moreover, PM-induced oxidative damage in A549 cells was observed through the induction of lipid peroxidation, the alteration of superoxide dismutase activity, and the disruption of glutathione status. Both the transition metals and the organic chemicals within the three collected PM samples under study might be involved in the oxidative damage and, therefore, the toxicity they induced in A549 cells.

The presence of homologous point mutations in the dhfr gene in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum is associated with resistance to antifolate drugs. The spread of antifolate resistance encouraged research for novel antifolate drugs active against both wild-type and dhfr-mutant strains of malaria parasites. Because P. vivax cannot be easily maintained in culture, we transformed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae DHFR-deleted mutant to express wild-type P. vivax dhfr gene and its mutant forms. Twenty-five dicyclic and tricyclic 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives were screened. Six quinazoline compounds showed selective inhibition of yeast transformants expressing P. vivax dhfr genes. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of these six compounds was determined against field isolates of P. falciparum. Our results suggest that a close relationship between the yeast assay based on expression of P. vivax dhfr genes and the in vitro test using P. falciparum parasites in culture is a promising initial step for drug screening.

International audience; Over a 2-year study period, three methods [a test of therapeutic efficacy, an in-vitro assay, and sequencing of the parasites' dihydrofolate-reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate-synthase (dhps) genes] were used to monitor sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance in the Plasmodium falciparum strains infecting young children near Abidjan, the largest city in C?d'Ivoire. Overall, 118 children aged

Background Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub that is commonly used in Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa) for the treatment of constipation and as an ocytocic drug. The present study was carried out to investigate the laxative activity of Mareya micrantha in albino's Wistar rats. Methods Rats were divided in 5 groups of 5 animals each, first group as control, second group served as standard (sodium picosulfate) while group 3, 4 and 5 were treated with leaf aqueous extract of Mareya micrantha at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), per os respectively. The laxative activity was determined based on the weight of the faeces matter. The effects of the leaves aqueous extract of Mareya micrantha and castor oil were also evaluated on intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation and ions secretion. Results Phytochemicals screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, sterols and polyterpenes. The aqueous extract of Mareya micrantha applied orally (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg; p.o.), produced significant laxative activity and reduced loperamide induced constipation in dose dependant manner. The effect of the extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) was similar to that of reference drug sodium picosulfate (5 mg/kg, p.o). The same doses of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant increase (p < 0.01) of intestinal transit in comparison with castor oil (2 mL) (p < 0.01). Moreover, the extract induced a significant enteropooling and excretion of Cl-, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ in the intestinal fluid (p < 0.01). Conclusions The results showed that the aqueous extract of Mareya micrantha has a significant laxative activity and supports its traditional use in herbal medicine.

In spite of achievements in medicine during the last decades, many medicinal treatments remain limited against curses such as: malaria, cancer, viral, bacterial and fungus infections.Added to this is the increase in the incidence of fungal infections with the emergence of new diseases that weaken the immune system (AIDS) as well as the appearance of strains of microorganisms that are increasingly resistant to known treatments.The elaboration of new therapeutic agents proves to be essential to fight those curses. It is for this purpose that our team tested various plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, butanolic, hexanic, and acetatic) of TEKAM3 a vegetable powder obtained from Terminalia catappa a combretaceous on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. These are sensitive to the different TEKAM3 extracts. Among the eight extracts tested, X1.2 has the strongest inhibitory activity. Twenty fractions from chromatography on X1 sephadex G25 filtration gel. 2 from the hexane-water partition showed that the three fungal germs are sensitive to twenty fractions. Among these twenty fractions tested, F12 has the strongest inhibitory activity:For C. albicans FMC = 5 μg / mL IC50 = 1.6 μg / mL.For A. fumigatus FMC = 10 μg / mL IC50 = 1 μg / mL.For T. mentagrophytes FMC = 0.5 μg / mL IC50 = 0.04 μg / mL.The revelation of the sulfuric vanillin chromatogram of the F12 fraction showed that the antifungal activity of the F12 fraction is due to molecules which belong to the group of triterpenic saponosides. The method of preparation of the extract (X1.2) by partitions of the ethanolic extract in a succession of several solvents followed by chromatography on sephadex G25 filtration gel is a method which allows not only to better concentrate but also to purify and isolate the active ingredient. By this method, we have achieved our goal.; Malgré les progrès réalisés en médecine au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreux traitements médicamenteux restent insuffisants face aux fléaux tels que: le paludisme, le cancer, les infections virales, bactériennes et fongiques. A ceci, s’ajoute l’augmentation de l’incidence des infections fongiques avec l’émergence de nouvelles maladies qui affaiblissent le système immunitaire (SIDA) ainsi que l’apparition de souches de microorganismes de plus en plus résistantes aux traitements connus. Le développement de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques s’avère indispensable pour lutter contre ces fléaux. C’est dans ce but que notre équipe a testé différents extraits végétaux (aqueux, éthanolique, butanolique, hexanique, et acétatique) de TEKAM3 une poudre végétale obtenue à partir de Terminalia catappa une combrétacée sur la croissance in vitro de Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus et Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Ceux-ci sont sensibles aux différents extraits de TEKAM3. Parmi les huit extraits testés, X1.2 possède la plus forte activité inhibitrice. Vingt fractions issues de la chromatographie sur gel de filtration sephadex G25 de X1. 2 issu de la partition hexane-eau ont montré que les trois germes fongiques sont sensibles aux vingt fractions. Parmi ces vingt fractions testées, F12 possède la plus forte activité inhibitrice :Pour C. albicans CMF= 5 μg/mL CI50= 1, 6 μg/mL.Pour A. fumigatus CMF= 10 μg/mL CI50= 1 μg/mL.Pour T. mentagrophytes CMF= 0, 5 μg/mL CI50= 0, 04 μg/mL.La révélation du chromatogramme à la vanilline sulfurique de la fraction F12 a montré que l’activité antifongique de la fraction F12 serait due à des molécules qui appartiennent au groupe des saponosides triterpeniques.La méthode de préparation de l’extrait (X1.2) par partitions de l’extrait éthanolique dans une succession de plusieurs solvants suivie de chromatographie sur gel de filtration sephadex G25 est une méthode permettant non seulement de mieux concentrer mais aussi de purifier et d’isoler le principe actif. Par cette méthode, nous avons atteint notre objectif.

In spite of achievements in medicine during the last decades, many medicinal treatments remain limited against curses such as: malaria, cancer, viral, bacterial and fungus infections.Added to this is the increase in the incidence of fungal infections with the emergence of new diseases that weaken the immune system (AIDS) as well as the appearance of strains of microorganisms that are increasingly resistant to known treatments.The elaboration of new therapeutic agents proves to be essential to fight those curses. It is for this purpose that our team tested various plant extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, butanolic, hexanic, and acetatic) of TEKAM3 a vegetable powder obtained from Terminalia catappa a combretaceous on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. These are sensitive to the different TEKAM3 extracts. Among the eight extracts tested, X1.2 has the strongest inhibitory activity. Twenty fractions from chromatography on X1 sephadex G25 filtration gel. 2 from the hexane-water partition showed that the three fungal germs are sensitive to twenty fractions. Among these twenty fractions tested, F12 has the strongest inhibitory activity:For C. albicans FMC = 5 μg / mL IC50 = 1.6 μg / mL.For A. fumigatus FMC = 10 μg / mL IC50 = 1 μg / mL.For T. mentagrophytes FMC = 0.5 μg / mL IC50 = 0.04 μg / mL.The revelation of the sulfuric vanillin chromatogram of the F12 fraction showed that the antifungal activity of the F12 fraction is due to molecules which belong to the group of triterpenic saponosides. The method of preparation of the extract (X1.2) by partitions of the ethanolic extract in a succession of several solvents followed by chromatography on sephadex G25 filtration gel is a method which allows not only to better concentrate but also to purify and isolate the active ingredient. By this method, we have achieved our goal.; Malgré les progrès réalisés en médecine au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreux traitements médicamenteux restent insuffisants face aux fléaux tels que: le paludisme, le cancer, les infections virales, bactériennes et fongiques. A ceci, s’ajoute l’augmentation de l’incidence des infections fongiques avec l’émergence de nouvelles maladies qui affaiblissent le système immunitaire (SIDA) ainsi que l’apparition de souches de microorganismes de plus en plus résistantes aux traitements connus. Le développement de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques s’avère indispensable pour lutter contre ces fléaux. C’est dans ce but que notre équipe a testé différents extraits végétaux (aqueux, éthanolique, butanolique, hexanique, et acétatique) de TEKAM3 une poudre végétale obtenue à partir de Terminalia catappa une combrétacée sur la croissance in vitro de Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus et Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Ceux-ci sont sensibles aux différents extraits de TEKAM3. Parmi les huit extraits testés, X1.2 possède la plus forte activité inhibitrice. Vingt fractions issues de la chromatographie sur gel de filtration sephadex G25 de X1. 2 issu de la partition hexane-eau ont montré que les trois germes fongiques sont sensibles aux vingt fractions. Parmi ces vingt fractions testées, F12 possède la plus forte activité inhibitrice :Pour C. albicans CMF= 5 μg/mL CI50= 1, 6 μg/mL.Pour A. fumigatus CMF= 10 μg/mL CI50= 1 μg/mL.Pour T. mentagrophytes CMF= 0, 5 μg/mL CI50= 0, 04 μg/mL.La révélation du chromatogramme à la vanilline sulfurique de la fraction F12 a montré que l’activité antifongique de la fraction F12 serait due à des molécules qui appartiennent au groupe des saponosides triterpeniques.La méthode de préparation de l’extrait (X1.2) par partitions de l’extrait éthanolique dans une succession de plusieurs solvants suivie de chromatographie sur gel de filtration sephadex G25 est une méthode permettant non seulement de mieux concentrer mais aussi de purifier et d’isoler le principe actif. Par cette méthode, nous avons atteint notre objectif.