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In the natural environment, plastics and microplastics (MPs) are difficult to break down due to their hydrophobicity, the presence of persistent covalent bonds, and their functional groups' resistance to attack. The destiny of both organic and inorganic pollutants at contaminated areas can be influenced by MPs ability to absorb them. Because of their enormous surface to volume ratio and chemical surface characteristics, MPs are able to absorb dangerous substances from their surroundings. Accordingly, the study's main objectives were to provide a concise review of characterization techniques of MP biodegradation techniques, including the nano‐enabled methods, and the gaps in current research were outlined. This review paper summarizes the degradation mechanism and efficiency of MPs in different circumstances. For the purpose of eliminating plastic pollution, this work will help for the further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles received great attention during the last few decades due to their broad application in different fields. There are many conventional methods available, including physical and chemical techniques, for the fabrication of particles having a size in the range of nanometers; however, the green synthesis of these particles has received much interest because it reduces the use of harmful chemicals which are carcinogenic and costly. In this method the plant extract can be used in place of the harmful chemicals hence this method is considered as an ecofriendly low cost method. The present study evaluates the various available green synthesis methods for the fabrication of widely applicable inorganic Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). This study also highlighted some potentially useful analytical techniques which were used for the characterization of the fabricated iron oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, this study also gives deep insight on the various applications including environment, energy storage, bio-medical etc. of the fabricated Fe2O3 NPs. This review is useful for designing and developing the Fe2O3 nanoparticles by green methods with potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and leads to infection and malignance, which are life threatening. HIV/AIDS cause numerous deaths in Africa, and is the leading cause of death in India, affecting every fourth living HIV patient. The amount in Southeast Asia is increasing at alarming rate. In this paper, the current issue of COVID-19 and its' possible target of HIV drugs that inhibit entry of the virus into host cell were investigated. Three main groups of coronavirus are surrounded by spike genes, showing that for fusion mechanism, these groups are common mode for attachment. For nearly all disease areas, plant kingdom biodiversity provides a source of new drug candidates. There is a continuous increase in various compounds with anti-HIV activity isolated from natural sources. Various literature and current COVID-19 pandemic situation were considered in the present report. Phase II clinical candidates are calanolide A, a coumarins isolated from Calophyllum lanigerum, and two other natural product-derived molecules, such as DSB and 3-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl DCK, with a potential to emerge as HIV therapy drugs. This naturally obtained product with anti-HIV properties was described in the present paper, focusing on current results as anti-HIV agents derived from natural sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces disease in humans that is known as AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). First AIDS cases were registered in 1981, and later, types of HIV infection, such as HIV-1 and HIV-2 were identified. HIV belongs to class of retroviruses, known as ‘lentiviruses’ and ‘slow’ viruses. A literature assessment was conducted through several reliable national and international journals as well as books and monographs, to investigate reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RI) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Reverse transcriptase inhibitor limits the reverse transcriptase activity, which is considered the key enzyme of retroviral multiplication process, and eventually prevents infection and progression of retroviruses. In the current paper, more than twenty-five drugs were presented, which are used for management/treatment of AIDS. The aim of the present review was to summarize the latest update on reverse transcriptase inhibition. Lately, significant advancement has been observed on the growth of HIV-drugs targeting reverse transcriptase enzyme. There is a continuous increase in various compounds with anti-HIV activity and isolated from natural sources. The present review provided a selection of publications concerning the topic. Salient features of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (both NRTIs and NNRTI's) and possibility for development of new chemical entity were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to enhance the production and performance of biodiesel from non-food feedstock seeds of citrus maxima through base catalyzed transesterification process. The Performance of biodiesel was increased by the blends with butanol-diesel (Biodiesel + Butanol + Diesel) in different proportions. The obtained biodiesel and its blends were characterized by ASTM. In this study, Glycerol was obtained as a by-product of citrus maxima biodiesel. Crude glycerol was purified by the H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, and HNO3. The characterization of glycerol included Flash Point, ash Content, alkalinity, FT-IR, etc.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present scenario, industries play a vital role in the development of any economy. Different types of industries having various specialties in their fields are growing fast and adapting it with the latest changes occurring in various sections in their concerned industry. Tourism industry is a valuable pillar in all available industries alternatives. It is the age of competition and one can survive only if it has competitive advantage over its competitors. Competitive advantage is a condition or circumstance that puts an entity in a favorable or superior business position. There is a great need of maintaining sustainable competitive advantage. For achieving favorable long-term position over competitors, individual attention must be given on the various sources of competitive advantage e.g. people, organizational culture and structure, processes and practices, products and intellectual property, capital and natural resources, technology etc. Practical implication of competitive strategies may open new avenues for better understanding of the said concept. A harmonious coordination among cost leadership, differential strategy and focus strategy results progressive stages of advantages for tourism industry. Porter's five forces and SWOT analysis provide macro-analytical and micro-analytical tool respectively for interpreting the various dimensions of the said one. Inter and intra-competitive advantages may provide broad and comprehensive outlook of the concept. It can provide a sound platform to grab the opportunities taking into account the outcome of analysis and interpretation of strengths. By getting the nerve of weaknesses and threats, preparation for handling future unwanted or contingent situations can be identified and responded accordingly. Enrichment in tourism industry will also foster the growth of other interrelated industries. There is a need of continuous study of prevailing business environment to match the requirements of various new alternatives taking birth in tourism industry i.e. rural tourism, spiritual tourism, ecotourism and agro-tourism. For achieving the longterm goal of getting the advantages of positioning and marketing management, internal factors and components of business environment affecting the competitor's entity must also be taken into account. A sound correlation among the various factors affecting the spirit of competitive advantage can positively contribute in the development of said industry result a strong foundation for the growth and development of an economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bhagirathi river is the tributary river of Ganges. Pollution is commonly regarded as the resulted of the industrial revolution. By increasing, industrial activity environmental quality of the area deteriorates. It is necessary to know details about the different physicochemical parameters and water samples were analyzed for various heavy metals like nickel, copper, lead, cadmium, chromium, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and arsenic used for testing of water quality and the special concern is because they produce in water chronic poisoning in aquatic animals. For the development planning of the river two main tools, Remote Sensing System and Geographic Information Systems were used in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]