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Pornography offers a wide variety of sexual contents and has documented potential positive (e.g., higher sexual satisfaction) and negative associations (e.g., lower sexual function) with sexuality. The aims of this study were to describe the proportion of use of five different contents of pornography (i.e. group sex, passion and romance, gender-bending, taboo transgression and forbidden sex, power, control, and rough sex pornography), to examine gender-based differences in the frequency of use of these contents, and to examine the associations between the frequency of use of these contents and sexual satisfaction and function, considering potential differences among genders and individuals with and without a romantic or sexual partner, and controlling for frequency of masturbation. A sample of 827 young adults (503 women; M age  = 23.44) completed online self-report questionnaires. Results of path analysis indicated that, controlling for frequency of masturbation, the use of passion and romance pornography was associated with higher sexual satisfaction, whereas the use of power, control, and rough sex pornography was associated with lower sexual satisfaction. Cisgender men's use of power, control, and rough sex pornography was also associated with lower sexual function. These findings suggest different associations between pornography use and sexual satisfaction and function depending on the pornographic contents used.

Background: The objective of this analysis is to explore potential impact on operating room (OR) efficiency and incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB) with use of sugammadex (Bridion™, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA) versus neostigmine for neuromuscular block reversal in Canada., Methods: A discrete event simulation (DES) model was developed to compare ORs using either neostigmine or sugammadex for NMB reversal over one month. Selected inputs included OR procedure and turnover times, hospital policies for paid staff overtime and procedural cancellations due to OR time over-run, and reductions in RNMB and associated complications with sugammadex use. Trials show sugammadex's impact on OR time and RNMB varies by whether full neuromuscular recovery (train-of-four ratio ≥0.9) is verified prior to extubation in the OR. Scenarios were therefore evaluated reflecting varied assumptions for neuromuscular reversal practices., Results: With use of moderate neuromuscular block, when full neuromuscular recovery is verified prior to extubation (93 procedures performed with sugammadex, 91 with neostigmine), use of sugammadex versus neostigmine avoided 2.4 procedural cancellations due to OR time over-run and 33.5 h of paid staff overtime, while saving an average of 62 min per OR day. No difference was observed between comparators for these endpoints in the scenario when full neuromuscular recovery was not verified prior to extubation, however, per procedure risk of RNMB at extubation was reduced from 60% to 4% (reflecting 51 cases prevented), with associated reductions in risks of hypoxemia (12 cases avoided) and upper airway obstruction (23 cases avoided). Sugammadex impact in reversing deep neuromuscular block was evaluated in an exploratory analysis. When it was hypothetically assumed that 30 min of OR time were saved per procedure, the number of paid hours of staff over-time dropped from 84.1 to 32.0, with a 93% reduction in the per patient risk of residual blockade., Conclusions: In clinical practice within Canada, for the majority of patients currently managed with moderate neuromuscular block, the principal impact of substituting sugammadex for neostigmine is likely to be a reduction in the risk of residual blockade and associated complications. For patients maintained at a deep level of block to the end of the procedure, sugammadex is likely to both enhance OR efficiency and reduce residual block complications.

Objective: Alcohol and (or) illicit drug use (AIDU) problems are associated with mental health difficulties, but low-to-moderate alcohol consumption may have mental health benefits, compared with abstinence. Our study aimed to explore the hypothesis of a nonlinear, or J-curve, relation between AIDU profiles and psychological distress, psychiatric disorders, and mental health service use in the general Canadian population., Methods: Data were collected from a representative sample of the Canadian population (n = 36 984). Multiple correspondence analyses and cluster analyses were used to extract AIDU profiles. Sociodemographics, psychological distress, psychiatric disorders, and mental health service use were assessed and compared between profiles., Results: Seven AIDU profiles emerged, including 3 involving risky or problematic AIDU that correlate with major affective disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal behaviours, and higher levels of psychological distress. No J-curve relation was found for psychiatric disorders and mental health service use. The lifetime-abstainer profile correlates with the lowest rates of psychiatric disorders and mental health service use. Lifetime abstainers are also more often female, immigrant, and unemployed. Compared with other profiles, spirituality is more important in their life., Conclusions: The hypothesis of a nonlinear relation between psychiatric disorders and AIDU was not supported. Lifetime AIDU abstainers have specific sociodemographic and cultural background characteristics in Canada.

In the last fifteen years, functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of sexual arousal in healthy human subjects. In most studies, subjects have been requested to watch visual sexual stimuli and control stimuli. Our review and meta-analysis found that in heterosexual men, sites of cortical activation consistently reported across studies are the lateral occipitotemporal, inferotemporal, parietal, orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal, insular, anterior cingulate, and frontal premotor cortices as well as, for subcortical regions, the amygdalas, claustrum, hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, thalami, cerebellum, and substantia nigra. Heterosexual and gay men show a similar pattern of activation. Visual sexual stimuli activate the amygdalas and thalami more in men than in women. Ejaculation is associated with decreased activation throughout the prefrontal cortex. We present a neurophenomenological model to understand how these multiple regional brain responses could account for the varied facets of the subjective experience of sexual arousal. Further research should shift from passive to active paradigms, focus on functional connectivity and use subliminal presentation of stimuli., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study is an exploration of the role of SUD and impulsivity in individuals with schizophrenia who are at higher risk of serious violence (SV)., Methods: Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed on a sample of 139 males meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD)., Results: Impulsivity was the main dimension differentiating individuals. SUD and SV were strongly linked. CA yielded four clusters; one related to serious violence, SUD and a higher incarceration rate., Conclusions: Subgroups of SSD at risk of SV were found. SUD appear to be a major risk factor for SV and incarceration., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This chapter proposes a prospective view on using a real-time functional magnetic imaging (rt-fMRI) brain-computer interface (BCI) application as a new treatment for pedophilia. Neurofeedback mediated by interactive virtual stimuli is presented as the key process in this new BCI application. Results on the diagnostic discriminant power of virtual characters depicting sexual stimuli relevant to pedophilia are given. Finally, practical and ethical implications are briefly addressed., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing neuropsychiatric disorder with preschool onset. ADHD occurs in approximately 3-9% of the childhood population. There is a much higher incidence rate in boys who are around three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed. Approximately 30-60% of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in youth have symptoms that persist into adulthood., Literature Findings: Three subtypes of the disorder have been proposed in the current clinical view of ADHD: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive and combined type. Numerous problems are associated with ADHD: poor academic performance, learning disorders, subtle cognitive deficits, conduct disorders, antisocial personality disorder, poor social relationships, and a higher incidence of anxiety and depression symptoms into adulthood. Researchers have emphasized poor behavioural inhibition as the central impairment of the disorder. From the neuropsychological viewpoint, impairment of the "hot" affective aspects of executive functions, like behavioural inhibition and attention and the more cognitive, "cool" aspects of executive functions like self-regulation, working memory, planning, and cognitive flexibility, are often reported by studies on ADHD. The hot executive functions are associated with ventral and medial regions of the prefrontal cortex (including the anterior cingulated cortex) and named "hotbrain" and the cool executive functions are associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and are called "coolbrain"., Discussion: Convergent data from neuroimaging, neuropsychology, genetics and neurochemical studies consistently point to the involvement of the frontostriatal network as a likely contributor to the pathophysiology of ADHD. This network involves the lateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the caudate nucleus and putamen. Moreover, a growing literature demonstrates abnormalities affecting other cortical regions and the cerebellum. The exploratory brain regions of interest in which abnormalities have been identified, but that were not predicted by cognitive models of ADHD, are the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and lateral ventricles. Anatomical studies suggest widespread reductions in volume throughout the cerebrum and cerebellum, while functional imaging studies suggest that affected individuals activate more diffuse areas than controls during the performance of cognitive tasks. More precisely, reductions in volume have been observed in the total cerebral volume, the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia (striatum), the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the corpus callosum and the cerebellum. Furthermore, hypoactivation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia (striatum) have also been reported. The paradigms mostly used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are tasks of motor inhibition, interference and attention such as the go/no-go, "stop-signal" and the Stroop., Conclusion: This review provides an overview of the main imaging studies that investigated the neurobiological substrate of ADHD. Some guidelines for future functional magnetic imaging studies are also suggested.

The main goal of this functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study was to verify the hypothesis that seriously violent persons with Sz and the co-morbid diagnoses of an Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) and a Substance Use Disorder (Sz+APD+SUD) would present a different pattern of prefrontal functioning than seriously violent persons with Sz only. In support with the main hypothesis, frontal basal cortices were significantly less activated in persons with Sz+APD+SUD during the execution of a go/no-go task than in persons with Sz only and non-violent persons without a mental illness. In contrast, significantly higher activations in frontal motor, premotor and anterior cingulate regions were observed in the Sz+APD+SUD group than in the Sz-only group.

Female CD-1 mice were evaluated on three occasions over a nineteen month span in tests of exploration, motor coordination, and spatial orientation in a water maze. Aging decreased motor activity and exploration of specific environmental stimuli found in a hole-board and in a T-maze. Age-related deficits were also found in three motor coordination tasks (inclined grid, coat-hanger, and round bridge) and during retention but not acquisition of the hidden platform version of the water maze task. Performance on some motor coordination tests was linearly correlated with either motor activity or exploration, implying the existence of similar neurobiological pathways responsible for these age-related changes.

Because of the proposed importance of cytochrome oxidase in some neurological disorders, an inhibitor of this enzyme was evaluated in a battery of tests measuring exploration, motor coordination, and learning. Mice injected with sodium azide (6 or 12 mg/kg) were slower to initiate a response in a T maze and had less rears in a small chamber than mice injected with placebo. Drugged mice did not alternate spontaneously even at a minimal retention interval (0 min), but were not impaired in water maze spatial and visual discrimination learning tasks. No group differences emerged in terms of horizontal motor activity and its habituation, number of grooming episodes, and motor coordination. These results indicate that azide-induced slowing of motor activity is situation-specific and is accompanied by abnormalities in choice behavior in a T maze.

Rats were lesioned in the midline cerebellum, comprising the vermis and fastigial nucleus, or the lateral cerebellum, comprising the cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus, and evaluated in a series of motor and non-motor learning tests. Rats with midline lesions had difficulty in maintaining their equilibrium on a bridge and were slower before turning upward and traversed less squares on an inclined grid. They were not impaired for muscle strength when suspended from a horizontal wire. Rats with lateral lesions had milder deficits on the bridge and were not affected in the other two tests. In the Morris water maze test, rats with lateral lesions were deficient in spatial orientation, whereas rats with midline lesions were deficient in visuomotor coordination. Lateral lesions had no effects on visual discrimination learning. These results illustrate the differential influence of midline as opposed to lateral cerebellar regions on both motor and non-motor behaviors. Fastigial nucleus lesions decreased the time spent in equilibrium and latencies before falling on the bridge and the distance travelled along the inclined grid but had no effect on muscle strength when suspended from the horizontal string. Quadrant entries and escape latencies were higher in rats with fastigial lesions during the hidden platform condition of the Morris water maze but not during the visible platform condition. It is concluded that fastigial-lesioned rats are impaired in equilibrium and spatial orientation but with repeated trials learn to improve their performances.

Dystonia musculorum (dt) mutant mice, characterized by degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts, were impaired in terms of horizontal and vertical motor activity, hole poking, exploration, and motor coordination. In tests of motor coordination, their deficits were more severe than those of previously tested mutant mice with degeneration of cerebellar cells. However, unlike other cerebellar mutants, dt mutants alternated above chance levels in a two-trial spontaneous alternation test, which is a test of inhibitory tendencies and spatial orientation, and so dt mutants may not be impaired in these functions.

Lurcher mutant mice, a cerebellar mutant displaying ataxia and equilibrium deficits, had fewer hole pokes in a 16-hole matrix than normal mice. Lurcher mutants also took longer to reach a platform from a grid and to begin to climb a grid from the floor. However, the lurchers climbed as high as normal mice on the grid and their exploratory patterns of the holeboard were similar in many respects to normal mice, such as the ratio of center to peripheral hole exploration. In a wooden beam test, although lurchers did not differ from normal mice in terms of the amount of time spent on the beam or in the distance travelled, the mutants were found more often in unstable positions.

The effects of amantadine and ketamine were compared to a placebo in a coat-hanger test on lurcher mutant mice. This test measures motor coordination and is dependent on cerebellar functioning. Both drugs improved motor coordination of the cerebellar mutants in that the time taken to reach the side-bar according to a 2 paw criterion was decreased during the drugged condition in comparison to the non-drugged condition. This result indicates that NMDA receptor antagonists may improve motor coordination in animals with cerebellar disease.

Lurcher mutants had deficits in equilibrium in the coat-hanger and grid tests but not the wooden beam test. Although the mutants had less hole-pokes when confronted with small holes in most conditions, they had more hole-pokes with larger holes, demonstrating perseverative behavior. There was no decrease in rearing responses. These results indicate that in spite of cerebellar degeneration and ataxia, lurcher mutants are not impaired in all tests measuring motor function.

The effects of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and 1-glutamic acid diethyl ester (LGDE), a non-NMDA glutamate antagonist, were evaluated in the acquisition of concept learning in a water maze. In concept learning, the rats must locate an invisible platform whose location changes from day to day. In spatial learning (Morris task), the rats must locate an invisible (or visible) platform whose location does not change. Ketamine increased quadrant entries at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, and latencies at 10 and 20 mg/kg on the final two days of training on the concept task. At 5 mg/kg ketamine disrupted concept learning but not spatial learning or visuo-motor coordination as assessed by invisible and visible platform conditions of the Morris maze. Progressively higher doses of ketamine affected first the invisible condition and then the visible platform condition. On the other hand, LGDE did not affect the Morris task at any dose. However, there was no decrease in latencies over days in concept learning at the two highest doses (240 and 360 mg/kg) of LGDE. Thus LGDE appeared to slow down decision time in the concept task but not the spatial task in the absence of an effect on quadrant entries in any version. These results indicate that NMDA receptors are involved in spatial and concept learning. Non-NMDA receptors appear to be involved only in concept learning.

Rats were given, by means of the diet, phenytoin (PHT) every day for either 4 (400-800 mg/kg) or 14 (400 mg/kg) weeks. Serum values of PHT in both cases were in the pharmacological range (10-15 microg/ml). An increase in brain 5-HIAA levels was noted after 4 but not 14 weeks of PHT administration. There was no change in brain 5-HT levels. In accordance with results in epileptic patients, it appears that under some circumstances, PHT can increase 5-HIAA levels, but the mechanism of this action is unknown.

A group of 85 patients underwent serum, red blood cell (RBC) folate and whole blood thiamine determinations. The group was divided into three subgroups: 1) a control group (41 patients who had no neurological or mental disorders which could be attributable to a vitamin deficiency); 2) a subgroup of folate-deficient patients (29 Ss) who had folate-responsive neuropsychiatric symptoms and 3) 15 alcoholic patients. There was no significant correlation between blood thiamine levels on one hand and serum and RBC folate on the other in the entire group. Alcoholic patients showed significant lower whole blood thiamine levels (p less than .001) and lower RBC folate (p less than .025) as compared with controls. We conclude that in the great majority of folate-deficient patients there is no correlation between folate and thiamine blood levels.

Thiamine and folate levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by microbiological assays in 23 control subjects and 11 phenytoin-treated epileptics. There was no significant difference between the two groups for serum and CSF folate levels. There was, however, a statistically significant difference between the groups for both whole blood thiamine and CSF thiamine levels. Epileptic patients being treated with phenytoin had lower values than control subjects.