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Photocatalytic water splitting converts solar energy to storable hydrogen molecules which has the highest energy per mass. Most catalysts for photocatalytic water splitting utilize noble metals or precious metals. Organic photocatalysts are attracting more attention owing to several advantages like light weight, low cost, defined structure and tunability. In this study, the synthesis of several dibenzo[b,f][1,5]- diazocines via microwave irradiation for water splitting application is reported. Microwave irradiation facilitates fast, safe and simple synthesis in green reaction conditions. Mini library of dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were created in order to understand substituents effect on the photocatalytic activity.

The current study examined (1) cross-cultural variations in mothers’ reports of how they would react to their children’s positive and negative emotions as triggered by different interpersonal situations and (2) their relations to children’s emotion regulation competence in Nepal, Korea, and Germany. Participants were 305 mothers whose children were first graders in elementary school. Mothers reported their reactions to children’s positive and negative emotions in hypothetical social scenarios and evaluated their children’s emotion regulation using a standardized measure. Research Findings: German mothers reported higher levels of emotion encouragement, while Nepali mothers reported higher levels of punitive and distress reactions. Korean mothers reported higher levels of distress reactions. Mothers’ encouragement of children’s pride expression was associated differently with children’s emotion regulation in each culture – negatively related in Nepal, unrelated in Korea, and positively related in Germany, whereas mothers’ distress in response to children’s shyness was related to children’s poorer emotion regulation in all cultures. Practice or Policy: These findings highlight the importance of contexts – in terms of both culture and specific emotions children express – in interpreting the meanings of emotion socialization practices. This research suggests considering cultural influences in designing parenting interventions to promote children’s emotional competence aligning with cultural expectations. published

Behavioral regulation is one of the key developmental skills children acquire during early childhood. Previous research has focused primarily on the role of parents as socializing agents in this process, yet it is likely that older siblings also are influential given the numerous daily interactions between siblings. This exploratory longitudinal study investigated developmental heterogeneity in behavioral regulation during toddlerhood and the early preschool years (18 to 36 months) and relations with older siblings’ control and behavioral regulation while taking into account parental discipline. Toddlers were visited at home at 18, 24, and 36 months and observed during a gift‐delay task with their older sibling in 93 families. Behavioral regulation of both siblings and gentle and harsh control of the older sibling were coded during the sibling gift‐delay task, which was validated using parent‐reports of toddlers’ internalized conduct. Analyses revealed five distinct developmental trajectories among toddlers’ behavioral regulation, revealing different patterns of developmental multifinality and equifinality. Older siblings’ harsh control and parental discipline differed across toddler trajectory groups. Older siblings’ behaviors covaried with the toddlers’ behavioral regulation suggesting that older siblings may be acting as models for younger siblings, as well as disciplining and teaching toddlers to resist temptation.

Robinson′s synthesis has long been a classic in organic chemistry due to its simplicity and impact in the industry. Various modifications have been made to improve the system. Among them, replacing acetone with more acidic chemical equivalents such as calcium dicarboxylic acid or ethyl dicarboxylic acetone improved the yield. In line with this trend, our group previously reported the synthesis of mono- and di-N-substituted tropinone derivatives from the one-pot reaction of 2,5-dimethoxy tetrahydrofuran and various amines with acetonedicarboxylic acid in the presence of HCl and water at room temperature. In this study, the synthesis with acetone instead of acetone-dicarboxylic acid was examined. Mono- and di-N-substituted nortropinones were prepared in higher yields in all cases although there were extent to which yields increased depending on the nature of substituents

The main structure of many compounds containing spirohydantoin and Schiff bases of indenoquinoxalines and indenopyridopyrazinones expose valuable pharmacological properties. Herein, an effective synthesis and stereochemistry of indenoquinoxalinones (2a, 2b+bi~2d+di) and indenopyridopyrazinones (2e+ei~g+gi) via the reaction of ninhydrin with desirable diamines is reported. We synthesized the corres-ponding spirohydantoins (3a, 3b~d and 3bi~di) from synthesized indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalinones and indeno[1,2-b]pyrido[3,2-e]pyrazinones with the standard Bucherer-Bergs conditions (KCN, ammonium carbonate, acetonitrile, refluxing, without NaHSO3). And also synthesized the azomethine analogs (4~8+8i) of tetracyclic indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalinones as a Schiff base.

The report stated that the treatment of o-phenylenediamine with acetone dicarboxylic acid, acetone and acetophenone afforded 2,4,4-trimethyl-3H-5-hydro-1,5-benzodiazepine. However, direct reactions of o-phenylenediamine with oximes (acetone oxime, acetophenone oxime, and benzophenone oxime) as ketone equivalents did not occur. In the course of present investigations, it is found that dichloroamine-T can be an efficient reagent for the conversion of oximes into the corresponding carbonyl compounds. As a part of a research program related to the synthetic study of pharmacologically interesting benzodiazepine compounds, herein the synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives from heteroaromatic ketones and acetone equivalents obtained using dichloroamine-T. On the other hand, when diamine (1,2-phenylene diamine or 1,2-naphthalene diamine) with heterocyclic ketone (acetyl pyridine or acetyl pyrazines) in the presenece of conc. HCl and SiO2 was refluxed, quinoxaline derivatives as yellow crystalline solids were isolated in high yields

This paper is an exploratory study to investigate the influence of characteristics of local government web-sites on user satisfaction and trust. The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of local government web-sites influencing on user satisfaction and trust, and determine how they affect user satisfaction and trust. From the literature review, we identify four characteristics which are expected to influence on user satisfaction: technical, information, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics. In addition, we develop research model that the four characteristics are expected to affect user satisfaction and trust via users’ perceived values. The results of the research are as follows. The technical, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics significantly affects perceived values, which significantly affected user satisfaction and trust. Perceived value is partially mediated by user satisfaction in affecting user trust. The characteristics of local government web-sites affecting perceived values differed partially by the purpose of visitor. As for the personal goal, the technical, customer-oriented, and work-performing characteristics significantly affect perceived values, with the technical and customer-oriented characteristics having more significant effects. As for the business goal, the technical, information, work-performing characteristics significantly affected perceived values, with information characteristics having more significant effects.

Although emotionally well-regulated children are more likely to behave prosocially, the psychological processes that connect their emotion regulation abilities and prosocial behavior are less clear. We tested if other-oriented sympathy and trust mediated the links between emotion regulation capacities (i.e., resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA], negative emotional intensity, and sadness regulation) and prosocial behavior in an ethnically diverse sample of 4- and 8-year-olds (N = 131; 49% girls). Resting RSA was calculated from children's electrocardiogram data in response to a nondescript video. Sympathy was child and caregiver reported, whereas negative emotional intensity, sadness regulation, trust, and prosocial behavior were caregiver reported. Regardless of age, higher resting RSA was linked to higher sympathy, which was associated with higher prosocial behavior. The positive link between sadness regulation and prosocial behavior was mediated by higher sympathy and trust. Children's other-oriented psychological processes may play important roles in translating certain emotion regulation capacities into prosocial behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record

Pre- and post-migratory factors have been implicated in refugee children’s mental health. However, findings regarding their unique and joint roles are inconsistent or nonexistent. We examined the main and interactive relations of pre-migratory life stressors and post-migratory daily hassles and routines to emotion regulation—a key marker of mental health—in 5- to 13-year-old Syrian refugee children (N = 103) resettling in Canada. Mothers and children completed questionnaires assessing pre-migratory life stressors and post-migratory daily hassles. Mothers also reported their children’s adherence to family routines and emotion regulation abilities (i.e., anger and sadness regulation) via questionnaire. Overall, children who more frequently engaged in family routines showed better anger regulation. Pre- and post-migratory factors also interacted, such that greater post-migratory daily hassles were associated with worse sadness regulation for children with lower levels of pre-migratory life stressors, but were unassociated with the sadness regulation of children who experienced higher levels of pre-migratory life stressors. Results suggest that pre- and post-migratory factors play unique and joint roles in refugee children’s emotion regulation during resettlement.

In this chapter, we discuss contemporary views and research on the influences of parenting on aggression and antisocial behaviors from early childhood to adolescence, with a dimensional approach emphasizing control- and support-related parenting behaviors. First, we define the key concepts of childhood aggression and parenting. We then move to theories linking parenting and children’s aggression, followed by an overview of major empirical findings on this topic. Here, we discuss mechanisms underlying associations between parenting and children’s aggression and their implications for parenting practices. Next, we discuss the current state of parenting interventions for reducing childhood aggression. We conclude with promising future directions for research in this area.

Biaryl diketones were synthesized via palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling in the presence of a palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complex and CO or metal carbonyls. Different arylboronic acids along with various CO-releasing molecules were tested to study the influence of structure. Generally, steric hindrance of arylboronic acids and CO-releasing ability of various metal carbonyls played significant roles. In most cases, single ketone products were found as the side products rather than direct coupling products.

This study investigated whether Korean mothers’ emotion socialization beliefs are related to emotional functioning in children differing across gender. We interviewed Korean mothers (N = 100) of first graders (55 boys; 45 girls) about their sensitivity, their reactions to children’s distress, and children’s emotion regulation. Two components of emotion regulation were distinguished: regulation and negativity. Results revealed that mothers’ proactive sensitivity and their supportive reactions were related to their children’s regulation, whereas unsupportive reactions were related to children`s negativity. Child gender moderated the associations between mothers’ socialization beliefs and children’s emotion regulation: mothers’ proactive sensitivity was more strongly associated with competent regulation in girls than in boys. Mothers’ unsupportive reactions were related to increased negativity only in girls. Results are discussed from a cultural perspective, focusing on gender differences in the links between maternal socialization and children’s emotional outcomes in Korea. published

Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. However, their early physiological and social-emotional correlates have not been examined simultaneously. We tested whether children's skin conductance level, anger regulation, and trust in others were differentially related to their proactive and reactive aggression. Four-year-olds and their primary caregivers were recruited from a large Canadian city (N = 150). Controlling for reactive aggression, higher trust was associated with lower proactive aggression, but only for children with low anger regulation or skin conductance level. Controlling for proactive aggression, lower anger regulation was related to higher reactive aggression, and higher trust was related to higher reactive aggression for children with high skin conductance level. Findings highlight the unique and collective relations of physiology, emotion regulation, and trust to different forms of aggression in early childhood. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. Unique physiological and social-emotional correlates of each subtype have been studied in middle and late childhood. Trust is a critical milestone for positive social interactions in early childhood and has been linked to aggression. What the present study adds Physiological and social-emotional correlates are uniquely linked to subtypes of aggression already at age 4. Trust is differentially linked to aggression subtypes as a function of anger regulation and skin conductance level.

Self-regulation develops rapidly during the toddler years and underlies many important developmental outcomes, including social-emotional competence and academic achievement. It is important to understand factors that contribute to early self-regulation skills among children at risk for adjustment difficulties in these domains, such as children growing up in poverty. The current study examined mother-reported child temperament (negative affect, effortful control) and observed maternal parenting (during a mother-child free play) as contributing factors to toddlers’ observed self-regulation during delay of gratification tasks at 27 months (snack delay) and 33 months (gift delay). Participants were 198 toddlers (M(age) = 27 months; 53% boys; 48% non-Hispanic white) and their mothers from low-income families. Mothers’ negative parenting characterized by negative affect, hostility, and negative control was associated with poorer self-regulation contemporaneously. Toddlers’ lower negative affect and higher effortful control predicted better self-regulation at 33 months, but positive parenting characterized by positive affect and sensitivity moderated these associations at both time points. Specifically, we found a buffering effect of high positive parenting among toddlers with a temperamental risk and a deleterious effect of low positive parenting despite toddlers’ temperamental strength. Results highlight the importance of positive parenting for fostering the development of self-regulation among toddlers growing up with poverty-related and child-level risks.

Microwave (MW) irradiation facilitated synthesis provides fast, safe, simple, and green reaction conditions. MW irradiation of 2-aminobenzophenones with heteroaromatic ketones afforded quinolines via Friedlander condensation in high yields with intact halogen substituents for further modifications. Dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were found as minor products and in some instances as the only products as the result of self-condensation of 2-aminobenzophenones. Different acid catalysts were found to affect these cyclization processes. Mini library of quinolines and dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines were created in order to understand the substituents effect on the reaction. Resultant quinolines and dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines are anticipated to serve as an interesting library for high throughput screening of various biological applications.

A crucial human cognitive goal is to understand and to be understood. But understanding often takes active management. Two studies investigated early developmental processes of understanding management by focusing on young children's comprehension monitoring. We ask: When and how do young children actively monitor their comprehension of social-communicative interchanges and so seek to clarify and correct their own potential miscomprehension? Study 1 examined the parent–child conversations of 13 children studied longitudinally in everyday situations from the time the children were approximately 2 years through 3 years. Study 2 used a seminaturalistic situation in the laboratory to address these questions with more precision and control with 36 children aged 2–3 years.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to find out the therapeutic effect of bee venom acupuncture in the treatment of patient with trigger finger accompany side effects by steroid injection. Methods : As the effect of bee venom acupuncture about various articulation diseases observed, we tried to treat a case that was diagnosed trigger finger with side effects by steroid injection by using bee venom acupuncture. Result : After three times bee venom acupuncture treatments, ‘VAS’ score and triggering grade decreased quite noticeably, and other symptoms as have improved as well. Conclusions : Bee venom acupuncture have shown fairly effective to trigger finger accompany side effects by steroid injection.