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MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium)-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition. We here tested the potential effect of microRNA-6862 (miR-6862), a novel SphK1-targeting miRNA, on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. MiR-6862 locates in the cytoplasm of SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. It directly binds to SphK1 mRNA. In SH-SY5Y cells and HCN-2 cells, ectopic overexpression of miR-6862 decreased SphK13'-untranslated region luciferase reporter activity and downregulated its expression. miR-6862 inhibition exerted opposite activity and elevated SphK1 expression. In neuronal cells, MPP+-induced cell death was significantly inhibited through miR-6862 inhibition. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of miR-6862 or CRISPR/Cas9-induced SphK1 knockout augmented MPP+-induced apoptosis in the neuronal cells. Importantly, antagomiR-6862 failed to inhibit MPP+-induced apoptosis in SphK1-knockout SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that inhibition of miR-6862 induces SphK1 elevation and protects neuronal cells from MPP+-induced cell death.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and may respond to dopaminergic therapies. The aim of this open-label trial was to assess the efficacy and safety of selegiline as a treatment for EDS in PD patients. In this multi-center study, 141 PD subjects were enrolled between December 2019 and October 2020, and 121 patients completed the 8-week study. Selegiline was administered at 5 mg/day in the first week and was increased to 10 mg per day during the following weeks. EDS was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at baseline, week 3, and week 8. Changes in motor complications, sleep quality, and quality of life were also assessed in patients with PD. As primary outcomes, ESS scores decreased significantly in PD patients who received selegiline for 8 weeks (P < 0.001). As secondary outcomes, the scores of Parkinson's disease sleep scale (PDSS) and Parkinson’s disease quality of life questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39) also improved after the treatment. The severity of motor fluctuation improved (P=0.037), while the percentage of patients with dyskinesia and the severity of dyskinesia did not increase significantly compared with baseline. Participants treated with selegiline showed an improvement in EDS and good tolerance of the drug. This study demonstrated the efficacy of selegiline for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in PD patients.Trial registration: clinicaltrials, NCT04870372. Registered 5 May 2021 - Retrospectively registered, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S0009J06&selectaction=Edit&uid=U00026CP&ts=2&cx=ruz8uy.

MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium)-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition. We here tested the potential effect of microRNA-6862 (miR-6862), a novel SphK1-targeting miRNA, on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cells. MiR-6862 locates in the cytoplasm of SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. It directly binds to SphK1 mRNA. In SH-SY5Y cells and HCN-2 cells, ectopic overexpression of miR-6862 decreased SphK13’-untranslated region luciferase reporter activity and downregulated its expression. miR-6862 inhibition exerted opposite activity and elevated SphK1 expression. In neuronal cells, MPP+-induced cell death was significantly inhibited through miR-6862 inhibition. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of miR-6862 or CRISPR/Cas9-induced SphK1 knockout augmented MPP+-induced apoptosis in the neuronal cells. Importantly, antagomiR-6862 failed to inhibit MPP+-induced apoptosis in SphK1-knockout SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that inhibition of miR-6862 induces SphK1 elevation and protects neuronal cells from MPP+-induced cell death.

To explore the molecular-level mechanism on the hematopoiesis effect of Angelicae sinensis Radix (ASR) with systems-based interactome analysis. This systems-based interactome analysis was designed to enforce the workflow of "ASR (herb)→compound→target protein→internal protein actions→ending regulated protein for hematopoiesis". This workflow was deployed with restrictions on regulated proteins expresses in bone marrow and anemia disease and futher validated with experiments. The hematopoiesis mechanism of ASR might be accomplished through regulating pathways of cell proliferation towards hemopoiesis with cross-talking agents of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK). The hematopoietic function of ASR was also validated by colony-forming assay performed on mice bone marrow cells. As a result, SYK, JAK2 and ITK were activated. This study provides a new approach to systematically study and predict the therapeutic mechanism for ASR based on interactome analysis towards biological process with experimental validations.

Background Dyskinesia is a troublesome complication of long-term dopaminergic medications in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Many factors are reported to be associated with dyskinesia in PD. Objective To investigate the association between sleep quality and dyskinesia in patients with PD. Methods Four hundred twenty-five patients with PD were enrolled in this study. Demographic information was collected. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) stage scale were also performed. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were applied to evaluate daytime sleepiness and overall nighttime sleep quality, respectively, in PD patients. Results Patients with dyskinesia tended to have a longer duration of disease, higher daily levodopa-equivalent dose (LED), H-Y stage, UPDRS II and PSQI score, and a higher percentage of levodopa treatment than those without dyskinesia. After adjusting for age, sex, age at onset of PD, disease duration, UPDRS I, UPDRS II, UPDRS III, cigarette smoking, use of different antiparkinsonian drugs, phenotype, daily LED, and restless leg syndrome (RLS), PSQI score was still associated with dyskinesia, with corresponding ORs 1.111 (95% CI, 1.004–1.229) as a continuous variable, and 2.469 (95% CI, 1.051–5.800) as a categorical variable, respectively. Further analysis of PSQI components showed that subjective sleep quality and sleep latency were associated with dyskinesia in PD patients. Conclusions Our data showed that poor nighttime sleep is positively associated with dyskinesia in PD patients. Attention to the management of nighttime sleep quality may be beneficial to dyskinesia in patients with PD.

Cheng-Jie Mao,1 Fen Wang,2 Ju-Ping Chen,3 Ya-Ping Yang,1 Jing Chen,1 Juan-Ying Huang,1 Chun-Feng Liu1,21Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 2Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 3Department of Neurology, Hospital of Changshu Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, People’s Republic of China Objective: Hyposmia is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. Most of the current olfactory detection tests are targeted at Western populations. The exact relationship between hyposmia and cognitive impairment is unknown. The purpose of the study was to find bromines that can effectively identify olfactory dysfunction and investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function in early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD in the People’s Republic of China.Methods: Sixty-three early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD and 55 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The T&T olfactometer and a Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were applied to assess subjects’ olfactory and cognitive functions. Patients with PD also completed the Modified Unified Parkinson’s disease-rating scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale.Results: Patients with PD had lower scores of visuospatial and executive function (p=0.000), attention (p=0.03), and delayed recall (p=0.001) than controls. β-phenylethyl alcohol (floral smell, smell of rose petals) and isovaleric acid (smell of sweat, stuffy socks) were more sensitive for identifying hyposmia in patients with PD than three other odors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that impaired visuospatial and executive function was associated with hyposmia (p=0.013), but was independent of other PD-associated variables.Conclusion: Hyposmia was common in early, non-demented, drug-naïve PD patients. β-Phenylethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid were more superior for identifying hyposmia in early non-demented Chinese patients with PD. Hyposmia was associated with impaired visuospatial and executive function in patients with PD. Further prospective studies that apply a series of neuropsychological tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods in large samples in multicenter studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function with disease progression in patients with PD. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, hyposmia, cognitive dysfunction

Objective To explore the relationship between motor subtypes and drooling, and other risk factors associated with drooling in a large cohort of Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods A total of 586 PD patients were enrolled in this study. Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn & Yahr stage (H & Y stage) scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-24 item (HRSD), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were applied to all subjects. Salivary subscores of UPDRS part II were used to evaluate drooling. Constipation was diagnosed using the Rome III criteria. Results The prevalence of drooling in this cohort is 54.6% (320/586). Non-TD subtype PD patients tend to have higher daily levodopa-equivalent dose (LED), H & Y stage, UPDRS I, UPDRS II, and UPDRS III scores, HRSD score and ESS score, a higher percentage of levodopa treatment, drooling, dyskinesia, and constipation. After adjusting for confounders, non-TD subtype, male sex, UPDRS III score, ESS and PSQI scores, and constipation were still associated with drooling, with corresponding Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 1.865 (95% CI, 1.137-3.060), 1. 951 (95% CI, 1.326-2.869), 1.024 (95% CI, 1.002-1.046), 1.064 (95% CI, 1.024-1.105), 1.058 (95% CI, 1.000-1.119), and 1.603 (95% CI, 1.092-2.353), respectively. Conclusion Drooling is common, even in mild-to-moderate PD patients. PD patients with non-TD subtype are at a higher risk of drooling. Male sex, motor severity, excessive daytime sleepiness, poor nighttime sleep, and constipation are also associated with drooling in patients with PD.

Background The clinical impacts of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphate on early death are not fully understood in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We examined the associations between serum ALP, phosphate, and in-hospital mortality after ischemic stroke. Methods Serum ALP and phosphate were measured in 2944 ischemic stroke patients from 22 hospitals in Suzhou City from December 2013 to May 2014. Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the relationships between serum ALP and phosphate (both as categorical and continuous variables) and risk of in-hospital mortality. Results During hospitalization, 111 patients (3.7%) died from all causes. After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratio (HR) of the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of ALP was 2.19 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-4.00) for early death. Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a significant linear association between ALP and death (P-linearity = .017). A U-shaped association of phosphate with in-hospital mortality was observed (P-nonlinearity = .011). Compared with the third quartile of phosphate (1.08-1.21 mmol/L), HRs of the lowest and highest quartiles for early death were 2.17 (1.15-4.08) and 1.70 (.88-3.30), respectively. Sensitivity analyses further confirmed our findings. Conclusions We observed a graded relationship between serum ALP levels and risk of early death in patients with acute ischemic stroke. There was a U-shaped association between phosphate and all-cause mortality with significantly increased risk among patients with lower phosphate levels.

Non-motor symptoms, including pain, depression, sleep disorder, and olfactory dysfunction, occur frequently in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), even before the onset of motor symptoms. Although studies have examined the correlation between pain and depression or sleep disorder in PD, few studies have investigated the correlation between pain and a range of other non-motor symptoms of PD. PD patients (n = 142) with or without pain were included in the study. PD severity was evaluated with the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn and Yahr (H/Y) staging scale. Pain severity was analyzed with the Visual Analog Scale. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; 24 items), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing Version (MoCA), and non-motor questionnaire (NMSQT) measured symptoms of depression, cognitive function, and non-motor symptoms. The incidence of pain was 47.9 % in patients with PD, most of whom had moderate pain levels. Patients with pain showed higher HRSD, UPDRS, H/Y, and NMSQT scores and lower MoCA scores compared to those of patients without pain. HRSD and NMSQT scores were closely related with pain (P < 0.001). Non-motor symptoms were more prominent in patients with pain compared to that of controls and PD patients without pain.

Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance have been linked to increased risk of occurrence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) was clarified as a specific serological marker of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum RBP4 could be used as a potential marker for predicting prognosis in patients with HCC after curative resection.Western immunoblotting and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure the RBP4 expression in cell lines, supernatant, and serum. Serum RBP4 levels were compared with clinicopathological features and outcomes of patients with HCC. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of serum RBP4 level, serum C-peptide level, and HOMA-IR on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with HCC in the training cohort (156 patients with HCC), and then were validated in the validation cohort (105 patients with HCC).RBP4 protein overexpressed in HCC cell lines compared with normal liver cell line (P0.001) and correlated with metastatic potential. Serum RBP4 levels were associated with OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.208, P0.001] and DFS (HR = 1.878, P = 0.029) of patients with HCC. By multivariate analysis, the serum RBP4 level was identified as an independent factor for OS (HR = 2.170, P = 0.004) and DFS (HR = 1.769, P = 0.037) of patients with HCC. The prognostic value of serum RBP4 level was confirmed in the validation cohort.The serum RBP4 level is potential to be a useful prognostic factor for HCC after curative resection.

In this paper, we propose a comprehensive analysis of ultrathin oxide reliability that includes the validation of the power law model (TBD~V-n), area scaling (TBD~A-1/β), and process optimization. We show that the power law exponent n (=38) of a pFET is less than that of a nFET (n=48). Then a proper area range for β determination and process optimization for n improvement are pointed out, especially for pFETs. A novel explanation is discussed of ultrathin oxide pFET degradation behavior with lower decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN) pressure or higher substrate bias stress (Vbs>0 V) that lowers the exponent in power-law fitting. This phenomenon shortens the lifetime predicted for ultrathin oxide pFETs. From the view of reliability projections, a new failure criterion is suggested with and further extended to 65 nm technology and to higher operating voltage applications.

In this paper, leakage current behavior is discussed, particularly in the off state of nano-N-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor (NMOS) devices. In our experimental results, we observed a special phenomenon in the off-state I–V (off-current components vs VD) curves. We propose a new model named the gate current induced punch-through (GCIP) model, which is discussed in detail to explain this phenomenon. As the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) device dimensions are being scaled down to the nano-scale level, the gate oxide thickness is becoming significantly thinner than in any other previously produced devices. The use of ultrathin gate oxide induces an off-state gate leakage current which is not neglect in the gate terminal, and possibly causes the generation of electron-hole pairs in the CMOS substrate. The avalanche effect on electron-hole pair generation finally causes the device punch-through. This punch-through phenomenon is induced by the gate tunneling current, and therefore we named it the GCIP model.

Sensory disorders including pain and other non-motor symptoms occur frequently in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Studies on the correlation between pain and non-motor symptoms such as depression and sleep disorders are relatively more, so further investigations of the correlation between pain and other non-motor symptoms of PD are needed. A total of 142 patients with PD with or without pain were included in the study. PD severity was evaluated using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn and Yahr (H/Y) stage scale. Pain severity was analyzed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; 24 items), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Beijing Version (MoCA), and non-motor questionnaire NMSQT) measured symptoms of depression, cognitive function, and nonmotor symptoms. The incidence of pain was 47.9% in patients with PD, most of whom had moderate pain levels. Patients with pain showed higher HRSD, UPDRS, H/Y, and NMSQT scores and lower MoCA scores compared to patients without pain. HRSD and NMSQT scores were closely related with pain (p

To explore the incidence of depression in movement disorders and associated factors.A total of 121 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from August 2010 to June 2011 and 62 ET patients from July 2009 to June 2010 were recruited. All of them were outpatients of our hospital. PD patients received the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) -motor examination and a modified Hoehn and Yahr scale to stage the severity of their disorders while 62 essential tremor (ET) patients were evaluated with tremor rating scale for tremor-motor examination (items 1 - 15 of rating scale). All participants completed Hamilton depression rating scale (24 items) to measure the presence and degree of symptoms of depression.It was found that 56.2% of PD patients and 53.2% of ET patients were depressed (HAMD score of 8 or higher). Among them, the rates of mild depression were 38.9% and 35.5%, moderate depression 15.7% and 17.7% and severe depression 1.7% and 0% in PD and ET patients respectively. No significant differences existed between each group. The factor scores of cognitive impairment were 1.81 ± 1.86 and 1.04 ± 1.07 in PD and ET patients while those of sense of despair were 2.95 ± 1.97 and 4.09 ± 2.08 in each group. The differences had statistical significance in two factor scores of two groups (P0.05). No differences in anxiety/somatization, lose weight, day-and-night changes, block and sleep disorders between two groups. For PD patients, the motor score of UPDRS-III was positively correlated with total HAMD score (r = 0.511, P0.01). Similarly, for ET patients, tremor rating scale for tremor-motor subscale score and HAMD score were positively correlated (r = 0.828, P0.01).As two common movement disorders, PD and ET have a high incidence of depression. The severity of depression is similar in two groups. There is no significant intra-group difference in severity and frequency of depression. The most common symptoms are anxiety somatization, anhedonia, working difficulty, slowness and sleep disturbance. The depression and motor symptoms are positively correlated. Like the non-motor symptoms in PD, we should also pay attention to the non-motor symptoms in ET.

To observe the effect of Budesonide (BUD) on TGF-β1, PDGF-A, Smad4 and PAI-1 in lung tissue in pulmonary fibrosis rats.Forty-five adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal solution (NS) group, BUD group and bleomycin (BLM) group. 9 g/L NaCl solution was instilled into the tratracheaes in NS group, and BLM were used in BUD group and BLM group. NS group and BLM group were inhaled with 9 g/L NaCl solution once everyday at day 0-6, and BUD group were used with BUD. Five rats in every group were killed at 7th, 14th 28th day. The appearances of alveolitis and fibrosis were displayed in HE and Masson staining. The expressions of TGF-β1, PDGF-A, Smad4 and PAI-1 in lung tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry.The extent of the alveolitis in BUD group at 7th, 14th day were significantly lower than that in BLM group(P0.05). The fibrosis and the expressions of TGF-β1, PDGF-A, Smad4 and PAI-1 in lung tissues at 7th, 14th, 28th day, BUD group were significantly lower than BLM group(P0.05).After inhaled BUD, the expressions of TGF-β1, PDGF-A, Smad4 and PAI-1 in lung tissue could be decreased, and the extent of alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis could be improved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rats.

To explore the relationship between airway inflammation and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on macrophages in induced sputum from chronic cough patients, and to observe the effect of methylprednisolone on this receptor.Eighty-six outpatients with chronic cough were enrolled in this study from the respiratory department in the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College from September 2008 to March 2010. These diseases were diagnosed according to the guideline of Chinese Society of Respiratory Diseases in 2005, excluding severe liver, heart and kidney pathology and pregnant women. Among 86 cases, 31 were cough variant asthma (CVA), 14 upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), 16 eosinophilic bronchitis (EB) and 25 gastroesophageal reflux (GERC). Twenty healthy volunteers were included as controls. Induced sputum was collected and cell counts were analyzed. TLR2 expression on macrophages was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Cytokine levels were measured with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).(1) The total inflammatory cells [(3.4 ± 1.1) × 10(6)/L, (2.6 ± 0.6) × 10(6)/L, (2.6 ± 0.6) × 10(6)/L, (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10(6)/L] and neutrophils (0.52 ± 0.06, 0.58 ± 0.06, 0.52 ± 0.04, 0.54 ± 0.06) in induced sputum from CVA, UACS, EB and GERC were significantly increased (t value = 5.27, 4.09, 3.16, 3.92 and 3.62, 3.49, 4.82, 6.17 respectively, all P0.01), with decreased macrophages (0.35 ± 0.04, 0.40 ± 0.06, 0.38 ± 0.04, 0.43 ± 0.05) in comparison with the control group (t value = 4.76, 5.24, 4.57, 3.18, all P0.01). There was a significant increase in eosinophils (0.118 ± 0.054, 0.099 ± 0.034) in CVA and EB group (t value = 4.46, 3.87, 5.19 and 3.51, 4.06, 4.38 respectively, all P0.01). (2) The concentration of IL-8 [(7.0 ± 1.2) µg/L, (10.2 ± 3.1) µg/L, (6.3 ± 1.9) µg/L, (7.7 ± 2.5) µg/L] and TNF-α [(30 ± 11) ng/L, (46 ± 16) ng/L, (21 ± 5) ng/L, (33 ± 15) ng/L] from induced sputum in CVA, UACS, EB and GERC groups were significantly increased, compared with the control group(t value = 4.58, 3.67, 4.26, 5.39 and 5.16, 3.97, 4.59, 3.34 respectively, all P0.01). (3) The concentration of IL-8 was positively correlated with neutrophils in each group (R value = 0.628, 0.816, 0.769 and 0.733 respectively, all P0.05). The concentration of TNF-α was also positively correlated with neutrophils in each group (R value = 0.579, 0.865, 0.730 and 0.755 respectively, all P0.05). (4) The expression of TLR2 (56 ± 15, 38 ± 7, 65 ± 17, 27 ± 4) on macrophages in CVA, UACS, EB and GERC was significantly decreased. The expression of TLR2 (75 ± 17, 53 ± 16, 94 ± 30, 41 ± 5) on macrophages was enhanced by methylprednisolone.The expression of TLR2 on macrophages from induced sputum in CVA, UACS, EB and GERC was decreased, but could be enhanced by methylprednisolone, suggesting that TLR2 might play a regulatory role in airway inflammatory response.

By skin prick test, three kinds of mite allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Blomia tropicalis) were tested in a group of asthma children in Jinhua area from Oct 2005 to Sep 2006. The positive rate to allergen from D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae was 80.6% and 77.8% respectively, higher than that of Blomia tropicalis (61.1%) (chi2 = 21.39, P0.05). Cases positive to Blomia tropicalis allergen showed 100% and 95.9% positive reaction to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae respectively. The results demonstrated that the important allergens for children's asthma are from D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, while the with the former two mite allergens. Blomia tropicalis allergen is supposed to have cross-reactivity

Interface defect density on 90 nm PFET ultra-thin gate dielectric is checked by using a near flat band SILC in this work. Although power-law model has been successfully adopted to explain the gate oxide breakdown phenomenon below 2.0nm in industry field (Wu et al., 2000), (Ohgata et al., 2005), (Naoyoshi et al., 2003) and (Mariko et al., 2001), a correlation between power-law model with interface defect density has been made first time in this investigation. Critical defect density (NBD) shows strong correlation with power-law exponent factor due to SILC leakage increasing ratio (dJ/J0) dominate dielectric breakdown on our decouple plasma nitridation (DPN) power splits. A preliminary model is proposed to explain the nitridation-induced oxide reliability degradation mechanism. Since larger concentration of Nitrogen incorporation will cause excess interface states, those energy levels may reduce proton tunneling barrier in anode hydrogen release (AHR) behavior, thus further enhance AHR effect to degrade oxide breakdown strength

In this work, the ultra-thin oxide (Tox = 1.6 nm, named as core oxide) and thick oxide (Tox = 5.2 nm, named as input/output, 10 oxide) lifetime projection and comparison for nFET and pFET under inversion mode stress were investigated. The lifetime of core pFET is worse than that of core nFET, this is opposite to the behavior of their stress leakage current comparison. Nevertheless, the lifetime of IO nFET is worse than that of IO pFET, this is consistent with the behavior of their stress leakage current comparison. In addition, the core pFET possesses smaller exponent n value and TBD comparing with core nFET. In order to investigate this phenomenon, core pFET with substrate bias Vbs is applied to support the proposed mechanism. Presumably due to the larger anode hole current and more hydrogen proton release events result in the core pFET oxide revealing smaller exponent n value, smaller TBD, smaller lifetime prediction and more progressive BD phenomenon than those of core nFET oxide under inversion mode stress

In this paper, we propose the validation of power law modeling of gate oxide voltage acceleration. By varying the nitrogen concentration in the oxide, the power law exponent decreases. This effect may be explained by analyzing the potential barrier of the dielectric as a function of nitrogen content. From the view of reliability projection, a new failure criterion is devised to extend to 65 nm technology or a higher operation voltage application.

To purify and identify recombinant Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E.The recombinant plasmid pGEX-VZVgE was induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), the fusion protein was purified with affinity chromatography column; then the purified fusion protein was cleaved by thrombin, and the product's antigenicity was examined by Western blot.The product of pGEX-VZVgE induced by IPTG was separated from the mixture proteins by the affinity chromatography column, the expressed fusion protein's relative molecular mass was about 98 x 10(3). After cleavage, the obtained VZV Glycoprotein E's relative molecular mass was about 72 x 10(3); the purified fusion protein and VZV Glycoprotein E were single band by SDS-PAGE. The available antigenicity of Glycoprotein E was confirmed by Western blot.Purification of VZV Glycoprotein E with affinity chromatography is an effective method. It provides a foreground for studies on the application of VZV gE.