Search

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Se desconoce si los pacientes jovenes con estenosis aortica grave tienen una esperanza de vida restaurada tras el reemplazo de la valvula aortica (RVAo). Metodos Se incluyo a todos los pacientes entre 50 y 65 anos sometidos a RVAo en 27 centros espanoles durante 18 anos. Se comparo la supervivencia observada y la esperada a los 15 anos de seguimiento. Se repitieron todos los analisis con los pacientes sin complicaciones durante el posoperatorio inmediato. Resultados Se analizo a 5.084 pacientes. En la muestra total, la supervivencia observada a los 10 y los 15 anos fue del 85,3% (IC95%, 84,1-86,4%) y el 73,7% (IC95%, 71,6-75,6%). Las supervivencias esperadas fueron del 90,1 y el 82,1%. La supervivencia relativa acumulada a 1, 5, 10 y 15 anos de seguimiento fue del 97,4% (IC95%, 96,9-97,9%), el 96,5% (IC95%, 95,7-97,3%), el 94,7% (IC95%, 93,3-95,9%) y el 89,8% (IC95%, 87,3-92,1%). Para los pacientes sin complicaciones, la supervivencia relativa acumulada a 1, 5, 10 y 15 anos fue del 100,3% (IC95%, 99,8-100,5%), el 98,9% (IC95% 97,6-99,9%), el 97,3% (IC95%, 94,9-99,4%) y el 91,9% (IC95%, 86,5-96,8%). Conclusiones La esperanza de vida de los pacientes jovenes con estenosis aortica grave intervenidos para RVAo es menor que la de la poblacion general. La esperanza de vida de los pacientes sin complicaciones durante el posoperatorio inmediato tambien esta reducida. Por lo tanto, las caracteristicas basales probablemente sean los principales factores que explican la reduccion de la esperanza de vida.

Introduction and objectives: In young patients with severe aortic stenosis, it is unknown whether their life expectancy restored after aortic valve replacement (AVR) is unknown. Methods: We analyzed all patients aged between 50 and 65 years who underwent isolated AVR in 27 Spanish centers during an 18-year period. We compared observed and expected survival at 15 years of follow-up. We repeated all analyses for patients without complications in the postoperative period. Results: A total of 5084 patients were analyzed. For the overall sample, observed survival at 10 and 15 years was 85.3% (95%CI, 84.1%-86.4%) and 73.7% (95%CI, 71.6%-75.6%), respectively. Expected survival was 90.1% and 82.1%. Cumulative relative survival for 1, 5, 10 and 15 years of follow-up was 97.4% (95%CI, 96.9%-97.9%), 96.5% (95%CI, 95.7%-97.3%), 94.7% (95%CI, 93.3%-95.9%), and 89.8% (95%CI, 87.3%-92.1%). For patients without complications, cumulative relative survival for 1, 5, 10 and 15 years was 100.3% (95%CI, 99.8%-100.5%), 98.9% (95%CI 97.6% -99.9%), 97.3% (95%CI, 94.9%-99.4%), and 91.9% (95%CI, 86.5%-96.8%). Conclusion: Life expectancy in young patients who have severe aortic stenosis and undergo AVR is lower than that of the general population. Life expectancy of individuals without complications during the postoperative period is also reduced. Therefore, baseline characteristics are likely the main factors that explain the reduction in life expectancy. (C) 2021 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES Some researchers have observed an increased number of deaths during the follow-up of young patients who undergo aortic valve replacement due to severe aortic stenosis, suggesting that this procedure does not restore their life expectancy. Our goal was to confirm these findings and explore sex-based differences. METHODS All patients between 50 and 65 years of age who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement in 27 Spanish centres during an 18-year period were included. We compared observed and expected survival at 15 years of follow-up and estimated the cumulative incidence of death from a competing risks point of view. We stratified by sex and analysed if being a woman was an independent risk factor for death. RESULTS For men, the observed survival at 10 and 15 years of follow-up was 85% [95% confidence interval (CI) 83.6%–86.4%] and 72.3% (95% CI 69.7%–74.7%), respectively whereas the expected survival was 88.1% and 78.8%. For women, the observed survival at 10 and 15 years was 85% (95% CI 82.8%–86.9%) and 73% (95% CI 69.1%–76.4%), whereas the expected survival was 94.6% and 89.4%. At 15 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of death due to the disease in men and women was 8.2% and 16.7%, respectively. In addition, being a woman was an independent risk factor for death (hazard ratio = 1.23 (95% CI 1.02–1.48; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS After the aortic valve replacement, men and women do not have their life expectancy restored, but this loss is much higher in women than in men. In addition, being a woman is a risk factor for long-term death. Reasons for these findings are unknown and must be investigated.

Resumen: La comunicación interventricular postinfarto es la complicación mecánica del síndrome coronario agudo con mayor mortalidad. En la mayoría de ocasiones obtenemos el diagnóstico mediante la historia clínica y una prueba de imagen que suele ser la ecocardiografía. Pese a ello, las pruebas de imagen pueden ir sujetas a un error diagnóstico que ocasiona una demora en el tratamiento. Todas las pruebas tienen suma importancia para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Abstract: Post-infarction ventricular septal defect has the highest mortality of the mechanical complications in acute coronary syndrome. Most of the time a diagnosis is obtained with the medical history and imaging tests, usually cardiac ultrasound. Nonetheless, imaging tests can be subject to diagnosis errors that cause delays in treatment. All tests are very important for the diagnosis of the disorder.

Resumen: Introducción: La minitoracotomía anterior derecha es un abordaje alternativo a la esternotomía media para tratar dolencias mitrales, tricúspides y defectos interauriculares. Además de evitar las complicaciones asociadas a la esternotomía, este abordaje aporta ventajas estéticas y una recuperación precoz. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de toda nuestra serie de 106 pacientes intervenidos con una minitoracotomía anterior derecha entre enero de 2013 y junio de 2019. En los primeros 55 casos el procedimiento se realizó con visión directa y desde octubre de 2017 la cirugía fue videoasistida. Comparamos los datos perioperatorios de ambos grupos. Resultados: Los procedimientos fueron: 46 reparaciones mitrales, 30 recambios mitrales, 15 recambios tricúspides y 15 cierres de comunicaciones interauriculares. Dieciocho pacientes tenían cirugía cardíaca previa. El EuroSCORE I medio fue de 6,08. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 0,9% (un paciente). La reconversión a esternotomía se realizó en 6 pacientes. El tiempo medio de pinzamiento aórtico y circulación extracorpórea fue de 88 ± 27 y 137 ± 36 min, respectivamente. La estancia media hospitalaria fue de 5,8 ± 1,9 días. El 78% de los pacientes no recibió transfusión de hematíes. Cuando se compararon los resultados perioperatorios de los primeros 55 pacientes con el grupo de cirugía videoasistida (51 pacientes), la estancia hospitalaria y la transfusión de hematíes mejoró significativamente en el grupo videoasistido. Conclusiones: La minitoracotomía anterior derecha es una alternativa segura a la esternotomía, al menos con los mismos estándares de calidad y morbimortalidad postoperatoria. La introducción de una torre videotoracoscópica y la experiencia mejoraron los resultados iniciales. Abstract: Introduction: The right anterior mini-thoracotomy is an alternative approach to medial sternotomy to treat mitral pathology, tricuspid valve, and atrial septal defect. In addition to avoiding complications associated with sternotomy, this approach provides cosmetic advantages and early recovery. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed on the entire series of 106 patients operated using a right anterior mini-thoracotomy between January 2013 and June 2019. In the first 55 cases the procedure was performed with direct vision, and from October 2017 the surgery was video-assisted. A comparison is made of the perioperative data of both groups. Results: The procedures performed were: 46 mitral repairs, 30 mitral replacements, 15 tricuspid replacements, and 15 atrial septal defect closures. Eighteen patients had previous cardiac surgery. The mean EuroSCORE I was 6.08. Hospital mortality was 0.9% (one patient). Conversion to sternotomy was performed in 6 patients. The mean aortic clamping time and bypass time was 88 ± 27 and 137 ± 36 minutes, respectively. The mean hospital stay was 5.8 ± 1.9 days. Only 22% of patients received a red blood cell transfusion. When the perioperative results of the first 55 patients were compared with the group in which video-assisted surgery was performed (51 patients), hospital stay and red blood cell transfusion improved significantly in the video-assisted group. Conclusions: The right anterior mini-thoracotomy is a safe alternative to sternotomy with at least the same standards of quality and postoperative morbidity and mortality. The introduction of a thoracoscopic camera and experience, improved the initial results. Palabras clave: Cirugía cardiaca, Minitoracotomía, Reparación mitral, Cirugía videoasistida, Visión directa, Keywords: Cardiac Surgery, Mini-thoracotomy, Mitral repair, Video-assisted surgery, Direct vision

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: El grupo de Trabajo en Reparación Valvular de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía Torácica y Cardiovascular presenta el registro anual de actividad en cirugía reparadora de la válvula mitral, aórtica y tricúspide realizada en España en los años 2016 y 2017. Métodos: La recogida de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario online, de forma retrospectiva, voluntaria, anónima y no auditada. Se detallan parámetros en cuanto al tipo de cirugía, etiología, mortalidad y riesgo quirúrgico de cada una de las válvulas. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 27 centros, con 6.751 y 7.634 intervenciones registradas en 2016 y 2017, respectivamente. La cirugía mitral reparadora supone el 35%, y 30% de las válvulas mitrales intervenidas. El porcentaje de cirugía reparadora aórtica (4,5%) se mantiene como en años anteriores. La cirugía valvular tricúspide aumenta un 26% en el 2017 respecto al año anterior, manteniendo una tasa de reparación estable del 88%, mayoritariamente con el uso de anillos protésicos. Respecto a la cirugía mitral miniinvasiva, se aprecia una disminución de los centros y del número de cirugías: de 14 centros con 109 cirugías en 2016 a 9 centros con 83 cirugías en 2017. La cirugía miniinvasiva aórtica se sitúa en un 15% en 2016 y un 13% en 2017. Conclusiones: Existe una disminución considerable de los centros participantes y consiguientemente del número de cirugías. La actividad reparadora mitral está establecida en la mayoría de los grupos, aunque con unas tasas de reparación bajas. Se observa una estabilización en la tasa de reparación valvular tricúspide. La cirugía miniinvasiva mitral disminuye mientras que la aórtica aumenta respecto a años anteriores. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: The Working Group on Valve Repair of the Spanish Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery presents the annual report on reconstructive valve surgery of the mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves performed in Spain during 2016-2017. Methods: The data was gathered using an online form, in a retrospective, voluntary, anonymous and non-audited way. Different parameters regarding etiology, type of surgery, mortality and risk scores were collected. Results: Data was collected from 27 centers with 6.751 and 7.634 recorded interventions in 2017 and 2017, respectively. Mitral repair surgery accounts for 35% and 30% of all mitral valve operated. The percentage of aortic valve sparing interventions was 4,5%, similar to previous years. Tricuspid surgery has increased 26% in 2017 in relation to 2106, confirming a stable repair rate of 88%, mainly with a wide use of prosthetic rings. Regarding mini-invasive mitral surgery, a decrease in centers and number of surgeries is observed (14 centers reporting 109 surgeries in 2106 to 9 centers with 83 surgeries in 2017). Mini-invasive aortic surgery means a 15% in 2016 and 13% in 2017. Conclusions: It has been observed a decrease in the number of participating centers and therefore of the number of surgeries. Mitral valve repair is a established option in our country, although with very low repair rates. Tricuspid valve repair surgery has stabilized in the last years. Mini-invasive mitral surgery has decreased while aortic mini-invasive has increased. Palabras clave: Registro, Reparación valvular, Sustitución valvular, Válvula mitral, Válvula aórtica, Válvula tricúspide, Keywords: Registry, Valve repair, Valve replacement, Mitral valve, Aortic valve, Tricuspid valve

13 pages, 3 tables, 8 figures, The common octopus Octopus vulgaris is a highly valuable species worldwide, but to understand its population dynamics and requirements under culture conditions, it is crucial to improve our knowledge about its planktonic stages. Previous studies validating daily beak growth increments in these stages allowed age estimation and comparison of wild and cultured paralarvae. We aimed to improve age estimations in captivity, addressing the effect of temperature and diet, to obtain an accurate estimation of age in wild specimens collected from the coast to the open ocean off NW Spain and Morocco. We analysed the beak growth increments of reared paralarvae at 14 and 21°C with 2 different crustacean prey taxa (Artemia and spider crab Maja brachydactyla zoeae) over 30 d. Daily increment deposition at 21°C was confirmed, whereas, This study was funded by Spanish Government under Projects OCTOWELF (Ref. AGL2013- 49101-C2) and CAIBEX (CTM2007-66408-C02).

ResumenEl envejecimiento de la población ha aumentado el número de cirugías sobre la válvula aórtica. Durante los últimos 20años la técnica quirúrgica ha evolucionado hacia una menor agresión corporal, apareciendo nuevos tipos de cirugía aórtica mínimamente invasiva (CMIAo). De todas estas técnicas, la hemiesternotomía superior (HES), o miniesternotomía, se ha convertido en la más utilizada, seguida por la minitoracotomía anterior derecha (MTA). Ambas, comparadas con la cirugía convencional, han demostrado una recuperación más rápida, mejor resultado cosmético, menor estancia hospitalaria y en UCI, mejor función respiratoria, menor pérdida de sangre y transfusiones, e incluso menor mortalidad precoz y tardía. A pesar de estos avances, su uso no se ha extendido definitivamente debido a un incremento en los tiempos de isquemia y de circulación extracorpórea (CEC) necesarios en estos procedimientos más complejos. La aparición de las prótesis sin sutura «Sutureless» de nueva generación puede solventar este contratiempo al reducir hasta en un 43% los tiempos de isquemia y CEC, y permitir que la CMIAo se expanda y sea una alternativa real a las válvulas transcatéter (TAVI) en los pacientes de alto riesgo operables. A pesar de que son recomendables ensayos clínicos prospectivos aleatorizados para confirmar estos datos, existe suficiente evidencia disponible como para considerar la CMIAo (sobre todo la HES) como el gold standard actual para la sustitución valvular aórtica aislada.AbstractThe aging of the population has led to an increase in the number of surgeries on the aortic valve. During the past 20years the surgical technique has progressed to less aggressive techniques, with new types of minimally invasive aortic valve surgery (MIAVR) emerging. Of these techniques, the upper hemi-sternotomy (UHS) or mini-sternotomy has become the most commonly used, followed by the right anterior thoracotomy (RAT). Compared with conventional surgery, both have shown a faster recovery, better cosmetic results, shorter hospital and ICU stay, better respiratory function, reduced blood loss and transfusions, as well as lower early and late mortality. Despite these advances, their use has not been definitively extended, due to an increase in the ischaemia and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times needed in these more complex procedures. The emergence of new generation sutureless prosthesis can overcome this setback by reducing the ischemic and CPB by up to 43%, and allows MIAVR to expand and become a real alternative to the transcatheter valves (TAVI) in high risk operable patients. Although prospective randomised controlled trials are required to confirm these data, there is sufficient available evidence to consider MIAVR (especially UHS) as the current reference method for isolated aortic valve replacement.

ResumenLa enfermedad degenerativa de la válvula aórtica es cada vez más frecuente en nuestro medio. El tratamiento quirúrgico clásico consiste en la sustitución de la válvula por algún tipo de injerto mecánico o biológico. La reparación valvular, aunque no sea una opción posible en todos los pacientes, ofrece ventajas en cuanto a morbimortalidad, ofreciendo resultados duraderos a medio y largo plazo.En el presente artículo intentaremos establecer una guía de ayuda para decidir si la válvula –y el paciente– a los que nos enfrentamos pueden y deben repararse o no.AbstractAortic valve degnerative disease is increasingly prevalent in our environment. The stablished surgical treatment for this disease is valve replacement with a biological or mechanical substitute. Valve repair, although not always feasible, is superior to replacement in terms of morbidity and mortality with good medium and long term durabilities.This paper pretends to be an aid guide for those starting with aortic valve repair, to help them evaluate both the valve and the patient in order to decide what to do: repair or to replace.

ResumenLas prótesis sin sutura representan una nueva alternativa en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis aórtica severa. En el siguiente artículo intentamos resumir las características fundamentales de cada una de ellas y la bibliografía más importante publicada hasta ahora con el fin de hacer una revisión rápida de estas prótesis para poder orientar su uso.AbstractThe sutureless prosthesis represent a new alternative in the surgical treatment of severe aortic stenosis. In the following article we try to summarize the main features of each of them and the most important literature published so far in order to make a quick review of these prostheses to guide their use.

The present research describes the complete life cycle in captivity, including spawning, larval culture and fattening of juveniles until commercial size. Additionally, size, weight and age at each moulting stage were recorded, as well as zoeas biochemical composition. The most significant results obtained were as follows. Embryonic development lasted for 33 days. Each female had between three and five spawns, separated by 4–5 days each. Larval culture lasted for 20 days at 14–17°C. The zoeas turn to megalopa at ~11 days after hatch/DAH), and from megalopa to juvenile at ~20 DAH. Average survival was ~13%. Juvenile growth rate was higher during the first 8 months (0.22%–0.46% bw/day), and then gradually decreased when changing from live to frozen diets. Survival during the fattening phase was 63%. The final moult occurs at 450 DAH, when males and females have a carapace total length of 12.38 + 1.23 and 13.57 + 1.23 cm, respectively, and 541.56 + 104.26 and 670.68 + 162.6 g in total weight respectively. Biochemical composition of cultured zoeas showed a high amount of phospholipids and long‐chain fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). Low survival rates in larval culture and especially after passing to the benthic life style are the main problems regarding spider crab culture, and need to be improved.

ResumenIntroducciónLa afección valvular tricúspide se asocia con frecuencia a trastornos del ritmo y la conducción. Tradicionalmente se evitaba la implantación de electrodos endocavitarios en pacientes portadores de bioprótesis tricúspides.MétodosSe recogen 4 casos de implantación de electrodos endocavitarios en portadores de bioprótesis tricúspides.ResultadosNo se observa ninguna disfunción protésica en el seguimiento, siendo la evolución similar a la de pacientes sin marcapasos. No encontramos ningún caso de mortalidad.ConclusionesLos resultados iniciales nos invitan a continuar con este tipo de procedimientos.AbstractIntroductionTricuspid valve disease is frequently associated with disorders of rhythm and conduction. Endocardial electrode implantation in patients with tricuspid bioprosthesis was traditionally avoided.MethodsFour cases of endocardial electrode implantation in patients with tricuspid bioprosthesis are reviewed.ResultsNo prosthetic dysfunction was observed in monitoring, being similar to the outcome of patients without pacemakers. There were no deaths.ConclusionsInitial results suggest continuing this type of procedure.

Survival and growth of juvenile octopi vary considerably. The objective of this research was to determine variations in weight, total lipids (TL), and total protein (TP) of newly hatched Octopus vulgaris paralarvae (0 days old) over the course of the spawning period. Newly hatched paralarvae dry weight from three females decreased throughout the spawning period. Similarly, newly hatched paralarvae TL percent decreased consistently (p < 0.05) in two of them and remained similar (p > 0.05) for the third female. Contrary, TP% did not vary regardless of the female or the time of hatching throughout paralarvae spawning. In conclusion, we believe that paralarvae used in O. vulgaris culture should be collected during the first 10 days of spawning, as they are larger and have higher lipid content; this increases the chances of a successful paralarvae culture, which is the major bottleneck in the culture of this species., 0,0000

The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is a promising species for aquaculture diversification, but massive mortality during the first life-cycle stages (paralarvae) is the main bottleneck for its commercial production in captivity. The aim of this study was to assess stress and nutritional condition biomarkers (HSP70, ROS enzymes and lipid peroxidation) (RNA/DNA, RNA/protein, protein/DNA and protein) in O. vulgaris paralarvae from different geographical origins and fed with Artemia enriched with marine phospholipids or microalgae (control group). To this end paralarvae were cultured for 30 days, in three different centres in Spain (Tarragona-Mediterranean area, Tenerife-Central Atlantic area and Vigo-North Atlantic area), under the same protocol, and fed on Artemia enriched with marine phospholipids (LC60) (Marine Lecithin LC 60®, PhosphoTech Laboratoires) or microalgae (control group). Dry weight and most biomarkers analysed in hatchlings showed significant differences related to their origin (centre). Fifteen day old paralarvae presented significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) associated with their dietary regime, and also showed differences in biomarkers associated both with their geographical origin and dietary regime. The results suggest that the SGR of paralarvae were positively influenced by LC60, promoting growth and in agreement with the results of nutritional condition biomarkers (nucleic acids ratios). The antioxidant defences against oxidative damage were also boosted in the LC60 paralarvae group, possibly as a result of the elevated content in highly polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the partial correlations found between biomarkers varied according to diet. However, no positive effect of LC60 on survival was observed. The high variability found among geographical origins, despite the use of the same rearing protocol, highlights the need to clarify the sources of such variability., This survey was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Government) under Project OCTOPHYS (AGL2010-22120-CO3), and by PROMETEO II/2014/085 (Generalitat Valenciana). D. Garrido was financed by a Ph.D. grant by Spanish Institute of Oceanography (MINECO, Spanish Government) (BOE 3rd November 2011). Most of the authors of this paper participate in the COST network, Action FA1301 (CephsInAction) focussing on Cephalopod welfare.

Nowadays, the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) culture is hampered by massive mortalities occurring during early life-cycle stages (paralarvae). Despite the causes of the high paralarvae mortality are not yet well-defined and understood, the nutritional stress caused by inadequate diets is pointed out as one of the main factors. In this study, the effects of diet on paralarvae is analyzed through a proteomic approach, to search for novel biomarkers of nutritional stress. A total of 43 proteins showing differential expression in the different conditions studied have been identified. The analysis highlights proteins related with the carbohydrate metabolism: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dedydrogenase (GAPDH), triosephosphate isomerase; other ways of energetic metabolism: NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, arginine kinase; detoxification: glutathione-S-transferase (GST); stress: heat shock proteins (HSP70); structural constituent of eye lens: S-crystallin 3; and cytoskeleton: actin, actin-beta/gamma1, beta actin. These results allow defining characteristic proteomes of paralarvae depending on the diet; as well as the use of several of these proteins as novel biomarkers to evaluate their welfare linked to nutritional stress. Notably, the changes of proteins like S-crystallin 3, arginine kinase and NAD+ specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, may be related to fed vs. starving paralarvae, particularly in the first 4 days of development., This study was funded by the “Ministerio de Economía y Competividad (Spanish Government)” under the projects OCTOPHYS (AGL-2010-22120-CO3-02) and OCTOWELF (AGL2013-49101-C2-2-R), and by the “Generalitat Valenciana” under the project PROMETEO II/2014/085. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)

The fatty acid (FA) profile of wild Octopus vulgaris paralarvae of estimated age was individually analyzed for the very first time in order to establish a reference for comparison in rearing and nutritional studies. Age of each paralarvae was estimated by analysing daily increments on lateral hood surface of beaks. Wild paralarvae age ranged between 6 and 8 days and their FA composition resembled that from hatchlings produced under culture conditions. However, when compared with the FA composition of up to 20 days old cultured paralarvae described in the bibliography, some striking differences were found. Results showed higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3, DHA), lower contents of 18:1n − 9, 18:1n − 7 and 18:2n − 6 and negligible levels of 18:3n − 3 in wild paralarvae, when collated to reared one. These results seem to indicate that preys/diets supplied to cultured paralarvae fail to resemble paralarval natural composition and as a result do not fulfil their FA requirement. The individual applied technique developed in this study will allow to refine the study of wild paralarvae along its development, as well as to compare wild and cultured paralarvae of similar age. Statement of relevance Artemia does not fulfil paralarval fatty acid requirements., This study was funded by Spanish Government under Projects OCTOPHYS (Ref. AGL2010-22120-C03), OCTOWELF (Ref. AGL2013-49101-C2-1-R) and LARECO (CTM2011-25929). Most of the authors of this paper participate to the COST network, Action FA1301 (CephsInAction) focussing on Cephalopod welfare. D. Garrido was financed by a Ph.D. grant by Spanish Institute of Oceanography (BOE 3rd November 2011).

Rearing of common octopus Octopus vulgaris is limited by the lack of success during the paralarval stage, with generalized mortalities occurring before the settlement of the juveniles. The use of on-grown Artemia cultured with the microalga Isochrysis galbana and further enriched with Nannochloropsis sp. has led to a certain degree of success. The present work aims at studying the effects of this rearing protocol (Nanno) on the fatty acid composition of paralarvae, by comparison with a diet based on on-grown Artemia further enriched with a high polyunsaturated fatty acid oil emulsion (M70). After 28 days, survival was estimated at 3% for M70 and 22.5% for Nanno, whereas the average dry weight was not significantly different (Nanno: 1.76± 0.28 mg; M70: 1.88±0.22 mg). Although apparently no clear association between the fatty acid composition of the enriched preys and that of the total lipids of paralarvae could be established, further fractionation and fatty acid analysis of the total lipids into polar and neutral classes, followed by principal components analysis, revealed that irrespective of the diet, both lipid fractions showed distinct fatty acid patterns. Besides, the fatty acid composition of the polar lipids was more conservative, whereas that of the neutral lipids was more influenced by the diet, showing more variation among dietary treatments.

This study analyzes the effect of low salinity on survival and daily food ingestion of octopus subjected to three different water salinities (20, 25, and 30 psu) for 3 days. During the 3-day experiment, octopuses at 20 psu immediately stopped eating, and all died during the first day; at 25 and 30 psu, the octopuses gradually reduced their feed intake and stopped eating after 2 days, but all survived, and when normal salinity conditions were reestablished (34–35 psu), they ingested 30–40 (~27.5% of the initial food intake) and 70–90 g of food/day (~63% of the initial food intake) respectively over the 5-day recovery period. Water salinity of 30 psu could be considered as the recommended lower limit below which actions, such as transferring the commercial floating cages to another location or submerging them, should be taken in order to prevent the negative effects of low salinities on farmed octopuses., 0,0000

Different assays related to the first feeding of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 are compiled in this paper. They include: age at initial feeding age, prey size selection and optimal density, attack timing after feeding, and effect of dose number on the number of captures. Prey capture and ingestion processes were also analysed. Food supplied was cultured Artemia sp. Each assay lasted 15 min. Although paralarvae already start to feed on the hatching day (day 0), it is during day 2 when a greater number of attacks is recorded (81.7 ± 14.7% paralarvae attack). They mainly prefer (significance level α = 0.05) large Artemia , 1.4 ± 0.4 mm (77.0 ± 5.6% of the total attacks) than small Artemia , 0.8 ± 0.1 mm (23.0 ± 5.6%). There is also a slight predilection for the lowest Artemia concentration (33.3 ±12.6% paralarvae attack in a 0.1 Artemia ml − 1 density, opposite 16.7 ± 7.6 and 18.3 ± 7.6% in densities of 0.5 and 1 Artemia ml − 1 respectively). The greatest predatory activity is recorded during the first 5 min after food is supplied (72.2 ± 25.5%). An increase in the predatory activity was also observed when food was distributed in several doses instead of a single dose (75.0 ± 10.0% and 46.7 ± 17.6% respectively). It was proved for the first time that paralarvae completely ingest their preys (including their exoskeletons), in this case Artemia . Time needed for their total ingestion ranges between 4 and 10 min.

6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris is a new candidate species for aquaculture. However, rearing of octopus paralarvae is hampered by high mortality and poor growth rates that impede its entire culture. The study of genes involved in the octopus development and immune response capability could help to understand the key of paralarvae survival and thus, to complete the octopus life cycle. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most frequently tool used to quantify the gene expression because of specificity and sensitivity. However, reliability of RT-qPCR requires the selection of appropriate normalization genes whose expression must be stable across the different experimental conditions of the study. Hence, the aim of the present work is to evaluate the stability of six candidate genes: β-actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-α (EF), ubiquitin (UBI), β-tubulin (TUB), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) and ribosomal RNA 18 (18S) in order to select the best reference gene. The stability of gene expression was analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper, in octopus paralarvae of seven developmental stages (embryo, paralarvae of 0, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 34 days) and paralarvae of 20 days after challenge with Vibrio lentus and Vibrio splendidus. The results were validated by measuring the expression of PGRP, a stimuli-specific gene. Our results showed UBI, EF and 18S as the most suitable reference genes during development of octopus paralarvae, and UBI, ACT and 18S for bacterial infection. These results provide a basis for further studies exploring molecular mechanism of their development and innate immune defense, This work was funded by the “Xunta de Galicia” – Spain 10PXIB402116PR research project, and “AGL20134910-C02-2R” from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad. S. Castellanos-Martínez thanks “CONACYT” – Mexico for her awarded scholarship, and P. García-Fernández thanks “Xunta de Galicia” for his predoctoral fellowship

The effect of the adherence of the lipid droplet in the yolk-sac on the growth and survival of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) larvae was studied under starved and feeding conditions. Recently hatched hake larvae with adhered and non-adhered lipid droplet (ALD and non-ALD) were maintained during 8 days under starvation conditions. The adherence of the lipid droplet positively affected larval survival during starvation. At the end of the yolk consumption period (7–8 days after hatching), 90% of the surviving larvae had an ALD, while 10% of the survivors had a non-ALD and showed a higher mortality rate. In a month feeding experiment, results show that the presence of non-ALD in newly hatched hake larvae negatively affected their growth and survival. Dry weight and length (TL) of 20-days-old larvae with ALD were significantly higher than those with non-ALD. Furthermore, lifespan of those larvae with non-adhered lipid droplet was shorter, with most of them dying during the first 15–20 days of culture. As conclusion, the percentage of the lipid droplet adherence at hatching could be used as an indicator of ‘quality’ for European hake larvae: the greater the number of larvae with adhered lipid droplet, the better larval growth and survival., 1,2030

Commercial culture of octopus has not yet been achieved due to the high mortality recorded during the first weeks of life. Several researchers have pointed out nutrition as the key factor of influence on paralarval mortality in culture (Iglesias, Sanchez, Bersano, Carrasco, Dhont, Fuentes, Linares, Munoz, Okumura, Roo, van der Meeren, Vidal & Villanueva 2007; Villanueva, Escudero, Deulofeu, Bozzano & Casoliva 2009; Seixas, Rey-Mendez, Valente & Otero 2010; Seixas, Otero, Valente, Dias & Rey-Mendez 2010; Fuentes, Sanchez, Lago, Iglesias, Pazos and Linares 2011). Nevertheless, several other factors, such as culture volume, can influence the success in paralarvae rearing. The lack of a standardized culture technique has meant that some authors have reared paralarvae in relatively large tank volumes: from 20 000 L used by Hamazaki, Fukunaga, Yoshida and Maruyama (1991), 9000 L (Moxica, Linares, Otero, Iglesias & Sanchez 2002), 6000 L (De Wolf, Lenzi & Lenzi 2011) and 1000 L (Iglesias, Otero, Moxica, Fuentes & Sanchez 2004), whereas others have worked with smaller volumes: Villanueva, Koueta, Riba and BoucaudCamou (2002) used 25 L tanks, Carrasco, Arronte & Rodriguez 2006; 30 L and Seixas (2009) 50 L. This study analyses tank volume effect on growth and survival of octopus paralarvae in their first month of life, using enriched artemia as live diet. Protein and lipid composition of paralarvae were also analysed to have an approach to paralarvae condition. Materials and methods

The larval development of reared European hake, Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758), during the lecithotrophic phase, from hatching until 5 days post-hatching (dph), and throughout the endo-exotrophic feeding phase (6-10 dph) was studied by histology and histochemistry. Many crucial morphological, cellular and tissular changes were observed during both feeding phases, mostly those related to digestive and visual ontogenetic events, such as differentiation of buccopharyngeal cavity and eye development (at hatching); pigmentation and differentiation of cone-photoreceptors (4 dph); opening of the mouth and anus, appearance of intestinal valves (5-6 dph); presence of buccopharyngo-esophageal (5-6 dph) and intestinal (9 dph) mucous cells; folding of intestinal mucosa (6 dph); development of regional specific digestive musculature (6 dph); typical structure and functionality of the liver (sinusoids, biliary and pancreatic ducts, glycogen, protein and lipid reserves) (4-6 dph); and characteristic acinar distribution pattern of eosinophilic zymogen granules of the exocrine pancreas (6 dph). Between 9 and 10 dph, the hake larvae showed evident signs of lipid absorption within enterocytes of the anterior intestinal region and a remarkable process of pynocitosis and intracellular digestion was detected in the posterior intestine (supranuclear inclusions or acidophilic protein vesicles). In hake larvae at 10 dph, a proliferation of renal tubules, spleen differentiation and gill development, as well as the presence of the first thyroid follicle, were clearly distinguished. At this time, stomach gastric gland differentiation was not detected and endocrine pancreas and gill lamellae were not evidenced. However, and interestingly, swim bladder and eyes (developing rods) were well differentiated in larval development from 9 dph onwards. In summary, in European hake larval development during the endo-exogenous feeding phase and especially at 9 to 10 dph, most systems, organs and tissues were well differentiated. Particularly, digestive and visual systems were developed and physiologically functional some days before the start of the exogenous feeding phase., 1

For the first time, a spontaneous spawning of hake was recorded in Spain in April 2009. The spawn was obtained from broodstock kept in captivity for two years at the facilities of the Spanish Institute of Oceanography in Vigo (NW Spain). Eggs were transparent, spherical and had an average diameter of 1.067 ± 0.024 mm; yolk occupied the majority of egg volume. The oil droplet had a diameter of 0.27 ± 0.03 mm. The incubation period of the eggs lasted for 4 days at 14°C and the duration from hatching to the total absorption of the yolk sac was between 5–7 days after hatching, at the same temperature. Newly hatched larvae had an average total length of 3.20 ± 0.13 mm and began feeding 6 days after hatching; a daily growth rate of 0.158 mm day-1 was observed from hatching to yolk sac consumption. This paper describes the daily evolution of biometric and morphological characteristics of the different stages of embryos and larvae of European hake up to the age of 19 days.

ResumenDurante las últimas 2 décadas, la cirugía cardíaca ha evolucionado hacia procedimientos menos invasivos, buscando una menor agresión corporal y la rápida recuperación del paciente, resultando estos procedimientos más atractivos para los pacientes y para los cardiólogos clínicos. En la actualidad, la cirugía mitral mínimamente invasiva (CMIVMi) se ha consolidado como una alternativa para los pacientes con patología de la válvula mitral. Comparada con la cirugía mitral convencional (mediante esternotomía media completa), y tras superar una curva de aprendizaje inicial, resulta ser una técnica segura y efectiva, con equivalentes resultados en el seguimiento a corto y largo plazo. A pesar de acompañarse de un incremento en los tiempos quirúrgicos (tiempo de isquemia y de circulación extracorpórea), la CMIVMi se asocia a menor estancia hospitalaria y en unidades de cuidados intensivos, menores pérdidas hemáticas y transfusiones, extubación precoz y menos arritmias, y permite una recuperación más rápida del paciente junto con un mejor resultado cosmético. Por ello, la CMIVMi resulta ser una técnica en continuo auge en distintos centros, aunque serían recomendables estudios prospectivos aleatorizados, que permitan una mejor valoración de los resultados clínicos y en términos de coste-eficiencia.AbstractDuring the last two decades cardiac surgery has evolved into less-invasive procedures, looking for a lesser body aggression and faster patient recovery, these procedures becoming more attractive to patients and clinical cardiologists. Currently, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) has established itself as an alternative for patients with mitral valve pathology. Compared with conventional mitral surgery (full sternotomy approach) and after overcoming initial learning curve, it turns out to be a safe and effective technique, with equivalent short- and long-term follow-up results. Despite involving an increase in operative times (ischemic and cardiopulmonary bypass time), the MIMVS is associated with shorter in-hospital and intensive care unit stay, reduced blood loss and transfusions, earlier extubation and fewer arrhythmias and allows a faster patient recovery with better cosmetic result. Therefore, MIMVS is a steadily growing technique in different centers, being recommended prospective randomized studies that allow a better assessment of clinical outcomes and in terms of cost-efficiency.