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This article contributes to a growing body of research on the Large Marine Ecosystems Concept. It particularly shines the light on the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME), a biodiverse maritime domain providing essential ecosystem services for the survival of a large population while at the same time under intense pressure from both anthropogenic and natural factors. With the need for coordination and cross-border ocean management and governance becoming imperative due to the magnitude of challenges and maritime domain, we examine the factors that underpin ocean governance and those key elements necessary for cross-border ocean governance cooperation in the region. The research draws on qualitative data collected from peer-reviewed literature and documents sourced from different official portals. Three countries in the region (Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon) are selected as the descriptive and comparative case studies to examine: (i) the factors that drive ocean governance (including geographical features, maritime jurisdictions, political framework, maritime activities, and associated pressures), and (ii) key enabling factors for cross-border ocean governance and cooperation in the GCLME (including marine and coastal related policy and legal framework convergence from international to national including, and shared experiences, common issues and joint solutions). We show that the biophysical maritime features, the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), otherwise known as the Law of the Sea (LOS), inherent political characteristics and the relics of colonization, and increasing ocean use and pressure on the ecosystem make ocean governance challenging in the region. Our analysis also reveals a varying level of convergence on international, regional and national legal, policy and institutional frameworks between the case studies on ocean-related aspects. Significant convergence is observed in maritime security, ocean research, and energy aspects, mostly from countries adopting international, regional and sub-regional frameworks. National level convergence is not well established as administrative and political arrangement differs from country to country in the region. These different levels of convergence help reveal procedural and operational shortcomings, strengths, weaknesses, and functional capability of countries within a cooperative ocean governance system in the region. However, experience from joint-implementation of projects, pre- and post-colonial relations between countries and the availability of transboundary organizations that have mainly emerged due to sectoral ocean challenges would play a crucial role in fostering cross-border ocean governance cooperation in the region.

In this study, we analyze “Discrimination”, ”Bias”, “Fairness”, and “Trustworthiness” as working variables in the context of the social impact of AI. It has been identified that there exists a set of specialized variables, such as security, privacy, responsibility, etc., that are used to operationalize the principles in the Principled AI International Framework. These variables are defined in such a way that they contribute to others of more general scope, for example, the ones studied in this study, in what appears to be a generalization–specialization relationship. Our aim in this study is to comprehend how we can use available notions of bias, discrimination, fairness, and other related variables that will be assured during the software project’s lifecycle (security, privacy, responsibility, etc.) when developing trustworthy algorithmic decision-making systems (ADMS). Bias, discrimination, and fairness are mainly approached with an operational interest by the Principled AI International Framework, so we included sources from outside the framework to complement (from a conceptual standpoint) their study and their relationship with each other.

"El derecho, muchos son los que lo razonan y pocos los que lo conoscen". Elementos jurídicos en la estructura del Amadís de Gaula

Using one lexicographical tool, the Diccionario Crítico Etimológico Castellano e Hispánico (DECH), and two corpora, the HathiTrust’s digital library and the Google Books Ngrams, we tracked the occurrence of thousands of loanwords in Spanish to describe their use, origin, and historical context. In doing so, we used computational methodologies to parse, lemmatize, group, count, and extract the information of all these tools. Results from parsing the etymologies of the DECH dictionary reveal a strong influence of Greek and French on the Spanish lexicon. The results from tracking the occurrence of loanwords in Spanish reveal a clear trend in the use of loanwords over time and support the hypothesis that the lexicon of a language reflects the sociopolitical and sociocultural change that their speakers undergo.

Bullipedia, the online gastronomic encyclopedia, is an idea yet to be developed. In this work, we analyze Stack Overflow (SO) and extract some good practices from this popular question-and-answer (Q&A) site to incorporate them into the future Bullipedia. SO is an online forum in which users ask and answer questions related to programming, web development, operating systems, and other technical topics. Expertise is rewarded through a detailed reputation system: questions and answers can receive up and downvotes from other members of the community so that their authors (askers and answerers) gain reputation for posing good questions and providing helpful solutions. Besides this, the asker may mark (accept) one of the answers as the best one at any point. In this paper, we present a study on how this reputation system can be used to predict the likely accepted answer (from a set of candidate answers) for a yet unresolved question. In our approach, we selected a subset of questions with their respective answers, and for each answer we created a question-answer pair (quan). Then we extracted a set of key features from every quan, and applied supervised machine learning techniques to train a classifier that learnt, based on those features, whether or not a quan contained the accepted answer for that question. Finally, we made use of the trained classifier to predict if, given a quan (related to a question with no marked answer), its answer might potentially be the accepted one for the question. Our findings show that the model previously obtained predicted the possible answer correctly for every question with high accuracy (88 percent of the time). A question and its accepted answer constitutes a source of quality knowledge, as it provides the solution to a specific problem. We propose to adopt a similar Q&A forum and reputation system for Bullipedia, and then apply a similar classification model to identify the best answer for unsolved questions. L’encyclopédie gastronomique en ligne Bullipedia est une idée qui reste encore à développer. Dans ce travail, nous analysons le forum Stack Overflow (SO) et soutirons de bonnes pratiques à partir de ce site populaire de questions-réponses afin de les incorporer dans le futur Bullipedia.SO est un forum en ligne dans lequel les utilisateurs posent et répondent à des questions reliées à la programmation, au développement web, aux systèmes d’exploitation, et autres sujets techniques. L’expertise est récompensée au moyen d’un système de réputation détaillé : les questions et les réponses peuvent recevoir des votes pour ou contre des autres membres de la communauté de sorte que leurs auteurs (demandeurs et répondeurs) acquièrent une réputation pour avoir posé de bonnes questions et avoir fourni des solutions utiles. À part cela, le demandeur peut marquer (accepter) l’une des réponses comme étant la meilleure à n’importe quel moment. Dans cet article, nous présentons une étude de la façon dont ce système de réputation peut être utilisé pour prédire la réponse susceptible d’être acceptée (à partir d’une série de réponses) en ce qui concerne une question encore non résolue.Notre approche consiste à choisir un sous-ensemble de questions avec leurs réponses respectives, et pour chaque réponse, nous avons créé une paire question-réponse (quan). Nous avons ensuite extrait un ensemble de caractéristiques clés à partir de chaque quan, et avons appliqué des techniques supervisées d’apprentissage automatique pour entraîner un classificateur qui a appris, en fonction de ces caractéristiques, peu importe si la réponse acceptée pour cette question était contenue dans un quan. Enfin, nous avons utilisé le classificateur entraîné pour prédire si, selon un quan (relié à une question sans réponse marquée), sa réponse pouvait potentiellement être la réponse acceptée pour la question. Selon nos constatations, le modèle obtenu précédemment a prédit correctement la réponse possible pour chaque question avec une grande exactitude (88 pour cent du temps).Une question et sa réponse acceptée constituent une source de connaissances de qualité, car elle fournit la solution à un problème précis. Nous proposons d’adopter un forum de questions-réponses semblable pour Bullipedia, et d’appliquer ensuite un modèle de classification semblable pour cerner la meilleure réponse à des questions non résolues. Mots clés: Site de questions-réponses; Stack Overflow; apprentissage automatique; classification; Linéaire SVC; connaissance; communaut

This article discuses three threads of the narrative in Bartolomé de Arzáns’s Historia de la Villa Imperial de Potosí: the city’s mining wealth, natural disasters and, in the face of these, the negotiation between human being and the divinity. Arzáns interpretation of the events in Potosí remains religious, that is, in terms of its inhabitants’s sins and God’s intervention. In the two hundred years of history covered by Arzans, ethnic and power differences are presented as the cause of many of the constant tragedies and conflicts in the city. These in conjunction with their restoring miracles become landmarks of Potosí’s history. The back and forth between disgrace and miracle had an effect in the landscape of the city and the power practices staged in religious festivities and ceremonies, which, in turn, constitute a negotiation interweaving Giorgio Agamben’s ideas of liturgy as the real Christian politics with St. Agustin’s concepts of order and oikonomia.

TheCulturist.ca is the result of a term long course within the Digital Humanities Minor for undergraduate students, worked on in collaboration with the CulturePlex Lab at Western University. An experiment in independent journalism and multimedia production, this website highlights research undertaken by undergraduate students incorporating various disciplines in an attempt to make their academic work accessible to and garnering attention from a wider public outside the university. Students in charge of creating and maintaining the project work collaboratively and produce a best practices document while learning the strategies involved in organically generating a user base for their content online. TheCulturist.ca est le résultat d'un cours d'une durée d'une période au sein de la mineure en sciences humaines numériques pour les étudiants de premier cycle, sur lequel a travaillé le laboratoire CulturePlex de l'université Western. Ce site Web, qui s'avère une expérience en journalisme indépendant et en production multimédia, met en valeur les recherches entreprises par les étudiants de premier cycle, incorporant diverses disciplines afin de tenter de rendre leur travail académique accessible et attirer l'attention du grand public en-dehors de l'université. Les étudiants chargés de la création et du maintien du projet travaillent en collaboration et produisent un document des meilleures pratiques tout en apprenant les stratégies à déployer pour produire de façon organique une base d'utilisateurs pour leur contenu en ligne.

Bullipedia, the online gastronomic encyclopedia, is an idea yet to be developed. In this work, we analyze a community formed around a food magazine, Taste of Home (ToH), and extract some good practices to incorporate them to the future Bullipedia. ToH is a recipe exchange magazine specialized in Midwestern cuisine. Its recipes are reliable as they are from home cooks and tested by ToH's professional chefs. This model of user created content (curated by culinary experts) generates trust and a strong sense of community among like-minded people who share food preparation tips and anecdotes. In this paper, we present a study on the interaction network of ToH community in order to understand major motivators for its members to contribute. In our approach, we analyzed the ToH community through its social network on Facebook. Firstly, we selected a subset of users that posted on ToH's timeline. Then, we created connections between two users when one of them commented on the other's post. Finally, we extracted the topology of the social network and identified the main nodes. Our key finding is that this community is very poorly structured and hierarchical, and that ToH is placed in a central position, which gives it full control of all flow of information in the network. The fact above is important for a magazine whose business model is based on advertising, as it ensures its users always have to visit its own sources of information. We propose to adopt such demonstrated successful model to the Bullipedia.Bullipedia, l'encyclopédie gastronomique en ligne, est une idée qui reste encore à développer. Dans cet article, nous avons analysé une collectivité qui s'est formée autour d'une revue culinaire, Taste of Home (ToH), et en avons extrait quelques bonnes pratiques afin de les incorporer à la future Bullipedia. ToH est une revue d'échange de recettes spécialisée dans la cuisine du Midwest. Ses recettes sont dignes de confiance car elles proviennent de cuisiniers et cuisinières maison et ont été testées par les chefs professionnels de ToH. Ce modèle de contenu créé par l'utilisateur (et organisé par des experts culinaires) inspire la confiance ainsi qu'un solide sentiment de communauté parmi des personnes qui ont les mêmes aspirations et qui partagent des conseils et des anecdotes sur la préparation des repas. Dans ce document, nous présentons une étude sur le réseau d'interaction de la collectivité ToH afin de comprendre les principaux motivateurs de contribution de ses membres. Dans notre approche, nous avons analysé la collectivité ToH par l'entremise de son réseau social dans Facebook. D'abord, nous avons choisi un sous-ensemble d'utilisateurs qui ont affiché sur la page de ToH. Ensuite, nous avons créé des liaisons entre deux utilisateurs lorsque l'un a commenté l'affichage de l'autre. Enfin, nous avons extrait la topologie du réseau social et avons identifié les principaux nodules. Selon nos principales constatations, cette collectivité manque totalement de structure et est très hiérarchisée, et ToH se trouve dans une position centrale, ce qui lui donne le plein contrôle du flux des informations du réseau. Le fait ci-dessus est important pour une revue dont le modèle d'entreprise est fondé sur la publicité, car cela garantit que ses utilisateurs doivent toujours visiter ses propres sources d'information. Nous proposons d'adopter un tel modèle de réussite éprouvé pour Bullipedia.

The Mediterranean region is of fundamental importance to Europe given its strategic position. The responsibility for its overall ecosystem integrity is shared by European Union Member States (EU-MS) and other Mediterranean countries. A juxtaposition of overlapping governance instruments occurred recently in the region, with the implementation of both the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) for EU-MS and the Ecosystem Approach Strategy (ECAP) for all Mediterranean countries, including EU-MS. Both MSFD and ECAP are structured around vision-driven processes to achieve Good Environmental Status and a Healthy Environment, respectively. These processes have clear ecosystem-based, integrated policy objectives to guarantee the preservation and integrity of Mediterranean marine ecosystem goods and services. However, adoption of these instruments, especially those related to the new EU-MS directives on marine policy, could result in a governance gap in addition to the well-known economic gap between the EU and the non-EU political blocs. We identify two complementary requirements for effective implementation of both MSFD and ECAP that could work together to reduce this gap, to ensure a better alignment between MSFD and ECAP and better planning for stakeholder engagement. These are key issues for the future success of these instruments in a Mediterranean region where discrepancies between societal and ecological objectives may pose a challenge to these processes.