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Objective/Context: This article analyzes Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo’s Historia general y natural de las Indias to evaluate the relationship between “sensitive experience” and “historical writing” in the context of the 16th-century construction of the Indian Chronicle. Methodology: The study develops a discursive analysis focused on the chronicle, understanding it as a product inscribed in a place of production that determines it in narrative terms. Here, the theories on the writing of history and the “Historical Experience” developed by Michel de Certeau and Frank Ankersmit are closely followed, allowing us to establish the discursive value of the “experiential” in the Oviedo chronicle. Originality: This study presents an alternative vision concerning the historiography focused on the chronicles of conquest, which has seen a sign of nascent modern scientism in Fernández de Oviedo’s work. By analyzing the chronicle from the perspective of the rhetorical discourse, the article questions its value as a source of “truths” about the process of conquest and colonization of America. This allows us to rethink the textual element, understanding it no longer as a “transmitter of experiences” but as the product of a “narrative experience” that transforms what is observed into discursive matter. Conclusions: Taking into account the above, we propose that the Historia general y natural de las Indias does not reveal “sensitive experiences” based on purely empirical acts but, on the contrary, constitutes a significant discourse of such “experiences.” The chronicler’s political vision and conditions are imposed here to turn reality into a rhetorical matter, giving life to an imperial-style discourse that establishes a narrative image of the New World experience.

Objetivo: evaluar, en términos de discurso, las reflexiones desarrolladas por José Manuel Groot, Alberto Urdaneta y Roberto Pizano en torno a la producción visual colonial, con el fin de rastrear los orígenes del concepto de arte aplicado a la producción visual del periodo colonial y utilizado hoy como parte de la reflexión historiográfica. Metodología: Lo anterior se realiza siguiendo los planteamientos hechos por la llamada historia conceptual, a partir de la cual se asume que la idea de arte asociada a la producción visual colonial se presenta como un constructo propio del siglo XIX, cuyo resultado fue la subversión del lugar de producción de la pintura de los siglos XVI y XVII. Originalidad: Este estudio se distancia de quienes aún hoy asumen la producción visual de los siglos XVI y XVII como producto artístico, legible a la luz del aparataje institucionalizado por el academicismo y las reflexiones estéticas vinculadas a la filosofía y la historia del arte propias de los siglos XVIII y XIX. En esta medida, introduce una reflexión útil en relación con la lectura y la correcta comprensión, no solo del llamado “arte colonial”, sino también de los procesos de construcción y resignificación del pasado llevados a cabo en el siglo xix en Colombia. Conclusiones: la producción visual colonial, concebida originalmente como fabricación mecánica, terminó convertida, gracias a la mirada de hombres como Groot, Urdaneta y Pizano, en un producto estético, un arte que, bajo la mirada del siglo XIX, representaba parte de la civilización heredada del mundo hispánico que debía hacer parte del ser cultural de la nación. Bajo este supuesto, se plantea la necesidad de reevaluar los métodos utilizados por la historia del arte para observar los objetos del pasado, acercando sus metodologías a las de la historia conceptual o el constructivismo histórico empleadas en la historiografía tradicional desde la década de 1970.

Esta investigación aborda el tema de la continuidad referencial en textos narrativos del idioma guarijío, que pertenece a la familia de lenguas yutoaztecas. El objetivo es la descripción de los diversos mecanismos referenciales que codifican a los distintos participantes/referentes, y la distribución y el grado de topicalidad que estos pueden presentar dentro del discurso. Para ello, se realiza (i) un análisis particular del inventario de mecanismos referenciales que posee la lengua, seguido de (ii) una muestra del análisis del fenómeno en tres textos de carácter narrativo que detallan la manera en la que los hablantes logran llevar a cabo la continuidad referencial en este idioma.

ABSTRACT Background: Melanocytic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS) are an infrequent, broad and diverse group of entities, both benign and malignant, found in all age groups, with imaging findings ranging from well-circumscribed focal lesions to diffuse leptomeningeal involvement. On MRI, they are usually distinguished by a high signal on T1WI sequences, given the paramagnetic effect of melanin, thus making it difficult to differentiate among them. Objective: To describe the imaging and epidemiological characteristics of a retrospective series of CNS melanocytic lesions. Methods: MR images of 23 patients with CNS melanocytic lesions diagnosed between January 2012 and June 2018 were analyzed. Results: Most patients were female (14/23; 61%), with a median age of 47 years (range: 3 weeks to 72 years). The primary melanocytic lesions accounted for 8/19 cases (42.1%), which included neurocutaneous melanosis, meningeal melanocytomas and primary malignant melanomas. Secondary melanocytic lesions (metastatic) accounted for 10/19 cases (52.6%). There was one case of a tumor with secondary melanization, from a melanocytic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. There were also four cases of primary ocular melanomas. The most frequent findings were the cerebral location, high T1WI signal and marked contrast-enhancement. Conclusions: The present review describes the wide variety of melanocytic lesions that could affect the CNS, emphasizing the MRI characteristics. Knowledge of the imaging, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of CNS melanocytic lesions is essential for their correct interpretation, given the significant overlap between lesion features and the variable prognosis.

Abstract The 22q11 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with a high risk of developing psychosis, and is therefore considered a neurodevelopmental model for studying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Studies have shown that localized abnormal functional brain connectivity is present in 22q11 deletion syndrome like in schizophrenia. However, it is less clear whether these abnormal cortical interactions lead to global or regional network disorganization as seen in schizophrenia. We analyzed from a graph-theory perspective fMRI data from 40 22q11 deletion syndrome patients and 67 healthy controls, and reconstructed functional networks from 105 brain regions. Between-group differences were examined by evaluating edge-wise strength and graph theoretical metrics of local (weighted degree, nodal efficiency, nodal local efficiency) and global topological properties (modularity, local and global efficiency). Connectivity strength was globally reduced in patients, driven by a large network comprising 147 reduced connections. The 22q11 deletion syndrome network presented with abnormal local topological properties, with decreased local efficiency and reductions in weighted degree particularly in hub nodes. We found evidence for abnormal integration but intact segregation of the 22q11 deletion syndrome network. Results suggest that 22q11 deletion syndrome patients present with similar aberrant local network organization as seen in schizophrenia, and this network configuration might represent a vulnerability factor to psychosis.

ABSTRACT Background: Multiple sclerosis exhibits specific neuropathological phenomena driving to both global and regional brain atrophy. At the clinical level, the disease is related to functional decline in cognitive domains as the working memory, processing speed, and verbal fluency. However, the compromise of social-cognitive abilities has concentrated some interest in recent years despite the available evidence suggesting the risk of disorganization in social life. Recent studies have used the MiniSEA test to assess the compromise of social cognition and have found relevant relationships with memory and executive functions, as well as with the level of global and regional brain atrophy. Objective: The present article aimed to identify structural changes related to socio-cognitive performance in a sample of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Methods: 68 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis Chilean patients and 50 healthy control subjects underwent MRI scans and neuropsychological evaluation including social-cognition tasks. Total brain, white matter, and gray matter volumes were estimated. Also, voxel-based morphometry was applied to evaluate regional structural changes. Results: Patients exhibited lower scores in all neuropsychological tests. Social cognition exhibited a significant decrease in this group mostly related to the declining social perception. Normalized brain volume and white matter volume were significantly decreased when compared to healthy subjects. The regional brain atrophy analysis showed that changes in the insular cortex and medial frontal cortices are significantly related to the variability of social-cognitive performance among patients. Conclusions: In the present study, social cognition was only correlated with the deterioration of verbal fluency, despite the fact that previous studies have reported its link with memory and executive functions. The identification of specific structural correlates supports the comprehension of this phenomenon as an independent source of cognitive disability in these patients.

Traditionally, indigenous evangelization has been directly associated with the religious image, context that has turned visual discourse into the link that overcame the language barriers present between the Spanish friars and the natives of the new lands. Taking such affirmation as a starting point in this article, we ask ourselves about the visual discourse established within the doctrinal field and its possible functionality within the framework of the “catechesis” of the indigenous. Starting from the inventories of the doctrine temples belonging to the Tunja zone, carried out within the framework of the Visit carried out by Andrés Verdugo and Oquendo between 1755 and 1756, this text then seeks to reconstruct the iconographic horizon of the doctrine in New Granada from 18th Century. From this, the role that devotion and the miracle played, will be determined, not only as axes of the visual discourse of the doctrine, but also as the nucleus of catechesis itself.

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune mediated disease and the progressive phase appears to have significant neurodegenerative mechanisms. The classification of the course of progressive MS (PMS) has been re-organized into categories of active vs. not active inflammatory disease and the presence vs. absence of gradual disease progression. Clinical trial experience to date in PMS with anti-inflammatory medications has shown limited effect. Andrographolide is a new class of anti-inflammatory agent, that has been proposed as a potential drug for autoimmune disorders, including MS. In the present trial, we perform an exploratory pilot study on the efficacy and safety of andrographolide (AP) compared to placebo in not active PMS. Methods A pilot clinical trial using 140 mg oral AP or placebo twice daily for 24 months in patients with not active primary or secondary progressive MS was conducted. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean percentage brain volume change (mPBVC). Secondary efficacy endpoints included 3-month confirmed disability progression (3-CDP) and mean EDSS change. Results Forty-four patients were randomized: 23 were assigned to the AP group, and 21 were assigned to the placebo group. The median baseline EDSS of both groups was 6.0. Annualized mPBVC was − 0.679% for the AP group and − 1.069% for the placebo group (mean difference: -0.39; 95% CI [− 0.836–0.055], p = 0.08, relative reduction: 36.5%). In the AP group, 30% had 3-CDP compared to 41% in the placebo group (HR: 0.596; 95% CI [0.200–1.777], p = 0.06). The mean EDSS change was − 0.025 in the AP group and + 0.352 in the placebo group (mean difference: 0.63, p = 0.042). Adverse events related to AP were mild rash and dysgeusia. Conclusions AP was well tolerated and showed a potential effect in reducing brain atrophy and disability progression, that need to be further evaluated in a larger clinical trial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02273635 retrospectively registered on October 24th, 2014.

El presente estudio buscó estimar la relación entre eficiencia turística y los niveles de pobreza en municipios monitoreados por la Secretaría de Turismo Federal en México. Para calcular la eficiencia técnica se utilizaron variables de oferta turística, como el número de cuartos de hotel disponibles, y variables de demanda como el número de cuartos ocupados, el número de turistas y la estancia promedio a través del análisis de la envolvente de datos. Después se generó un análisis de regresión entre la eficiencia turística y los niveles de pobreza por ingreso reportados por el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación (CONEVAL). Los resultados muestran que los municipios más eficientes son Puerto Vallarta, El Fuerte y Bahía de Banderas. Los menos eficientes son Playas de Rosarito, Tequisquiapan y Palenque. Con relación a la pobreza y la eficiencia turística no se encontró relación alguna dentro del rango de datos analizados. Palabras claves: Turismo, pobreza, desigualdad, DEA, México Códigos JEL: C14 Recibido: 15/01/2021. Aceptado: 25/07/2021. Publicado: 01/12/2021.

Background: Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are one of the most complex vascular lesions in humans. Their understanding and treatment have been possible through the use of different experimental models. The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map the existing experimental models used for bAVM research and training. Methods: A scoping review was conducted, and a search process was performed in 7 electronic databases from inception to April 30th, 2020. Study selection included all types of research articles that used any kind of experimental model for AVM study. Selection and data extraction were performed by independent reviewers. Results: The initial search retrieved 942 articles which were reduced to 177 articles after the whole inclusion / exclusion process. We identified 9 main AVM experimental models, divided in in vivo: transgenic, rete mirabile, carotid-jugular fistula, carotid-jugular plexus fistula, arteriovenous shunt and cornea; or in vitro: 3D cast, computer generated and biological graft. First developed models were dedicated to study the hemodynamic effects and then followed by endovascular testing using the swine rete mirabile. The latest developments have come with transgenic models, allowing the manipulation and creation of AVMs in rodent brains, giving a huge step in the understanding of genetic origin, angiogenic mechanisms or potential therapeutic targets for the future. Conclusions: There is no unique model that could account for all features of bAVM. We expect a continuous development of more accurate models that could lead to optimize and develop new treatment strategies for increasing the cure rate of this disease.

Tomando como problema de estudio el contexto de fundación del Museo de Arte Colonial de Bogotá (hoy museo colonial), el presente artículo busca evaluar las condiciones que dieron forma al imaginario que vincula a los museos con la élite en nuestro país. Política, condiciones de clase y el uso de la historia como legitimadora del accionar gubernamental, se suman aquí para dar cuenta del significado de la palabra “Museo” en la primera mitad del siglo XX, semántica que ha dado forma a un inconsciente colectivo, aún hoy presente, que observa a la institución museal como un lugar inaccesible, descifrable únicamente por aquellas élites poseedoras de la “sensibilidad” asociada a la clase social.

Este artículo estudia el discurso matrimonial inscrito en la pintura colonial neogranadina del siglo XVII y los usos que se le dieron en el contexto pos-tridentino. El estudio se efectúa a través del análisis iconográfico de tres pinturas coloniales centradas en el tema de los Desposorios de María y San José, examinadas en relación con fuentes documentales y textos morales impresos en los siglos XVII y XVIII. La investigación se enmarca en el espacio geográfico del Nuevo Reino de Granada, lugar de difusión del discurso visual protagonista de este texto. Como resultado, el análisis permitió establecer que la imagen colonial de los desposorios de la Virgen y San José funcionó en la Nueva Granada como un mecanismo de difusión del modelo matrimonial desarrollado en el Concilio de Trento. Dicho ejemplo buscaba, como fin último, controlar tanto las actitudes como la sexualidad de los contrayentes.

This paper seeks to give an account of the relations established between the evangelization of Monguí, a pueblo de indios (town of Indians) of the Kingdom of the New Granada, and the image of the king. This bond was gestated and framed within the idea of configuring a "Social Body" in the New World ruled by God and the Spanish King. We take as starting point two images immersed in the process of evangelization of the aforementioned town, the Virgin of Monguí and the Equestrian Portrait of Felipe V. Through them, we analyze the traits of a discourse introducedalong with the Indian catechesis in order to link towns like Monguí within the broad spectrum of the Spanish Monarchy. Rhetoric and image are mixed here under the premise of supplanting the Indian ontology with a new reality, in which God and the king were central.

Multiple Sclerosis patients' clinical symptoms do not correlate strongly with structural assessment done with traditional magnetic resonance images. However, its diagnosis and evaluation of the disease's progression are based on a combination of this imaging analysis complemented with clinical examination. Therefore, other biomarkers are necessary to better understand the disease. In this paper, we capitalize on machine learning techniques to classify relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and healthy volunteers based on machine learning techniques, and to identify relevant brain areas and connectivity measures for characterizing patients. To this end, we acquired magnetic resonance imaging data from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects. Fractional anisotropy maps, structural and functional connectivity were extracted from the scans. Each of them were used as separate input features to construct support vector machine classifiers. A fourth input feature was created by combining structural and functional connectivity. Patients were divided in two groups according to their degree of disability and, together with the control group, three group pairs were formed for comparison. Twelve separate classifiers were built from the combination of these four input features and three group pairs. The classifiers were able to distinguish between patients and healthy subjects, reaching accuracy levels as high as 89% ± 2%. In contrast, the performance was noticeably lower when comparing the two groups of patients with different levels of disability, reaching levels below 63% ± 5%. The brain regions that contributed the most to the classification were the right occipital, left frontal orbital, medial frontal cortices and lingual gyrus. The developed classifiers based on MRI data were able to distinguish multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects reliably. Moreover, the resulting classification models identified brain regions, and functional and structural connections relevant for better understanding of the disease. Keywords: Resting state, fMRI, DTI, SVM, Multiple sclerosis, Classification

La paresia de sexto nervio craneano recurrente es una entidad ampliamente conocida en la población pediátrica que ha sido asociado a múltiples etiologías, siendo las más frecuentes las infecciones virales o postinmunizaciones. A continuación, exponemos el caso de una niña de 5 años que presenta 2 episodios de déficit de abducción del ojo izquierdo debido a paresia de sexto nervio craneano, que se resolvieron espontáneamente. El estudio con resonancia magnética reveló hipoplasia del sexto nervio craneano izquierdo.

The main objective of this research is to identify and explain the main limits established to the exercise of indigenous jurisdiction in Ecuador, for which we make a brief comparative study of the constitutions in force in Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia; we begin with the finding that in the constitutions in force in these countries is recognized the right of indigenous peoples and communities to exercise jurisdictional functions, which implies the authority to define their own rules of conduct, establish obligations, duties, rights and guarantees, define faults and correlative sanctions, as well as procedures for the knowledge, investigation, and sanction of the facts under its jurisdiction. These are the same powers attributed to ordinary jurisdiction, which is why it is important to identify how the potential conflicts between both jurisdictions should be resolved, as well as the limits to be respected by the authorities of indigenous peoples and communities whose jurisdiction is based on their traditional rules and not in written law as ordinary jurisdiction. The main conclusion is that although indigenous jurisdiction does not have a corpus of written law that would provide a certain degree of certainty and legal security, in the exercise of their jurisdictional functions they must respect the limits established in the current law, especially the Constitution and human rights.

This article examines motherhood as a discursive construction, linking this construction with the neogranadine visual discourse of the seventeenth century. The image of “The Virgin with the Child”, within the post Tridentine context, stood as a place of origin of a discourse modeling the women behavior, giving specific roles in relation with their children. The tender, loving and protective mother with their children emerges in the visual discourse as a narrative truth that should be adopted by subjects in everyday behavior.

Utilizando como fuente principal la Imitatio Christi de Thomas de Kempis —génesis de la prosa moral del barroco— el presente artículo se acerca a los mecanismos discursivos utilizados por la Iglesia católica en la Nueva Granada colonial para definir un arquetipo social. El uso del desengaño como fórmula para controvertir la realidad, controlando de paso el accionar social, se convierte aquí en centro del análisis, con lo cual se busca evidenciar que la Iglesia católica colonial americana buscó suplantar lo real a partir de una “imago”: imagen mental dotada de capacidad persuasiva, dirigida hacia el control de los cuerpos y las acciones de los sujetos.

Los tumores de intestino delgado (ID) son raros, representando aproximadamente 3-6% de las neoplasias del tubo digestivo. La E-TC es una técnica que combina las ventajas de la enteroclisis con las de la TC multicorte, con el potencial de demostrar alteraciones intraluminales, murales y extraintesti-nales. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar el potencial diagnóstico de la E-TC en la detección de tumores de ID. En nuestra institución se realizaron 600 E-TC desde Enero del 2005 a Mayo del 2008. Un total de 22 pacientes (3,6 %) presentaron hallazgos tomográficos compatibles con tumores de ID, todos confirmados histológicamente. Los tumores encontrados en esta serie fueron; adenocarcinoma (n:4), linfoma (n:3), tumor carcinoide (n:3), tumor estromal gastrointestinal benigno (n:2), pólipos hamartomatosos (n: 2) y compromiso neoplásico secundario (n:8). Esta serie corrobora el valor de la E-TC como técnica de imagen de elección en la detección de tumores de ID, con la posibilidad de etapificación en el mismo procedimiento.Small bowel neoplasms are rare, accounting for approximately 3-6% of all priman/ malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. MDCT-E is an imaging modality that combines the advantages of enteroclysis and helical CT, allowing the detection of small bowel diseases wherever they are located (intraluminal, intramural, or extramural). The aim of our study was to assess the reliability of MDCT-E in the detection of small bowel neoplasms. In our institution, MDCT-E was used to study 600 patients admitted for suspicion of small bowel diseases, between January2005 and May 2008. A total of 22 (3, 6 %) small bowel neoplasms were identified, all confirmed by histological examination. The neoplasms found in this series were adenocarci-noma (n: 4), lymphoma (n: 3), carcinoid tumor (n: 3), benign GIST (n: 2), benign hamartomatous polyps (n: 2) and secondary small bowel tumors (n: 8). MDCT-E appears to be a reliable method in the detection of small bowel neoplasms, allowing tumor staging tobe determined during the same procedure.

Este artículo analiza la maternidad como una construcción discursiva, ligando dicha construcción con el discurso visual neogranadino propio del siglo XVII. La imagen de “La Virgen con el niño”, enmarcada en el contexto postridentino, se situó como lugar de emergencia de un discurso que modelaba la conducta de las mujeres, adjudicándoles unos roles específicos en relación a sus hijos. La madre tierna, cariñosa, protectora de sus hijos, surge en el discurso visual como verdad narrativa que debía ser adoptada como conducta cotidiana por parte de los sujetos.

Los tumores de intestino delgado (ID) son raros, representando aproximadamente 3-6% de las neoplasias del tubo digestivo. La E-TC es una técnica que combina las ventajas de la enteroclisis con las de la TC multicorte, con el potencial de demostrar alteraciones intraluminales, murales y extraintesti-nales. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar el potencial diagnóstico de la E-TC en la detección de tumores de ID. En nuestra institución se realizaron 600 E-TC desde Enero del 2005 a Mayo del 2008. Un total de 22 pacientes (3,6 %) presentaron hallazgos tomográficos compatibles con tumores de ID, todos confirmados histológicamente. Los tumores encontrados en esta serie fueron; adenocarcinoma (n:4), linfoma (n:3), tumor carcinoide (n:3), tumor estromal gastrointestinal benigno (n:2), pólipos hamartomatosos (n: 2) y compromiso neoplásico secundario (n:8). Esta serie corrobora el valor de la E-TC como técnica de imagen de elección en la detección de tumores de ID, con la posibilidad de etapificación en el mismo procedimiento.