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A adolescência é uma fase em que se passa por mudanças geradoras de estresse, o que se torna um fator de risco para a experimentação de substâncias psicoativas, que pode perdurar até a idade adulta, causando danos à saúde, comprometer os relacionamentos familiares, sociais e até profissionais. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os níveis de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e tabaco, em estudantes de Paranavaí-Brasil e Cáceres-Espanha. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com estudantes de 11 a 16 anos das cidades de Cáceres, Espanha, em 2015, e Paranavaí, Brasil, em 2013, os quais responderam ao questionário preconizado pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas sobre o consumo de álcool e tabaco, e ao IPAQ, além de passarem por avaliações de IMC, perímetro de cintura e níveis pressóricos. Os dados coletados foram tratados por meio do pacote computadorizado Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 26.0. Os resultados apontam que os estudantes brasileiros se apresentaram mais propensos à obesidade e à experimentação das drogas lícitas mais cedo, assim como mais consumidores de álcool, em relação aos espanhóis, que consomem mais tabaco. Adolescentes com pais que bebem apresentam duas vezes mais chances de consumir bebidas alcoólicas e os que fumam também têm mais chances de consumir tabaco. Desta maneira, é notável o início precoce da experimentação das drogas em ambos os grupos. O grupo brasileiro apresentou-se mais propenso ao consumo de álcool, enquanto os espanhóis são mais propensos a consumir tabaco.

This study aims to analyze the effects of a training program based on practice variability on the speed and accuracy of the tennis forehand approach to the net shot. The study sample consisted of 35 players of both genders, 22 men and 13 women (age 44 ± 10.9 years, height 1.73 ± 0.8 cm, and weight 74.7 ± 8.4 kg). Players were randomly distributed into two groups (control group = 18 and experimental group = 17). Both training groups worked a total volume of 4 weeks, seven sessions, and 15 min per session of forehand approach shot. Control group performed traditional training while experimental group trained with variability using wristband weights. The data obtained showed a large Group × Time interaction in the accuracy of the forehand approach shot, F(1, 16) = 28.034, p 2 = .637. Only the experimental group increased significantly in the accuracy after the program (51.4%, effect size = 1.3, p p = .62). The control group did not improve in any of the tested variables. These results indicate that variability of training using wrist weights is a valid option to improve forehand approach shot accuracy in recreational-level players. Although stroke speed was not increased, this type of training may be interesting as accuracy and technical control is commonly the main goal of training at this level.

El objetivo de la investigación fue diseñar una escala permita examinar los valores en el deporte del alumnado de ESO y Bachillerato españoles sobre los valores generados en el ámbito deportivo. La muestra del estudio estuvo formada por 1316 alumnos pertenecientes a quince centros educativos de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) y Bachillerato españoles. Se realizó un Análisis Factorial exploratorio (AFE) para comprobar la validez interna del cuestionario y un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Finalmente, el “cuestionario de valores deportivos y olímpicos” es un instrumento con el que se pueden conocer la percepción de los valores asociados al deporte por la población de entre 12 y 18 años. Palabras clave: Educación, Olimpismo, deporte, adolescentes, lengua española Abstract. The aim of the present research was to design a scale that would allow us to examine the sporting values of Spanish middle and high school students associated to the values generated in the sports sphere. The sample was composed of 1316 students from fifteen high school education centers in Spain. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to verify the internal validity of the questionnaire, as well as a confirmatory factory analysis (CFA). Finally, the "questionnaire of sports and Olympic values" is an instrument with which the perception of the values ​​associated with sport by the population between 12 and 18 years of age can be known. Keywords: Education; Olympism; Sport, teenagers, Spanish language.

Mental fatigue can significantly impair physical performance during sports practice. However, previous studies have not analyzed the impact of combining High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with a cognitive task on physical performance. In this line, we developed the present research to investigate the specific aspects of mental and physical fatigue as well as the potential impact of combining HIIT with a cognitive task. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare mental and physical fatigue indicators between single HIIT and an incongruent Stroop task added to the HIIT protocol. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 32 tennis players (25 men and 7 women, mean age = 21.40). Two HIIT sessions were performed: (1) one with the incongruent Stroop task presented during rests, and (2) another without the Stroop task during rests. Mental fatigue, mental load, and wellness were measured. Additionally, mean and maximum heart rate, mean and peak speed, and heart rate variability through RMSSD were recorded using a heart rate monitor. Mann-Whitney U tests and Wilcoxon tests were performed to explore differences between during-session loads and pre- and post-HIITs. The results showed that mixed HIIT with the incongruent Stroop task caused higher increases in mental fatigue (p = 0.04) and the ratio of perceived exertion (p = 0.001) from pre- to post-HIIT. However, no significant differences in external (speed) and internal (heart rate) factors were observed between the protocols. This suggests that subjective feelings of physical exertion increased significantly due to mental fatigue. However, it did not decrease the physical workload during HIIT for tennis players. Therefore, incorporating short periods of the incongruent Stroop task during HIIT could be used to develop tolerance to mental fatigue without a decrease in the workload.

The objective of the present work was to analyze the effect of two training programs based on variability and specificity, on the accuracy of the backhand stroke in tennis. Thirteen amateur tennis players participated in the study, who were distributed into three practice conditions: i) variability (n=4), ii) specificity (n=5), and iii) habitual practice (n=4). The players completed a total of 12 training sessions divided into 2 sessions per week lasting 90 minutes each. Each of the players and practice conditions were subjected to a series of tests, which were conducted at 3 different times: pre-test, post-test, and retention test (re-test), the latter after two weeks without practice. The data obtained, after an intra-subject analysis, showed different results according to tennis player, with greater improvements observed in the players who practiced with specificity and in their habitual manner. As for the variability in the results from the three practice conditions, lower values of accuracy were observed on the transverse axis (width) of the court, with respect to the longitudinal axis (length). Considering the results, the amateur tennis player coaches should apply low variability loads to achieve improvements on the performance of the backhand stroke. it would be interesting to determine the practice load that the training tasks entail in each tennis player, in this way the proposed tasks could be individually adapted to each athlete, providing an adequate stimulus to improve the accuracy of the tennis players. Resumen. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto de dos programas de entrenamiento basados ​​en la variabilidad y especificidad, sobre la precisión del golpe de revés en tenis. En el estudio participaron trece tenistas aficionados, que se distribuyeron en tres condiciones de práctica: i) variabilidad (n = 4), ii) especificidad (n = 5) y iii) práctica habitual (n = 4). Los jugadores completaron un total de 12 sesiones de entrenamiento divididas en 2 sesiones por semana de 90 minutos cada una. Cada uno de los jugadores y condiciones de práctica fueron sometidos a una serie de pruebas, las cuales se realizaron en 3 momentos diferentes: pre-test, post-test y test de retención (re-test), este último tras dos semanas sin práctica. Los datos obtenidos para el análisis intra-sujeto arrojaron resultados diferentes según el tenista, observándose mayores mejoras en los jugadores que practicaban con especificidad y en su forma habitual. En cuanto a la variabilidad en los resultados de las tres condiciones de práctica, se observaron valores menores de precisión en el eje transversal (ancho) de la cancha, con respecto al eje longitudinal (largo). Teniendo en cuenta los resultados, los entrenadores de tenistas deberían aplicar en jugadores aficionados cargas de baja variabilidad para lograr mejoras en el rendimiento del golpe de revés. Asimismo, sería interesante determinar la carga de práctica que suponen las tareas de entrenamiento en cada tenista, de este modo se podrían adaptar individualmente las tareas propuestas a cada deportista proporcionando un estímulo adecuado para mejorar la precisión de los tenistas.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of a variable practice training in the double wall right forehand by using wrist weights. Thirty-four experienced padel players participated in this study. Players were randomly distributed in two groups (control group [CG] and training group [TG]). The TG performed 1 month of variable training, induced by weighted wrist bands, twice a week, with the same number of sessions and volume of training as the CG. TG obtained significant difference in posttest measurements (effect size = 0.437) in terms of the number of successful shots compared to CG (effect size = 0.027). These findings showed a significant effect of the TG with respect to the CG. Results reinforce the role of variability in the exploration and reinforcement of motor learning.

Netball is a collective sport characterized by intermittent high-intensity actions. Therefore, the players must develop high levels of relative bilateral and unilateral strength and power for both improve performance and also reduce injury risk. The purpose of this study was (i) to provide a reference about the mechanical outputs obtained in the vertical (jumping) and horizontal force-velocity-power (FVP) profile and (ii) observe their relationship, besides the performance in jumping and sprinting in amateur female netball players (age = 24.3 ± 3.2 years, BM = 64.5 ± 5 Kg, height = 172.5 ± 6.2 cm). The variables for both FVP profiles (theoretical maximal force (F0), theoretical maximal velocity (V0) and theoretical maximal power output (Pmax)) were measured with two scientifically validated apps for iOS (My Jump 2 and My Sprint). Our results in regards to the vertical FVP suggest that netball players have low force deficit (36.2 ± 14.6%) and individualized training based on F-V profiling could be beneficial to address their deficit. The moderate correlations found for performance, V0 and Pmax suggest that the improvement in one of the skills (jumping or sprinting) may produce some positive adaptation to the other. However, no association was found in the force production (F0) of the lower limbs for both FVP. Therefore, we recommend that netball players must train specifically ballistic actions in the vertical (jumping) and horizontal direction (sprinting) due to the specificity of both skills and the consequent impact of them on netball performance. Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure of the Junta de Extremadura through the European Regional Development Fund. A way to make Europe. (GR18129).

During the lockdown for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), entire populations were instructed to live in home confinement. We investigated the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on the physical activity (PA) and mental health of students and employees in a Colombian University. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey during the first isolation. A total of 431 respondents (192 males) aged 18–60 years old (28.1 ± 11.1 years) participated. The international Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the short version of the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI-S) were used. The lockdown had a negative effect on PA levels, with students exhibiting the greatest decrease (~34%; p ˂ 0.001) compared to employees (~24%; p ˂ 0.01). The analysis showed a greater change in PA behavior before and during the lockdown in highly active student participants (5750 vs. 5141 MET min/week; p < 0.05). Additionally, the psychological assessment revealed a lower score in students compared to employees in the male (70.1 vs. 82.6) and female groups (60.2 vs. 79.6). Moreover, the results revealed an influence of sex, with only the female students exhibiting a state of distress. Self-reported PA and psychological well-being were compromised during the COVID-19 lockdown in the academic community, with students and females being more affected.

Purpose This study aims to determine the effect of the distribution of practice on learning the forehand shot in tennis. Method Twenty-four beginner tennis players participated in the study (13 males and 11 female; 8.63 ± 0.92 years old). The players were separated after groups -massed practice ( N = 12) and distributed practice ( N = 12). Each group practiced the forehand shot for 12 sessions, 4 series per session and 10 trials/series (6 weeks). The accuracy and efficacy were measured through one post-test and one retest, carried out 2 weeks after the last learning session. Results Significant improvements in accuracy between the pre-test and post-test ( p=.004) and between pre-test and re-test ( p=.006) were found in the massed practice group. Significant improvements in accuracy between the pre-test and post-test ( p=.002) and between pre-test and re-test ( p=.001) were found in the distributed practice group. No significant differences were found between groups but there was a favourable trend toward better learning in both, with improved accuracy and efficacy. Conclusion The motor learning through the distribution of practice among children has been noted, with a significant improvement in the skill acquisition of the forehand shot in the two groups. The results are useful because they clear up the doubts about how to plan the teaching of this stroke in tennis, confirming the suitability of carrying out learning programs based on massed and distributed practice.

El principal objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la potencialidad del tenis en la escuela, más concretamente en la Educación Primaria, para el desarrollo la mejora de aspectos tan importantes como el rendimiento académico o el desarrollo físico-motriz afectivo, emocional y social. En este sentido, se exponen, a modo de ejemplo, juegos para desarrollar temas transversales, como la igualdad de género, la educación para la paz, la educación para el consumo responsable y el desarrollo sostenible, y la educación para la salud.

El objetivo del presente artículo es mostrar bases científicas y pedagógicas para la introducción del tenis en la Educación Primaria para la adquisición de distintas competencias en otras áreas. Así, se fundamenta la gran aportación de los modelos comprensivos a la enseñanza del tenis, o los beneficios en las funciones ejecutivas de los niños que lo practican mediante formas jugadas. Finalmente, se plantea una propuesta práctica, basada en distintos juegos interdisciplinares, para desarrollarse desde el área de Educación Física a otras áreas de la escuela (matemáticas, lengua extranjera…), aunque también aplicable en otros contextos, como clubes o academias de tenis.

Background: Anxiety is one of the most complex and the most studied constructs in psychology, and it is extremely frequent in high-level sportsmen and women. The main goal was to study the influence of sex, age, type of sport, sport modality, other professional occupation, and competitive level on the competitive anxiety symptoms and self-confidence of elite athletes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with Colombian elite athletes who were members of the “Support to the Excellence Coldeportes Athlete” program. The total population studied included 334 Colombian elite athletes: mean age 27.10 ± 6.57 years old with 13.66 ± 6.37 years practicing his/her sports modality. The precompetitive anxiety symptoms of the participants were assessed using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory—2R (CSAI-2R). Results: Men showed higher levels of self-confidence than women. Younger athletes had a higher cognitive and somatic anxiety. The athletes of individual sports had a higher mean somatic anxiety than those of collective sports. The higher-level athletes had lower values of cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher levels of self-confidence. Finally, the values of anxiety symptoms positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with self-confidence. Conclusion: Individualised psychological intervention programs adapted to elite athletes are needed, considering the divergent results found in various variables of scientific interest.

Understanding the cortical activation and postural control behavior during dual-task (DT) has been an object of study. However, despite the multiple benefits of exercise and good sleep quality, less is known about the correlation between physical activity (PA) and sleep quality (SQ) on postural control and brain activation under dual-task performance. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between PA level and SQ with postural control performance and hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex during the DT performance in young adults. Thirty-four healthy young adults (mean age ± SD = 22.91 ± 3.90 years) participated in this study, and they performed a single-task and cognitive and motor DT using their smartphones. Postural control was assessed using a force plate to record the center of pressure (CoP) data (total excursion of CoP (TOTEX CoP), displacements of the CoP in anterior-posterior (CoP-AP) and medial-lateral (CoP-ML) directions, mean total velocity displacement of CoP (MVELO CoP), mean displacement velocity of CoP in anterior-posterior (MVELO CoP-AP) and medial-lateral (MVELO CoP-ML) directions, amplitude of CoP in anterior-posterior (A-AP) and medial-lateral (A-ML) directions, and 95% confidence ellipse sway area (CEA)). The hemodynamic response was measured by the oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form questionnaires assessed SQ and level of PA, respectively. Results indicated a positive correlation between SQ and cognitive DT cost for CoP-ML (r

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a basketball competition on the pre-competitive anxiety and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of young female basketball players. A total of 12 female basketball players participated in this cross-sectional study. Girls had a mean age of 14 (1.41) years old and a mean experience of 4 (0.85) years practicing basketball. The pre-competitive anxiety and the HRV was assessed the week before and immediately before and after the match. Results showed a significant reduction (p-value < 0.05) of the several HRV variables after the match compared to baseline and pre-competition measures. However, differences between baseline and pre-competition were not found. Furthermore, a significant increase in somatic anxiety after the competition was reported. Taking into account HRV, somatic anxiety, and cognitive anxiety results, young female basketball players did not exhibit an increase in pre-competition anxiety. HRV measurements before competition can help coaches and physical trainers to identify female players with higher pre-competitive anxiety and propose intervention to manage it. Future studies should investigate the impact of coaches and parents on the pre-competitive anxiety of female and male basketball players.

This study aimed to observe the effect of 8 weeks of resisted sled training (RST), with optimal loading for maximal power output production and initial levels of force, on the magnitude of improvement in sprint performance and individual sprint mechanical outputs in female amateur rugby union players. The study examined the horizontal Power-Force-Velocity profile (P-F-V profile), which provides a measure of the athlete's individual balance between force and velocity capabilities (S

Purpose: Ballet dancers are required to achieve performance feats such as exciting and dramatic elevations. Dancers with a greater jump height can perform a wider range of skills during their flight time and implement more specific technical skills related to the aesthetic components of a dance choreography. New findings suggest the relationship between force and velocity mechanical capabilities (F-V profile) as an important variable for jumping performance. A new field method based on several series of loaded vertical jumps provides information on the theoretical maximal force, theoretical maximal velocity, theoretical maximal power, and the imbalance between force and velocity (F-VIMB). The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of 9 wk of individualized F-V profile-based training during countermovement jumps (CMJs) in female ballet dancers. Methods: CMJ and mechanical outputs of 46 dancers (age = 18.9 [1.1] y, body mass = 54.8 [6.1] kg, height = 163.7 [8.4] cm) were estimated in a pre–post intervention. The control group (10 participants) continued with the standardized training regimen (no resistance training), whereas the experimental group (36 participants) performed 2 sessions over 9 wk of a training plan based on their F-V profile. Results: The experimental group presented significant differences with large effect sizes in CMJ height (29.3 [3.2] cm vs 33.5 [3.72] cm), theoretical maximal force (24.1 [2.2] N/kg vs 29.9 [2.8] N/kg), and theoretical maximal velocity (4 [0.6] m/s vs 3.2 [0.5] m/s). Significant differences with a very large effect size were found in F-VIMB (43.8% [15.3%] vs 24.9% [8.7%]). Conclusion: A training program addressing F-VIMB is an effective way to improve CMJ height in female ballet dancers.

Jumping ability has been identified as one of the best predictors of dance performance. The latest findings in strength and conditioning research suggest that the relationship between force and velocity mechanical capabilities, known as the force-velocity profile, is a relevant parameter for the assessment of jumping ability. In addition, previous investigations have suggested the existence of an optimal force-velocity profile for each individual that maximizes jump performance. Given the abundance of ballistic actions in ballet (e.g., jumps and changes of direction), quantification of the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile could be beneficial for dancers as a guide to specific training regimens that can result in improvement of either maximal force or velocity capabilities. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile during jumping in different company ranks of ballet dancers. Eighty-seven female professional ballet dancers (age: 18.94 ± 1.32 years; height: 164.41 ± 8.20 cm; weight: 56.3 ± 5.86 kg) showed high force deficits (> 40%) or low force deficits (10% to 40%) regardless of their company rank. Our results suggest that dance training mainly develops velocity capabilities, and due to the high number of dramatic elevations that dance performance requires, supplemental individualized force training may be beneficial for dancers. The individualization of training programs addressed to the direction of each individual's imbalance (high force or low force) could help dancers and their teachers to improve jump height and therefore dance performance.

Resumo : O estudo teve como objetivo identificar as situacoes e contextos de aprendizagem mais valorizados por treinadores de tenis, bem como a presenca de diferentes perfis em funcao dos constructos avaliados. Participaram da amostra 104 treinadores que atuavam em clubes e academias filiados a Federacao Paranaense de Tenis. Os participantes responderam uma ficha contendo as variaveis sociodemograficas e as Escalas de Situacoes e Contextos de Aprendizagem de Treinadores. Os dados foram analisados por meio de calculos de frequencia, estatisticas descritivas e inferenciais. O estabelecimento dos subgrupos decorreu da analise de Clusters, utilizando-se os testes de Friedman e o post-hoc de Dunn para as comparacoes gerais e intragrupos. O nivel de significância foi pre-estabelecido em 95% ( p ≤0.05). Os resultados indicaram elevada atribuicao de importância para todas as oportunidades de aprendizagem, observando-se uma menor valorizacao das situacoes Internas ( p

espanolObjetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociacion entre los factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares en estudiantes de Paranavai (Brasil) y Caceres (Espana), de 11 a 16 anos. Metodo: Estudio transversal con 402 alumnos. Analisis: sexo, edad, dependencia administrativa escolar, altura, masa, circunferencia de la cintura, IMC, altura de la cintura, presion arterial, comportamiento sedentario, nivel de actividad fisica, colesterol, HDL y LDL, trigliceridos y glucosa en ayunas. Se realizaron pruebas de regresion de Qui-cuadrado, Odds ratio, Spearman y Poisson, con valor de p = 0.05, intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Los estudiantes espanoles eran en su mayoria de 14 a 16 anos y de escuelas publicas, mientras que los brasilenos tenian en su mayoria de 11 a 13 anos y de escuelas privadas. Todos tenian una alta prevalencia de obesidad general, sin diferencias estadisticas entre los grupos (G-ESP: 20.2% y 29.6%; G-BRA: 25.0% y 22.9%, para ninas y ninos). La presencia de obesidad abdominal fue mayor entre los brasilenos (G-ESP: 2.4% y 13.6%; G-BRA: 31.1% y 35.2%, respectivamente para ninas y ninos). Relevante fue el numero de estudiantes considerados insuficientemente activos en ambos grupos (G-ESP: 36.9% y 23.5%; G-BRA: 43.2% y 39.0%, para ninas y ninos). Se observo un comportamiento sedentario entre las ninas brasilenas (43.4%) y entre los ninos en ambos grupos (G-ESP: 21.5%; G-BRA: 51.0%). Un alto indice de estudiantes con niveles inadecuados de trigliceridos (G-ESP: 15.5% y 16.0%; G-BRA: 29.5% y 19.0%, para ninas y ninos) y HDL (G- ESP: 7.1% y 6.2%; G-BRA: 5.3% y 15.2%, para ninas y ninos). Despues de un analisis crudo y ajustado, las ninas y ninos brasilenos de 11 a 13 anos (PR = 2.091; IC 95%: 1.132-3.862) tenian mas probabilidades de tener hipertrigliceridemia. Conclusiones: La presente investigacion hace notar la necesidad de intervenir en los grupos mas vulnerables, considerando la presencia de factores de riesgo modificables, en diferentes contextos, sugiere que los programas destinados a prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares y obesidad deberian comenzar temprano, por ejemplo, con actividad fisica regular y dieta saludable. portuguesObjetivo: Objetivou-se avaliar a associacao entre fatores de risco para doencas cardiovasculares em estudantes de Paranavai (Brasil) e Caceres (Espanha), dos 11 aos 16 anos de idade. Metodo: Estudo transversal com 402 estudantes. Analisados: sexo, idade, dependencia administrativa da escola, estatura, massa, perimetro da cintura, IMC, relacao cintura estatura, pressao arterial, comportamento sedentario, nivel de atividade fisica, colesterol, HDL e LDL, triglicerideos e glicose em jejum. Realizaram-se testes de Qui-quadrado, Odds ratio, Spearman e Regressao de Poisson, com p-valor = 0.05, intervalo de confianca de 95 %. Resultados: Os estudantes espanhois eram maioria de 14 a 16 anos e de escolas publicas, enquanto os brasileiros eram maioria de 11 a 13 anos e de escolas privadas. Todos apresentaram prevalencia elevada de obesidade geral, sem diferenca estatistica entre os grupos (G-ESP: 20.2% e 29.6 %; G-BRA: 25.0% e 22.9%, para meninas e meninos). A presenca de obesidade abdominal foi maior entre brasileiros (G-ESP: 2.4 % e 13.6 %; G-BRA: 31.1 % e 35.2 %, respectivamente para meninas e meninos). Relevante foi o numero de estudantes considerados insuficientemente ativos em ambos os grupos (G-ESP: 36.9 % e 23.5 %; G-BRA: 43.2 % e 39.0 %, para meninas e meninos). Comportamento sedentario foi observado entre as meninas brasileiras (43.4%) e entre os meninos dos dois grupos (G-ESP: 21.5 %; G-BRA: 51.0 %). Foi encontrado alto indice de estudantes com niveis inadequados de triglicerideos (G-ESP: 15.5 % e 16.0 %; G-BRA: 29.5% e 19.0 %, para meninas e meninos) e HDL (G-ESP: 7.1 % e 6.2 %; G-BRA: 5.3% e 15.2 %, para meninas e meninos). Apos analise bruta e ajustada meninas e meninos brasileiros com idade entre 11 e 13 anos (RP=2.091; IC95%: 1.132-3.862) apresentaram maior probabilidade de hipertrigliceridemia. Conclusoes: A presente investigacao torna perceptivel a necessidade de se intervir nos grupos mais vulneraveis, considerando-se a presenca de fatores de risco modificaveis, em contextos diferenciados, sugere que programas objetivando a prevencao de doencas cardiovasculares e obesidade devem comecar precocemente, por exemplo, com atividade fisica regular e dieta saudavel. EnglishObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in students from Paranavai (Brazil) and Caceres (Spain), from 11 to 16 years old. Method: Cross-sectional study with 402 students. Analyzed: sex, age, school administrative dependence, height, mass, waist circumference, BMI, waist-height ratio, blood pressure, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, cholesterol, HDL and LDL, triglycerides and fasting glucose. Qui-square, Odds ratio, Spearman and Poisson regression tests were performed, with p-value = 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Spanish students were in the majority from 14 to 16 years old and from public schools, while Brazilians were in the majority from 11 to 13 years old and from private schools. All had a high prevalence of general obesity, with no statistical difference between the groups (G-SPA: 20.2% and 29.6%; G-BRA: 25.0% and 22.9%, for girls and boys). The abdominal obesity presence was higher among Brazilians (G-SPA: 2.4% and 13.6%; G-BRA: 31.1% and 35.2%, respectively for girls and boys). The number of students considered insufficiently active in both groups (G-SPA: 36.9% and 23.5%; G-BRA: 43.2% and 39.0%, for girls and boys) was relevant. Sedentary behavior was observed among Brazilian girls (43.4%) and among boys in both groups (G-ESP: 21.5%; G-BRA: 51.0%). A high index of students with inadequate triglycerides levels (G-SPA: 15.5% and 16.0%; G-BRA: 29.5% and 19.0%, for girls and boys) and HDL (G- SPA: 7.1% and 6.2%; G-BRA: 5.3% and 15.2%, for girls and boys). After crude and adjusted analysis, Brazilian girls and boys aged 11 to 13 years (PR = 2.091; 95% CI: 1.132-3.862) were more likely to experience hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusions: The present investigation makes noticeable the need to intervene in the most vulnerable groups, considering the presence of modifiable risk factors, in different contexts, suggests that programs aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases and obesity should start early, for example, with regular physical activity and healthy diet.

The aim of this study was to verify sleep hours and associated factors among Brazilian and Spanish students. A cross-sectional study with students aged 11 to 16 years-old was carried out in Paranavaí, Brasil (n = 264) and Cáceres, Spain (n = 233) between 2013 and 2015. Sleeping hours were verified regarding time in minutes, sleep in weekdays, weekends and after lunch/Siesta. All data were checked for normality by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test (X2) and Odds Ratio estimates were used (p < 0.05). High prevalence in both groups of sleeping 8 hours or more a night at the weekend. The prevalence of sleeping on weekdays, > 8 hours, 6 to 8 hours and < 6 hours among Spanish and Brazilian students, respectively. Nearly a quarter of each group responded that makes the siesta. Spanish students had 3 times higher chance to sleep < 8 hours a night in weekdays, among students from 14 to 16 years old and among the underactive. At the weekends the chance of sleeping < 8 hours is 2 times greater among the Spanish students. Simple guidelines could help so that sleep habits do not affect school development, such as practicing physical activity regularly, sleeping at least 8 hours a night, avoid excessive access to technology at night.

To study the influence of age and gender on pre-competitive and post-competitive anxiety and self-confidence in young tennis players. A total of 42 U’12 to U’18 category tennis players, 12 females and 30 males, participated in this cross-sectional study. The players had a mean age of 13.74 (2.07) years old and a national competitive experience of 4.00 (2.14) years. The pre-competitive anxiety of the participants was assessed using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R (CSAI-2R) and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-E) before and after an official tournament’s match. Results showed that younger players showed lower trait anxiety (r = 0.333; p < 0.05), lower pre-match state anxiety (r = 0.501; p < 0.01) and lower pre-match somatic anxiety (r = 0.313; p < 0.05). Furthermore, girls exhibited higher values of state anxiety (r = 0.445; p < 0.01) and somatic anxiety (r = 0.440; p < 0.01) than boys before the match. However, differences were not observed in the trait anxiety measured by STAI-E (r = 0.203; p = 0.213), cognitive anxiety (r = 0.140; p = 0.363), and self-confidence measured by the CSAI questionnaire (r = 0.150; p = 0.333), before the match. Therefore, coaches and sport psychologists should implement adequate on- and off-court individualized interventions to manage anxiety, specifically in girls and players over 14 years old. Although anxiety levels were similar to those before the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the influence of the pandemic on mental health, results might be taken with caution.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercises, with and without cognitive load, on the accuracy, critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on recreational tennis players. A total of 32 players of tennis at recreational level (25 men and 7 women) were enrolled in this cross-sectional the study. Participants had to perform, randomly, two HIIT sessions. In one of them, cognitive load was induced by conducting an incongruent Stroop during rests. After training accuracy of tennis serve, CFFT, and RPE were measured. Results showed that accuracy after baseline and HIIT without cognitive load were significantly higher than after HIIT with cognitive load. RPE significantly increased (p-value < 0.001) after HIIT sessions in both, with and without cognitive load. However, significant differences were not observed between the two sessions in the RPE (p-value = 0.405). Furthermore, differences were not obtained in the CFFT neither within nor between sessions (p-value > 0.05). Therefore, HIIT with and without cognitive load increased the RPE in recreational tennis players. Furthermore, HIIT sessions with cognitive load significant altered tennis serve accuracy.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of a tennis competition on the HRV of nationally ranked junior girls and boys tennis players. A total of 22 nationally ranked tennis players (8 girls and 14 boys), with a mean age of 14.18 (2.15) and experience in national tournaments of 4.23 (2.27) years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Boys had a mean age of 14.36 (1.86) years-old and girls had a mean age of 13.87 (2.69) years old. Participants were assessed the day before and 20 min before the competition match. Significantly reduction in time-domain variables such as the time between intervals R-R (RR-interval) (p-value = 0.001), the percentage of intervals50 ms different from the previous interval (pNN50) (p-value = 0.020) and the square root of the mean of the squares of the successive differences of the interval RR (RMSSD) (p-value = 0.028) were found between baseline and pre-match assessments. Furthermore, the non-linear measure based on the dispersion, standard deviation, of points perpendicular to the axis of line-of-identity in the Poincaré plot (SD1) (p-value = 0.028) was also significantly reduced before the match when compared to the baseline. However, differences between girls and boys junior tennis players were not found in the pre-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) variables (p-value0.05). HRV is a convenient, non-invasive measurement that can be easily performed with a watch at home and on the field in order to control and manage match-induced pressure.

Padel, an increasingly popular sport, presents some associated cardiovascular risks, which can be prevented by heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring. However, there is no study worldwide that characterizes HRV during padel games. Therefore, this study aims to monitor HRV responses and characterize them using linear and non-linear metrics at three timepoints: at baseline, during a game, and during recovery. Twenty-seven amateur participants had their HRV monitored before, during, and after a 90 min padel game. We extracted time, frequency, and non-linear measures with MATLAB for baseline, rest period, and at three periods of 5 min during the game. The differences in measures were assessed through an ANOVA. The autonomic modulation was affected by the padel match in amateur players. In this regard, the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSsd), Poincaré plot (perpendicular standard deviation (SD1) and horizontal standard deviation (SD2)), sample entropy (SampEn), low frequencies (LF), and very low frequencies (VLF) were significantly reduced during the game, whereas alpha-2, high frequencies (HF), and the ratio between low and high frequencies (LF/HF) increased during the game. Furthermore, an abrupt change was found in the autonomic modulation between game and recovery assessments, which suggests the need to rethink the practices of cool-down protocols. The multiple timepoints analyzed during this study allow us to investigate the evolution of different HRV measures in the time, frequency, and non-linear domains, clarifying the interpretation of the variables, especially the less-investigated ones such as the non-linear measures.

Resumo Introdução Metabolismo anormal da glicose precede o desenvolvimento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Objetivo Análise da hiperglicemia e fatores de risco associados em estudantes de Paranavaí-Brasil e Cáceres-Espanha. Método Estudo analítico em amostra de 804 estudantes de seis escolas em cada cidade. Analisados: sexo, idade, dependência administrativa da escola, estatura, massa, perímetro da cintura, IMC, relação cintura estatura, pressão arterial, comportamento sedentário, atividade física, colesterol, HDL e LDL, triglicerídeos e glicose. Resultados A prevalência foi alta para níveis de glicose em jejum (9,1% vs. 13,1%; p-valor = 0,216, espanhóis e brasileiros, respectivamente) e da maioria dos indicadores associados (p-valor < 0,05). Observou-se resultados favoráveis para as meninas espanholas (obesidade abdominal: 2,4% vs. 31,1%; comportamento sedentário: 5,3% vs. 43,4%; colesterol: 2,4% vs. 55,3%; triglicerídeos: 15,5% vs. 29,5%). Os meninos da Espanha levaram vantagem sobre os brasileiros (obesidade abdominal: 13,6% vs. 35,2%; pouco ativos: 23,5% vs. 39,0%; comportamento sedentário: 21,5% vs. 51,0%; colesterol: 3,7% vs. 41,0%), p < 0,05. Não houve associação da glicose com nenhum fator de risco. Conclusão Atenção deve ser dada aos jovens para evitar uma exposição precoce e prolongada a fatores de risco modificáveis que alteram os níveis de glicose. Abstract Background Abnormal glucose metabolism precedes the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective Analysis of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors was performed in students from Paranavaí-Brazil and Cáceres-Spain. Method Analytical study on a sample of 804 students selected in six schools in each city. Analyzed: sex, age, school administrative dependence, height, mass, waist circumference, BMI, waist height ratio, blood pressure, sedentary behavior, level of physical activity, cholesterol, HDL and LDL, triglycerides and glucose. Results Prevalence was high for elevated fasting glucose levels (9.1% vs. 13.1%; p-value = 0.216, in the Spanish and Brazilian groups) and most of the associated indicators (p-value ≤ 0.05). Favorable results were observed for Spanish girls (abdominal obesity: 2.4% vs. 31.1%; sedentary behavior: 5.3% vs. 43.4%; cholesterol: 2.4% vs. 55.3% triglycerides: 15.5% vs. 29.5%). Boys from Spain had an advantage over Brazilians (abdominal obesity: 13.6% vs. 35.2%; activity level: 23.5% vs. 39.0%; sedentary behavior: 21.5% vs. 51.0%; cholesterol: 3.7% vs. 41.0%), p ≤ 0.05. There was no association of glucose with any risk factor. Conclusion Special attention should be given to youths to prevent early and prolonged exposure to modifiable risk factors that may alter glucose levels.