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Teachers' motivation is a core professional competence that influences their choices in their decision-making, such as promoting self-regulated learning (SRL). Promoting SRL supports students' SRL development and might affect students' motivation to apply strategies. However, the link between teachers' motivation to promote SRL and students' motivation to apply strategies has yet to be empirically investigated. In a multilevel analysis that included 167 lower secondary teachers and their 2,785 students, we analysed the direct and indirect relationships between teachers' self-efficacy and attainment value, the teacher- and student-reported SRL promotion and students' self-efficacy, utility value, attainment value and cost at the class and individual level. Additionally, we investigated the contribution of teacher- and student-reported SRL promotion to find indirect relations. Teachers' self-efficacy was related to teacher-reported SRL promotion, and student-reported SRL promotion was associated with all motivational outcomes at the class and student level except for cost. Further, we found indirect effects between teachers' self-efficacy for SRL promotion and students' values and self-efficacy for SRL via teachers- and students-perceived SRL promotion. No direct effects between teacher and student motivation could be found, and no significant indirect relationships were found for the cost aspect. Regarding how the signal is transmitted, the results show that including student reports of SRL promotion is especially crucial to finding indirect links. However, future studies should employ longitudinal designs and incorporate more nuanced teacher and student motivation measures in SRL to better understand the motivational links between teachers and students.

Abstract Background The assessment of potential health effects of switching from cigarette smoking to non-combustible tobacco products has important implications for public health and regulatory decisions. Robust epidemiological evidence requires long-term follow-up of a large number of individuals. Real-world evidence derived from health records has the potential to help fill the gap in the interim. To our knowledge, this is the first study using individual-level healthcare claims data to assess the potential impact of transitioning from cigarette smoking to smokeless tobacco on short-term direct healthcare costs. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult male patients with COPD who smoked cigarettes at baseline using the MarketScan® Databases. We compared changes in direct healthcare costs between the 12-month periods before (baseline) and after the index date (follow-up) across three cohorts: continued smoking (CS), quit all tobacco (QT), or switched to smokeless tobacco (SW), using a non-linear difference-in-differences model with average marginal effects. Results A total of 23,427 COPD patients were included (CS: 11,167; QT: 12,013; SW: 247). At baseline, the QT cohort had the highest total average healthcare costs ($43,771), followed by SW ($38,419), and CS ($27,149). The unadjusted difference-in-differences model revealed no statistically significant differences in total healthcare cost changes when comparing the QT or SW cohorts to the CS cohort (-$1,532 [95% CI: -$3,671, $608] for the QT cohort, and -$452 [95% CI: -$15,415, $14,511] for the SW cohort). After adjusting for Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index and COPD exacerbation, assuming patients had two comorbidities and exacerbations, the QT cohort had greater reduction in total healthcare costs compared to the CS cohort (-$2,910 dollars [95% CI: -$4,485, $-1,335]). The same trend was observed for the SW cohort, although the estimate was not statistically significant (-$5,312 [95%CI: -$11,067, $442], p = 0.08). Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility of using administrative claims to conduct real-world evidence studies on the harm-reduction potential of non-combustible tobacco products and found evidence suggesting reductions in direct healthcare costs after quitting tobacco or switching to smokeless tobacco among patients with COPD. Based on the learnings and limitations identified during the study, we propose concrete recommendations to improve future observational studies by integrating additional real-world healthcare data from multiple data sources.

Taekwondo emphasizes kicking techniques, including elgol dollyo chagi, a spinning head kick requiring flexibility, strength, speed, coordination, and precision for optimal effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of alternate leg bounding training on the elgol dollyo chagi performance of taekwondo athletes. It employs experimental research with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants consisted of 30 taekwondo athletes selected through total sampling, meaning the entire population was used as the sample. The research instrument involves an elgol dollyo chagi performance test conducted over a duration of 30 seconds. Data analysis uses descriptive tests, and the analysis prerequisite tests with data normality and data homogeneity, and continued with hypothesis testing using the t-test with the spss program version 23. The results of the t-test value obtained were 15.455, with a pretest mean of 23.83 and a posttest mean value of 36.20. Based on these results, the p-value is greater than 0.05 and has an increase of 12.37%. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the speed of execution of the elgol dollyo chagi kick after following the alternate leg bounding training program. In addition, this research is also useful in terms of athlete physical development, including strength, agility, coordination, and injury prevention.

Problems: The problem that occurs is that many students are less interested in participating in sports activities, including creative gymnastics, because they are more accustomed to passive activities such as playing gadgets. Physical activity is often considered boring or tiring. Some schools may not have adequate sports facilities, such as large spaces, sports equipment, or access to trained trainers for creative gymnastics. This can limit the implementation of creative gymnastics optimally. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the increase in students' physical fitness through the creative gymnastics training method. Methods: The type of research is quantitative with an experimental type by providing a pretest, treatment, and posttest. The sample in this study were 30 students of SMK Negeri 5 Konawe Selatan who had a hobby in the field of gymnastics. The test instrument used was a physical fitness test aged 16 to 19 years consisting of 5 test items, namely a 60-meter running test, 60-second elbow bend hanging, 60-second sitting lying, vertical jump, and 1000-meter running. The training method used with creative gymnastics was carried out 3 times a week with moderate, heavy, and light intensity. Data analysis techniques with SPSS version 20 analysis, by searching for descriptive data analysis, normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test. Results: Based on table 5 data analysis obtained a value of 13.489> 0.000, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence on improving students' physical fitness through the creative gymnastics training method. Conclusion: Creative gymnastics, which involves creative and dynamic movements, can improve physical fitness components such as strength, agility, endurance, flexibility, and coordination. In addition, this method also encourages students to be more active, involved, and enjoy physical activity, because creative variations of movements can increase motivation and interest.

This Article presents a new lens through which to read the Fourteenth Amendment-new to modern lawyers, but not to the Amendment's drafters. That lens is general law, the unwritten law [...], The Fourteenth Amendment's Section One is central to our constitutional law. Yet its underlying principles remain surprisingly obscure. Its drafting history seems filled with contradictions, and there is no scholarly consensus on what rights it protects, or even on what kind of law defines those rights.

Background and Study Aim. Running 100 meters requires optimal speed, strength, and physical endurance. Running speed is often a key indicator of physical ability and athletic performance. However, not everyone achieves optimal speed and physical ability in running the 100 meters. Many factors influence a student's running performance, including the training methods used. The aim of the research is to determine the increase in speed for running 100 meters using bench and skipping training methods. Material and Methods. This research is an experimental study aiming to find cause and effect relationships in one or more experimental groups through different training treatments. The design used is a two-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were male students actively involved in sports activities, capable of performing running techniques well, and willing to participate in the training sessions. Initially, students underwent a pretest to determine their treatment group by ranking the pretest scores. This allowed the formation of two groups: one group of 15 students participating in bench climbing exercises, and another group of 15 students engaging in skipping exercises, using ordinal pairing. The instrument used for the 100-meter running test is the 100-meter running test. Results. Based on the results of hypothesis testing using pretest and posttest t-tests, the 100-meter running speed after bench up and down training was 4.621. The pretest and posttest data for 100-meter running speed with skipping training was 4.790. For the posttest, the running speed for 100 meters with bench up and down training and skipping training was 4.240. The two-way p-value was 0.000, which is less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference in the 100-meter running speed before and after the exercise. Conclusions. Bench climbing exercises can increase the strength of the primary leg muscles used in sprinting, such as the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves. These exercises improve body balance and coordination, which are crucial for efficient running posture and technique. Meanwhile, skipping can enhance explosive power and the ability of leg muscles to generate power quickly and efficiently. Skipping also improves coordination between hands and feet, aiding in maintaining rhythm and efficiency in running movements. Overall, bench climbing exercises are more effective in improving 100-meter running performance compared to skipping exercises.

Abstract Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is suspected to have antifibrinolytic effects, however, its relevance for the severity of venous thromboembolic events remains unclear. We studied the association of Lp(a) levels with thrombus load in pulmonary embolism (PE). 90 patients (40% female, median age 70 [56–79] years) at our tertiary care hospital with a diagnosis of acute PE, available Lp(a) levels and CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PA) performed between April 2017 and December 2019 were included. All CT-PA scans were reanalyzed and thrombus load was determined via Qanadli CT obstruction index (CTOI) and most proximal thrombus location. Median Lp(a) levels were 11.4 [9.3–29.1] mg/dL, median D-dimer levels were 4.6 [2.1–9.8] mg/L, median CTOI was 23 [8–50], central PE was present in 27 (30%) patients. Lp(a) did not correlate with CTOI (r = 0.02, p = 0.922) and was not associated with thrombus location (p = 0.369). CTOI significantly correlated with D-dimer (r = 0.43, p

Background The impact of psoriasis in special areas (i.e., scalp, nails, palms, soles, genitals) on patient physical functioning, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and work abilities has not been fully characterized. We assessed associations between disease severity and special area involvement in psoriasis symptoms, HRQoL, and work/activity impairment.Methods Patients with psoriasis from the CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry who initiated systemic treatment between 04/2015–06/2020 were included. Outcomes were change from baseline in psoriasis symptoms, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and work/activity impairment at 6 months stratified by baseline disease severity and special area involvement.Results Among 2620 patients, increasing disease severity was associated with worsening patient-reported outcomes. Patients with (46.0%; N = 1205) versus without (54.0%; N = 1415) psoriasis in special areas reported greater HRQoL and work/activity impairment. Over 6 months, patients with unchanged or worsening disease severity had reduced HRQoL and increased symptom severity; incremental increases in patient HRQoL and decreases in symptom severity were associated with improved disease severity.Conclusions Higher disease severity and special area involvement was associated with worse outcomes and impaired work abilities. These data highlight the significant impact that adequate treatment of severe psoriasis and/or special area involvement may have on patient HRQoL and function.

Motivation is a core element of teachers' professional competences and, therefore, of great importance to teaching and learning. Motivation might explain why teachers do or do not promote self-regulated learning (SRL). Drawing on expectancy-value theory (EVT), this study used a person-centred approach to investigate to what extent multiple motivational aspects (self-efficacy; intrinsic interest, extrinsic utility, and attainment value; opportunity and effort costs) shape teachers' motivational profiles. It examined the extent to which those profiles differ regarding experience in promoting SRL, the implicit theory of SRL, and the promotion of SRL. The study sample consisted of N = 280 in-service teachers (51.8% women; M[subscript age] = 44.34, SD = 10.82). Three profiles were identified: The high costs profile (profile 1, 30.8% of teachers), the moderate profile (profile 2, 24.4% of teachers), and the high success expectations and task values profile (profile 3, 44.8% of teachers). Further analyses revealed significant differences between these profiles concerning experience in promoting SRL, implicit theory of SRL, and the promotion of SRL, with Profile 1 showing the lowest values and Profile 3 the highest for each factor. The study found that high expectations are associated with high values, and costs are low when expectations and values are high and vice versa. This is in line with the assumptions of EVT and is applicable to all three profiles. These results indicate a clear need to support teachers in promoting SRL, especially those with high perceived costs, to ensure costs do not override the other considerations in EVT. Overall, this study is 'frontline' because it highlights the relevance of motivation as an aspect of teachers' professional competences in promoting SRL. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of combining EVT and SRL to provide a more nuanced picture of teachers' motivation to promote SRL. It offers new insights that could influence the conceptualization of professional development programs for SRL

Abstract Background This experimental study aimed at directly comparing conventional and endoscopic-assisted curettage towards (1) amount of residual tumour tissue (RTT) and (2) differences between techniques regarding surgical time and surgeons’ experience level. Methods Three orthopaedic surgeons (trainee, consultant, senior consultant) performed both conventional (4x each) and endoscopic-assisted curettages (4x each) on specifically prepared cortical-soft cancellous femur and tibia sawbone models. “Tumours” consisted of radio-opaque polyurethane-based foam injected into prepared holes. Pre- and postinterventional CT-scans were carried out and RTT assessed on CT-scans. For statistical analyses, percentage of RTT in relation to total lesion’s volume was used. T-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to assess differences between surgeons and surgical techniques regarding RTT and timing. Results Median overall RTT was 1% (IQR 1 – 4%). Endoscopic-assisted curettage was associated with lower amount of RTT (median, 1%, IQR 0 − 5%) compared to conventional curettage (median, 4%, IQR 0 − 15%, p = 0.024). Mean surgical time was prolonged with endoscopic-assisted (9.2 ± 2.9 min) versus conventional curettage (5.9 ± 2.0 min; p = 0.004). No significant difference in RTT amount (p = 0.571) or curetting time (p = 0.251) depending on surgeons’ experience level was found. Conclusions Endoscopic-assisted curettage appears superior to conventional curettage regarding complete tissue removal, yet at expenses of prolonged curetting time. In clinical practice, this procedure may be reserved for cases at high risk of recurrence (e.g. anatomy, histology).

Abstract Athletes are at high risk of dehydration, fatigue, and cardiac disorders due to extreme performance in often harsh environments. Despite advancements in sports training protocols, there is an urgent need for a non‐invasive system capable of comprehensive health monitoring. Although a few existing wearables measure athlete's performance, they are limited by a single function, rigidity, bulkiness, and required straps and adhesives. Here, an all‐in‐one, multi‐sensor integrated wearable system utilizing a set of nanomembrane soft sensors and electronics, enabling wireless, real‐time, continuous monitoring of saliva osmolality, skin temperature, and heart functions is introduced. This system, using a soft patch and a sensor‐integrated mouthguard, provides comprehensive monitoring of an athlete's hydration and physiological stress levels. A validation study in detecting real‐time physiological levels shows the device's performance in capturing moments (400–500 s) of synchronized acute elevation in dehydration (350%) and physiological strain (175%) during field training sessions. Demonstration with a few human subjects highlights the system's capability to detect early signs of health abnormality, thus improving the healthcare of sports athletes.

The research aims to determine the correlation between arm muscle strength and abdominal muscle strength with badminton smash ability. This research was carried out at SMP Negeri 49 South Konawe utilizing the descriptive method with a correlational design. The sampling technique uses a total sampling of 30 junior high students who actively participated in extracurricular activities. The instrument for measuring arm muscle power employs the overhead medicine ball throw test to measure abdominal muscle strength using the sit-up test, while to measure smash ability uses the badminton smash ability test. Data analysis techniques utilize descriptive analysis, regression analysis with normality, linearity tests, and hypothesis testing using the SPSS version 26 application. The correlation results show a significant relationship between variables X1, X2, and Y with a correlation coefficient 0.788. Meanwhile, the contribution coefficient of determination is 0.621, or in other words, 62.1% can contribute to variables X1, durability. From the research results, the greater the arm and abdominal muscle strength a person has, the better their ability to smash in badminton.