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Abstract Agri-food employment in developing countries holds significant importance due to the vital role of the sector. This study synthesizes existing literature to identify the key challenges of employment in the agri-food sector in developing countries. 17,125 articles were identified in the Scopus database and based on a two-stage systematic review of 173 articles (final database), six principal topics were identified and analyzed: (1) family farms; (2) special characteristics of employment; (3) gender disparities; (4) wages; (5) education; (6) productivity. Each segment provided important results. Family farms were found to be crucial for employment, production, and income generation in developing countries. The special characteristics of employment often involve migration and mobility challenges, while gender inequalities persist due to the special nature of production. Agricultural wages are lower compared to other sectors, further accelerating outmigration. Education plays a key role to adopting advanced production methods, but educated people often find better opportunities outside the sector. Finally, productivity is crucial in income generation and is often driven by mechanization. These six segments are interconnected, with education emerging as a key factor. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a systematic and comprehensive synthesis of the employment challenges in the agri-food sector of developing countries and providing targeted insights for policymakers to address pressing issues such as gender inequality or low agricultural productivity.

Abstract Aim In chronic kidney disease, IgA nephropathy, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction have prognostic significance as well. However, the relationship between diastolic dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and renal function has not been fully elucidated. Methods 79 IgA nephropathy patients (aged 46 ± 11 years) and 50 controls were investigated. Tissue Doppler imaging was used to measure early (Ea) and late (Aa) diastolic velocities. Arterial stiffness was measured by a photoplethysmographic (stiffness index (SI)) and an oscillometric method (aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao)). Results We compared the IgAN patients to a similar cardiovascular risk group with a preserved eGFR. A strong correlation was found between Ea/Aa and SI (p

Background: Patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), a chronic kidney disease (CKD), are significantly more likely to have cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity than the general population. The occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic risk factors are independent risk factors for CV disease and renal progression. The purpose of this study was to determine how metabolic characteristics in a homogeneous population of CKD patients relate to prognosis. Methods: A total of 145 patients with CKD stages 1–4 diagnosed with IgA nephropathy (92 men and 53 women, aged 54.7 ± 13 years) were examined and monitored for a median of 190 months. All-cause mortality and any CV event, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, revascularization (CV), end-stage renal disease, and renal replacement therapy (renal), have been included in the composite endpoints (CV and renal). Results: Patients with MetS had significantly more primary endpoint events (23/65 patients vs. 15/60 patients, p < 0.001) compared to the non-MetS group. The MetS group had a statistically significant increase in both primary renal and CV endpoints (18/65 vs. 10/60, p = 0.001), and in CV endpoint events (7/65 vs. 6/60, p = 0.029) among the secondary endpoints (CV and renal separately). Based on Cox regression analysis, the main endpoint independent predictors of survival were dyslipidemia, eGFR, hemoglobin, urine albuminuria, and diabetes mellitus. Independent predictors of secondary renal endpoints were dyslipidemia, hemoglobin, urine albumin, and eGFR. Predictors of secondary cardiovascular endpoints were gender, BMI, and diabetes. When Kaplan–Meier curves were analyzed at the combined endpoints (CV and renal) or each endpoint independently, significant differences were seen between MetS and non-MetS. With more MetS components, the primary endpoint rate increased significantly (MetS comp. 0 vs. MetS comp. 2+, primary endpoints, p = 0.012). Conclusions: Our results show that the metabolic profile has a prognostic role not only for renal endpoints but also for CV endpoints in IgAN. BMI, hyperuricemia, hypertension, and diabetes have a predictive value for the prognosis of IgA nephropathy.

Az olvasó e ritka tanulmány birtokában képet alkothat a magyar agrárium és az élelmiszeripar helyzetéről. A 8 fejezet az OPTEN adatbázisa alapján mutatja be a jelen állapotot. A következtetések meghatározóak a közvetlen és a jövőbeli feladatokhoz. A teljes tanulmány hamarosan elérhető lesz Olvasóink számára is.

Abstract Introduction In chronic kidney disease (CKD), like in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity are many times higher than in the general population, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for CV disease. This follow-up study investigated the association between left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and renal or cardiovascular outcomes. Methods We examined 118 IgAN patients prospectively. LVMI and LV geometry was investigated using echocardiography. The primary combined endpoints were total mortality, major CV events, and end-stage renal disease. Secondary endpoints, i.e.—cardiovascular or renal endpoints,—were also examined separately. Results Sixty seven percent were males, mean age 53.5 ± 13.5. Mean follow-up time: 184 months. LVMI inversely correlated with eGFR (corr. coefficient: -0.365; p

The purpose of our paper is to investigate how digitalization can support environmental performance (EP) management – going beyond the CO2 emission measurement. Digitalization can help increase company performance many ways, this paper focuses on its effect on EP.Environmental performance is mainly assessed by output indicators, however, in our approach we prove that digitalization makes it possible to measure and manage multiple indicators by enabling better process visibility and extensive data collection.Our methodology is based on statistical analysis, we analyze corporate EP according to a multi-dimensional model and prove that digitally advanced companies perform better in multiple dimensions of environmental sustainability.We found that digitally advanced companies use various technologies to gather, store and process data which results in a significantly better application of environmental accounting and environmental management systems.The originality of our paper is that next to a wide – not only technological – interpretation of digitalization we suggest and apply a multi-dimensional environmental performance measurement model.

The paper highlights the importance and relevance of introducing economic studies to primary schools. The research aimed to investigate the appropriate age, environment, type, and composition of presentation for introducing combined economic knowledge. The 190 students participating in the research were students from three primary schools in Hungary from 10 classes. Given the fact that in the case of all of the significant results, a sufficient effect size could be measured, and furthermore, the relevant test value was very high, it is unambiguously proven that the size of the sample (n = 190) that was used for the examination was sufficient. The results suggest that teaching economic and financial knowledge through accounting and making lectures interactive using special tools of positive education is critical to stimulating children’s interest. Eighty percent of the students in the study liked the combined and interactive lecture. Another goal was to investigate whether those that liked the presentation would perform better on the related knowledge test, which proved to be the case. In the two target groups, students in grade 6 outperformed students in grade 3 on the test. An investigation of gender performance is also included in the research. Findings suggest that the respective education may appropriately be developed based on the close relationship between mathematics and accounting. The lectures can be adapted according to any national or international accounting standards (IFRS, etc.) and can be taught in an online classroom as well. The lectures aim to develop children’s independent problem-solving skills so they can adapt the information to their own lives and financial situations. The paper fills a gap in the research by describing a successful attempt to complex economic literacy.JEL Classification codeA29, M21, M41

Hungarian Az elmúlt időszak eseményeinek következtében megnövekedett az érdeklődés az ellátási láncok működése, a kockázatok kezelése iránt. Jelen tanulmányban az élelmiszeripari ellátási láncokkal és az ezekre ható kockázatok természetével foglalkozunk, valamint hozzákapcsoljuk a dinamikus képességek elméletét is. Vizsgálatunk fókuszában hazai élelmiszeripari ellátási lánc downstream szereplői állnak, és interjúk, illetve egyéb belső vállalati dokumentumok felhasználásával kvalitatív kutatásmódszertant követünk. A tanulmány célja, hogy azonosítsa a vállalatok azon dinamikus adottságait, amelyek az ellenálló képesség támogatásával növelik az ellátási láncok ezen képességét. Feltételezésünk szerint az érzékelési képesség és a rugalmasság, valamint a kommunikációs és menedzsment koordinációs készségek kulcsfontosságúak a különböző típusú és erősségű kockázatok, veszélyek kezelésében. A kutatás eredményeképpen megállapíthatjuk, hogy a vizsgált hazai ellátási láncok esetében az érzékelés, az abszorpció és az integratív dinamikus képesség dimenziók egyes képességei várakozáson felül vannak jelen. Viszont az olyan kapcsolati dinamikus képesség dimenzióba tartozó képességek, mint pl. a megszerzett tudás integrálása egy hálózatba, a kockázatmegosztás, a szövetségek megerősítése vagy a reputációs előnyök használata, további fejlődési lehetőséget jelent az ellátási láncok ellenálló képességének növelésére. English Recent events led to increased interest in supply chain operations and risk management. In this paper, we focus on food supply chains, the nature of the risks that affect them, and link this to the theory of dynamic capabilities. The focus of our investigation is on domestic food supply chain downstream actors, and we follow a qualitative research methodology using interviews and other internal company documents. The aim of the study is to identify the dynamic capabilities of firms that support resilience, and thereby enhance supply chain resilience. We hypothesise that sensing capability and resilience, as well as communication and management coordination skills, are key to managing risks and threats of different types and severity. As a result of this research, we conclude that some capabilities of the dimensions of perception, absorption and integrative dynamic capability are present in the supply chains studied, above expectations. However, capabilities belonging to the relational dynamic capability dimension, such as integrating acquired knowledge into a network, risk sharing, strengthening alliances or using reputational advantages, offer further potential for improvement in the resilience of supply.

Purpose: The current environment of globally interconnected supply chains, the dynamics of changes and potential threats significantly reduce the time for a possible response. At the same time, there is a growing demand for information necessary to mitigate the consequences. To minimise the damage and increase the resilience of supply chains, it is necessary to identify sources of threats promptly, the extent of possible damage and the possibility of preventing or minimising their impact. The aim of the paper is to structure supply chain threats and search for appropriate datasets for prevention. Methodology: The paper analyses the state-of-the-art through a comprehensive literature review and demonstrates secondary data about how free-access business data can be used as Early Warning Signals to forecast supply chain disruptive events, with a particular focus on international maritime transportation. Results: It was confirmed that companies can access many open datasets, and collecting and aggregating these data can improve their preparedness for future disruptive events. As the most important issue, the authors defined the selection of proper datasets and interpreting results with foresight. Conclusions: Identifying and analysing the relevant Early Warning Signals by companies to prevent supply chain disruptions are essential for keeping their supply chains sustainable and their resilience on a sufficient level. It was proved that general business indicators (PMI delivery time, container capacity, inflation rate, etc.) can help to signal the increasing possibility of maritime traffic problems in ports and container unavailability as usual supply chain disruption types in recent years. Therefore, the companies in the supply chains need to find, collect and analyse the appropriate data, which are, in some cases, free and available. However, it is a substantial task for data analysts to identify the most relevant data and work out the analytical methodology which can be applied as Early Warning Systems (EWS).

Abstract Background Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality are higher in chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in the general population. Reduced heart rate recovery (HRR) is an independent risk factor for CV disease. The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic role of HRR in a homogenous group of CKD patients. Methods One hundred and twenty-five IgA nephropathy patients (82 male, 43 female, age 54.7 ± 13 years) with CKD stage 1–4 were investigated and followed for average 70 months. We performed a graded exercise treadmill stress test. HRR was derived from the difference of the peak heart rate and the heart rate at 1 min after exercise. Patients were divided into two groups by the mean HRR value (22.9 beats/min). The composite (CV and renal) endpoints included all-cause mortality and any CV event such as stroke, myocardial infarction, revascularisation (CV) and end-stage renal disease, renal replacement therapy (renal). Results Patients with reduced HRR (

Nitrogen is one of the most critical nutrients in the biosphere, and it is an essential nutrient for plant growth. Nitrogen exists in the atmosphere vastly as a gaseous form, but only reactive nitrogen is usable for plants. It is a valuable resource and worth recovering in the wastewater sector. The aim of this work was to prepare a comprehensive environmental analysis of a novel membrane contactor-based process, which is capable of highly efficient nitrogen removal from wastewater. Life cycle assessment (LCA), PESTLE and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) were applied to evaluate the process. The EF 3.0 method, preferred by the European Commission, IMPACT World+, ReCiPe 2016 and IPCC 2021 GWP100 methods were used with six different energy resources—electricity high voltage, solar, nuclear, heat and power and wind energy. The functional unit of 1 m3 of water product was considered as output and “gate-to-gate” analysis was examined. The results of our study show that renewable energy resources cause a significantly lower environmental load than traditional energy resources. TOPSIS score was used to evaluate the alternatives in the case of MCDA. For the EU region, the most advantageous option was found to be wind energy onshore with a score of 0.76, and the following, nuclear, was 0.70.

“The Heave of the Swell” – Metaphors of the Sea in Short Stories from Atlantic Canada (1900-1930). The paper examines the use of sea metaphors in Atlantic Canadian short stories written between 1900 and 1930. Lakoff and Kövecses’s cognitive concept of the metaphor will provide the theoretical framework for the identification and classification of sea metaphors surfacing in the texts to be analysed. Using the socio-cultural background information provided in the first part of the paper, the more substantial second part will constitute the actual analysis, which will concentrate on the sea metaphor use of the works of prominent Atlantic Canadian short story writers from the golden age of the sea story. REZUMAT. “The Heave of the Swell” – Metaforele mării în nuvele din Canada Atlantică (1900-1930). Lucrarea se ocupă de metaforele maritime în nuvelele despre Canada atlantică, scrise între 1900-1930. Conceptul cognitiv al metaforei dezvoltat de Lakoff și Kövecses va oferi cadrul teoretic pentru a identifica și clasifica metaforele maritime din textele analizate. Folosind informația socio-culturală din prima parte a lucrării, partea a doua, mult mai substanțială, constituie analiza propriu-zisă care se va concentra pe folosirea metaforei maritime de către marii nuveliști ai Canadei atlantice în epoca de aur a nuvelei. Cuvinte-cheie: Canada atlantică între 1900-1930, contextul socio-cultural, nuvela, proza scurtă maritimă, teoria cognitivă a metaforei, metafore maritime

The impact of body mass index (BMI) and body weight on hospitalization rates in haemodialysis patients is unknown.This study hypothesizes that being either underweight or obese is associated with a higher hospitalization rate.Observational study of 6296 European haemodialysis patients with prospective data collection and follow-up every six months for three years (COSMOS study). The risk of being hospitalized was estimated by a time-dependent Cox regression model and the annual risk (incidence rate ratios, IRR) by Poisson regression. We considered weight loss, weight gain and stable weight. Weight change analyses were also performed after patient stratification according to their baseline BMI.A total of 3096 patients were hospitalized at least once with 9731 hospitalizations in total. The hospitalization incidence (fully adjusted IRR 1.28, 95% CI [1.18–1.39]) was higher among underweight patients (BMI

Tanulmányunk arra a nem kellően vizsgált kérdésre szeretné felhívni a figyelmet, hogy az emberi ürülék és annak különböző kezelési módjai milyen kapcsolatban állhatnak az éghajlatváltozással. Ürülékünk ugyanis a bioszféra körforgásának része, és szerves széntartalma annak kezelési módjától függően különböző mértékben és időintervallum alatt szén-dioxidként a légkörbe jut. A széklet szárazanyag-tartalmának 40-55% a, a vizelet szárazanyag-tartalmának 11-17%-a szén (szerves vegyületek formájában). Ez körülbelül 21-57 g/fő/nap szerves vegyületekben kötött szén termelését jelenti, amely szám a Föld teljes népességére vonatkozóan hozzávetőlegesen 58-153 millió tonna szén ürülékkel történő kibocsátását jelenti évente. A fejlett világban általános, vízöblítéses toaletten alapuló vízi infrastruktúra környezeti terhei számottevőek, és ezek között sem a szennyvíz összegyűjtése és tisztítása okozta szén-dioxid kibocsátás mértéke, sem az ürülék szerves- és tápanyagtartalmának elpazarlása nem kellően tanulmányozott. A tanulmány rávilágít a szennyvízelvezetés és -tisztítás energiaigénye által generált szén-dioxid, a szennyvíztisztítás során az ürülékben lévő szerves szénvegyületek oxidálása során keletkező széndioxid, valamint a szennyvíziszap anaerob kezelése során keletkező metán elégetése okozta szén-dioxid kibocsátásra, valamint bemutatja az ürülék közvetlen komposztálással történő – jelenleg a világban még nem kellően elterjedt – hasznosításának lehetőségét.

Conformism versus non-conformism as a quest for the genuine in art in George Bowering’s “The Hayfield”. Gordon Featherall, the art historian protagonist of Canadian writer George Bowering’s short story, “The Hayfield” aspires to become a genuine painter through his knowledge of art. Contemplating literary and pictorial aesthetics of the twentieth century and having studied the oeuvre of famous literary figures and painters, he makes an attempt at painting his subject, the hayfield. Will he succeed in his endeavors to achieve something genuine? Building on a detailed analysis of the protagonist’s painting-, and literature-related remarks, the paper aims at exploring the connection between conformism/ non-conformism in art and genuine artwork. REZUMAT. Conformism versus non-conformism, mijloc de căutare a autenticului în artă, în “The Hayfield” de George Bowering. Gordon Featherall, istoricul de artă protagonistul al povestirii “The Hayfield” de George Bowering, năzuiește să devină un pictor autentic, prin cunoștințele sale din domeniul artei. Contemplând estetica literară și picturală a secolului al XX-lea și studiind, în prealabil, opera unor autori și pictori celebri, acesta încearcă să picteze subiectul ales, o fâneață. Va reuși el în demersul de a realiza ceva autentic? Bazându-se pe o analiză detaliată a picturii protagonistului, dar și pe aspecte ce țin de analiză literară, lucrarea își propune să exploreze conexiunea dintre conformism și non-conformism în arta autentică. Cuvinte cheie: conformism, non-conformism, autenticitate în artă, pictură și literature, critică literară.

A szerzők áttekintést nyújtanak a kommunikáció és a bűnmegelőzés kapcsolatáról.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), major cause of kidney failure worldwide, is common in Asians, moderately prevalent in Europeans, and rare in Africans. It is not known if these differences represent variation in genes, environment, or ascertainment. In a recent GWAS, we localized five IgAN susceptibility loci on Chr.6p21 (HLA-DQB1/DRB1, PSMB9/TAP1, and DPA1/DPB2 loci), Chr.1q32 (CFHR3/R1 locus), and Chr.22q12 (HORMAD2 locus). These IgAN loci are associated with risk of other immune-mediated disorders such as type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or inflammatory bowel disease. We tested association of these loci in eight new independent cohorts of Asian, European, and African-American ancestry (N = 4,789), followed by meta-analysis with risk-score modeling in 12 cohorts (N = 10,755) and geospatial analysis in 85 world populations. Four susceptibility loci robustly replicated and all five loci were genome-wide significant in the combined cohort (P = 5×10⁻³²-3×10⁻¹⁰), with heterogeneity detected only at the PSMB9/TAP1 locus (I² = 0.60). Conditional analyses identified two new independent risk alleles within the HLA-DQB1/DRB1 locus, defining multiple risk and protective haplotypes within this interval. We also detected a significant genetic interaction, whereby the odds ratio for the HORMAD2 protective allele was reversed in homozygotes for a CFHR3/R1 deletion (P = 2.5×10⁻⁴). A seven-SNP genetic risk score, which explained 4.7% of overall IgAN risk, increased sharply with Eastward and Northward distance from Africa (r = 0.30, P = 3×10⁻¹²⁸). This model paralleled the known East-West gradient in disease risk. Moreover, the prediction of a South-North axis was confirmed by registry data showing that the prevalence of IgAN-attributable kidney failure is increased in Northern Europe, similar to multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes. Variation at IgAN susceptibility loci correlates with differences in disease prevalence among world populations. These findings inform genetic, biological, and epidemiological investigations of IgAN and permit cross-comparison with other complex traits that share genetic risk loci and geographic patterns with IgAN.

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