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Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are aggressive breast cancer subtypes with poor clinical outcomes due to the lack of well-validated and actionable targets and the onset of chemo-resistant metastasis. TNBC and IBC account for 15-20% and 2-4% of all breast cancer diagnoses but result in 30% and 8%–10% of breast cancer-related deaths, respectively. MELK (maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase) is a potential therapeutic target in both TNBC and triple-negative IBC (TN-IBC). We have shown that 1) MELK expression is higher in basal tumors (mostly TNBC) and in IBC than in non-IBC, 2) high MELK expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival (P=0.0002) and poor distant metastasis-free survival (P=0.008) in breast cancer, and 3) MELK knockout leads to significantly lower metastatic burden and prolonged survival in a xenograft model of TNBC (unpublished data). MELK inhibitor (MELKi) OTS167 is in clinical trials but it lacks specificity and cross-reacts with other essential kinases. It is critical to discover novel, selective inhibitors with good bioavailability that target MELK and minimize adverse effects. We have developed a second-generation small-molecule MELK inhibitor 30e that is a highly potent and slow-binding ATP-competitive inhibitor of MELK. 30e exhibits potent cellular inhibition of MELK (IC50< 10 nM), as assessed using a live cell NanoBRET assay, and is highly selective as assessed by live-cell KiNativ profiling experiments in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Methods We screened a panel of TNBC and IBC cell lines for MELK expression by western blot and qPCR analysis. We assessed the effects of MELK inhibition with the 30e on migration and invasion. The role of MELK in regulating cancer stem cell phenotypes was assessed using the mammosphere assay and flow cytometry (CD44+/CD24-/low surface marker). MELK’s protumorigenic role was determined in vitro using a soft agar assay, and the anti-tumor activity of 30e was assessed in vivo using a TN-IBC orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Results We found that TNBC had high mRNA levels of MELK (62%) compared to non-TNBC cell lines (25%), which correlated with MELK protein levels. 30e inhibited cell viability in TNBC and IBC cells in a dose-dependent manner and with IC50s ranging from 0.45 to 1.76 μM (P≤0.05). However, no significant effect was observed when normal MCF-10A breast cells were treated with 30e (IC50>20 μM). 30e also significantly reduced colony formation ability. Further, we observed that 30e reduced mammosphere formation efficiency and the CD44+/CD24-/low subpopulation in both TNBC and IBC cells in a dose-dependent manner (P≤0.05), suggesting the potential of 30e to inhibit the stem cell population in vitro. The soft agar assay also showed a significant decrease in colony formation in the TNBC and IBC cells after treatment with 30e, an indirect indicator of in vivo tumorigenicity. To assess the efficacy of 30e treatment on tumor growth, we evaluated this inhibitor as a single agent in a SUM-149 (TN-IBC) orthotopic mouse model. The mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections daily with 3 doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of 30e. Our data show that 30e suppressed tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner (P< 0.007). Conclusions and Future Directions Our data demonstrate that a novel, potent and specific MELK inhibitor inhibits tumor growth by suppressing the cancer stem cell phenotype. MELK is a promising target for aggressive cancers such as TNBC and IBC. We are evaluating how MELK inhibition modulates the tumor microenvironment, which is a critical component of breast cancer response to treatment. We performed a cytokine antibody array and are validating the top targets. Further, we will evaluate 30e in combination with standard-of-care treatment for toxicity and inhibition of metastasis. Citation Format: Mohd Mughees, Moises Tacam, Alex Tan, Hector Gonzalez, Emilly S. Villodre, Bisrat Debeb, Debu Tripathy, Geoffrey Bartholomeusz, Juhyeon Lee, Kevin Dalby, Chandra Bartholomeusz. Evaluation of potent novel second-generation MELK-selective inhibitor in aggressive breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-08.

The Xiongnu established the first nomadic imperial power, controlling the Eastern Eurasian steppe from ca. 200 BCE to 100 CE. Recent archaeogenetic studies identified extreme levels of genetic diversity across the empire, corroborating historical records of the Xiongnu Empire being multiethnic. However, it has remained unknown how this diversity was structured at the local community level or by sociopolitical status. To address this, we investigated aristocratic and local elite cemeteries at the western frontier of the empire. Analyzing genome-wide data from 18 individuals, we show that genetic diversity within these communities was comparable to the empire as a whole, and that high diversity was also observed within extended families. Genetic heterogeneity was highest among the lowest-status individuals, implying diverse origins, while higher-status individuals harbored less genetic diversity, suggesting that elite status and power was concentrated within specific subsets of the broader Xiongnu population. Members of the Xiongnu Empire were genetically diverse, but elite status was concentrated within specific genetic subsets. Introduction Results - Generation of genome-wide data from Xiongnu aristocratic elites, local elites, and subordinates - Modeling Xiongnu ancestry - High genetic diversity within Xiongnu communities and across the empire - Genetic diversity and archaeological signifiers of social status - Genetic dynamics of the Xiongnu elite Discussion Materials and methods

A classic routing protocol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) can quickly establish a routing path but it is prone to cause a congestion and load unbalance under a presence of high amount of traffic. To improve the performance of DSR in large data networks and to solve various problems caused by network congestion, an improved DSR(DSR-p) is proposed. DSR-p has the congestion control ability by using Hello messages to find out the congestion status of links and establishing a ``bypass“ based on the congestion status. In addition, a congestion parameter γ is introduced to define the status of a link, whether the link is congested(red) or not(green).Simulations with Truetime, a network simulation library,were performed to evaluate the performance of DSR-p. The simulation results show that the DRS-p can effectively improve packet delivery rate (PDR) and reduce end-to-end delay (ED), routing overhead (EO) and energy consumption. Furthermore, the experimental tests were conducted with Telos B Mote TPR2420 on TinyOS platform. The test results demonstrate DSR-p outperforms DSR on PDR performance as the amount of transmitted data is larger, increasing by 5.6% as the packet sending rate reaches 900 packets/h. Therefore, both simulation and experimental results prove that the proposed DSR-p performs more efficiently than the conventional DSR.

Backgrounds/Aims Intrahepatic recurrence is frequent result after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We analyzed the clinical results of patients who had the intrahepatic recurrences of HCC after curative surgical resections. Methods From January 2009 to December 2016, 320 patients underwent curative surgical resection for HCC in department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital. After surgical resection, 155 patients had suffered HCC recurrence during follow-up period. Among them, 122 patients had only intrahepatic recurrence initially, who were included in this retrospective study. We analyzed about the period of the recurrence after surgery, treatment methods for the recurred tumors, and poor prognostic factors for survival after intrahepatic recurrences. Results Among the 122 patients, 83 patients had recurrence within 24 months after surgery. Thirty-eight patients underwent curative treatment for the recurred tumors (re-resection in 18, radiofrequency ablation in 20 patients). Non-curative treatments were performed in 77 patients (TACE in 68 patients, radiotherapy in 9 patients) and conservative management in 7 patients. Five-year survival rate of patients who underwent curative treatment is 86.4% (p≤0.001). Five-year survival rate of non-curative treatment is 55.7% (p≤0.001), conservative management is 0% (p=0.021). Among the clinical factors, non-curative treatment for recurred tumor, AFP level at the time of recurrence, size of recurred tumor were independent poor prognostic factors for survival after intrahepatic recurrences (p

Chlorella is a unicellular green microalga that has been used in fields such as bioenergy production and food supplementation. In this study, two promoters of N (nitrogen) deficiency-inducible Chlorella vulgaris N Deficiency Inducible (CvNDI) genes were isolated from Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395. These promoters were used for the production of a recombinant protein, human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) in Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395 and Chlorella sp. ArM0029B. To efficiently secrete the hG-CSF, the protein expression vectors incorporated novel signal peptides obtained from a secretomics analysis of Chlorella spp. After a stable transformation of those vectors with a codon-optimized hG-CSF sequence, hG-CSF polypeptides were successfully produced in the spent media of the transgenic Chlorella. To our knowledge, this is the first report of recombinant protein expression using endogenous gene components of Chlorella.

In this paper, we propose a distributed solution to design a multi-hop ad hoc Internet of Things (IoT) network where mobile IoT devices strategically determine their wireless transmission ranges based on a deep reinforcement learning approach. We consider scenarios where only a limited networking infrastructure is available but a large number of IoT devices are deployed in building a multi-hop ad hoc network to deliver source data to the destination. An IoT device is considered as a decision-making agent that strategically determines its transmission range in a way that maximizes network throughput while minimizing the corresponding transmission power consumption. Each IoT device collects information from its partial observations and learns its environment through a sequence of experiences. Hence, the proposed solution requires only a minimal amount of information from the system. We show that the actions that the IoT devices take from its policy are determined as to activate or inactivate its transmission, i.e., only necessary relay nodes are activated with the maximum transmit power, and nonessential nodes are deactivated to minimize power consumption. Using extensive experiments, we confirm that the proposed solution builds a network with higher network performance than the current state-of-the-art solutions in terms of system goodput and connectivity ratio.

Stroke is a leading cause of permanent impairments worldwide. Stroke survivors can improve their motor function through intensive and longitudinal rehabilitation therapies. However, rehabilitation therapy in outpatient settings often does not provide a sufficient amount of rehabilitation for meaningful patients’ recovery. Hence, patients need to perform therapeutic exercises in their home settings. However, despite the widely acknowledged importance of executing exercise movements in therapeutically desirable ways, stroke patients often practice exercise movements in a therapeutically undesirable manner, especially when therapists’ supervision is not available. While wearable sensors have been investigated to monitor patients’ exercise movements, it remains as a challenge to accurately and objectively estimate the quality of at-home exercise movements. This study proposes an analytic method to estimate the quality of individual reaching movements in stroke survivors using a wrist-worn wearable inertial sensor. We extracted time/frequency-domain features from stroke survivor’s horizontal movements in reaching and trained supervised machine learning models to classify if each reaching movement is executed in a therapeutically desirable way or not. The estimation results show that acceptable performance with the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of 0.94. The extracted temporal and frequency features demonstrate that significant differences exist between the two classes and reflect the level of impairments in reaching movements. We envision these results enable monitoring the quality of at-home exercise movements and personalizing rehabilitation therapy.

Selective flame retardant decomposition and polymer recycling in a polystyrene (PS) material containing hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were studied using a paint-type copper phthalocyanine modified TiO2 (CuPcTiO2)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) photocatalyst system with three kinds of hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) loadings. They were performed using visible light irradiation and additional thermal hybrid treatments. Mobility of the HALS with lightest weight was highest and caused the bleeding from the matrix during the irradiation treatment, leading to a lower decomposition ratio and larger changes of dynamic mechanical properties of the recycled PS. On the other hand, the higher molecular weight HALS loadings provided the higher ratios and blocked the changes. In particular, the properties in the HALS loading with a dormant (TEMPO) bond were hardly changed by such hybrid treatment. The py-GC/MS spectra of the extraction residue showed that the HALS adequately worked depending on the treatment situation as radical scavenger and initiator. The tensile strength and strain at break values of the recycled PS kept 90% of the pristine one. In addition, there were no significant differences between the SEM images. The results showed that it had sufficient performance to be used as the post-consumer material.

The Juksan weir, installed in the Yeongsan river in South Korea from 2010 to 2012, has secured sustainable water resources and helped control flooding. However, low river flow velocities due to the weir have deteriorated the quality of the river water. For natural river restoration, the water gate was opened in 2017. In this study, the three-dimensional finite difference model Visual MODFLOW was used to analyze the effects of gate opening on stream–aquifer interactions. A conceptual model was developed to simulate the stream–aquifer dynamics caused by the operation of the water gate at the Juksan weir. Groundwater data were also analyzed to determine the impacts of weir operations on groundwater quality. Our results indicate that a lower river level due to the weir opening changed the groundwater flow, which then affected the water balance. The change in groundwater flow increased the variability of the groundwater quality which had homogenized because of induced recharge after the construction of the weir. This could affect groundwater use in agricultural areas near the weir. Therefore, further groundwater monitoring and hydrodynamic analyses are required to anticipate and address any potential issues.

Leaf senescence is an integrated response of the cells to develop age information and various environmental signals. Thus, some of the genes involved in the response to environmental changes are expected to regulate leaf senescence. Light acts not only as the primary source of energy for photosynthesis but also as an essential environmental cue that directly control plant growth and development including leaf senescence. The molecular mechanisms linking light signaling to leaf senescence have recently emerged, exploring the role of Phytochrome-Interacting Factors (PIFs) as a central player leading to diverse senescence responses, senescence-promoting gene regulatory networks (GRNs) involving PIFs, and structural features of transcription modules in GRNs. The circadian clock is an endogenous time-keeping system for the adaptation of organisms to changing environmental signals and coordinates developmental events throughout the life of the plant. Circadian rhythms can be reset by environmental signals, such as light-dark or temperature cycles, to match the environmental cycle. Research advances have led to the discovery of the role of core clock components as senescence regulators and their underlying signaling pathways, as well as the age-dependent shortening of the circadian clock period. These discoveries highlight the close relationship between the circadian system and leaf senescence. Key issues remain to be elucidated, including the effect of light on leaf senescence in relation to the circadian clock, and the identification of key molecules linking aging, light, and the circadian clock, and integration mechanisms of various senescence-affecting signals at the multi-regulation levels in dynamics point of view.

PURPOSE: Although Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is considered the most prevalent symptomatic primary antibody deficiency (PAD), there is a population with symptomatic PADs that do not meet criteria for CVID. We analyzed clinical and immunological profiles of patients with different PADs to better understand the differences and similarities between CVID and other PADs. METHODS: We extracted clinical and laboratory data of patients with PADs from electronic medical records. Patients were categorized into CVID, IgG subclass 2 deficiency (IgG2D), IgG deficiency (IgGD) and selective antibody deficiency (sAbD) based on basal immunoglobulin levels and pneumococcal vaccine responses. We compared clinical and immunological characteristics in these groups. RESULTS: All patients, regardless of PAD types, showed similar frequencies of infections, bronchiectasis, and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Hematopoietic malignancies were more frequently found in the CVID than in the IgG2D, IgGD and sAbD groups, while the latter groups trended towards an increased frequency of connective tissue diseases (CTD). Low counts of natural killer (NK) cells were associated with malignancy, autoimmunity, and ILD in CVID but not in other PAD groups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher frequency of hematopoietic malignancy in CVID than in the other PADs and association of lower NK cell counts with non-infectious complications in CVID suggest a relationship between immune alterations and the development of non-infectious manifestations in PADs.

In this paper, we propose an image division technique that can solve the problem of resolution reduction due to model structure and the lack of data caused by the characteristic of medical images. To verify this technique, we compared the performance of traditional full image learning and divided image learning. As a result, it is confirmed that the image division technique can proceed X-ray image deep learning more stable and is effective in predicting tuberculosis detection with higher accuracy.

The triple networks, namely the default-mode network (DMN), the central executive network (CEN), and the salience network (SN), play crucial roles in disorders of the brain, as well as in basic neuroscientific processes such as mindfulness. However, currently, there is no consensus on the underlying functional features of the triple networks associated with mindfulness. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that (a) the partial regression coefficient (i.e., slope): from the SN to the DMN, mediated by the CEN, would be one of the potential mindfulness features in the real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) neurofeedback (NF) setting, and (b) this slope level may be enhanced by rtfMRI-NF training. Sixty healthy mindfulness-naïve males participated in an MRI session consisting of two non-rtfMRI-runs, followed by two rtfMRI-NF runs and one transfer run. Once the regions-of-interest of each of the triple networks were defined using the non-rtfMRI-runs, the slope level was calculated by mediation analysis and used as neurofeedback information, in the form of a thermometer bar, to assist with participant mindfulness during the rtfMRI-NF runs. The participants were asked to increase the level of the thermometer bar while deploying a mindfulness strategy, which consisted of focusing attention on the physical sensations of breathing. rtfMRI-NF training was conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial design, in which participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The participants in the experimental group received contingent neurofeedback information, which was obtained from their own brain signals, whereas the participants in the control group received non-contingent neurofeedback information that originated from matched participants in the experimental group. Our results indicated that the slope level from the SN to the DMN, mediated by the CEN, was associated with mindfulness score (rtfMRI-NF runs: r = 0.53, p = 0.007; p-value was corrected from 10,000 random permutations) and with task-performance feedback score (rtfMRI-NF run: r = 0.61, p = 0.001) in the experimental group only. In addition, during the rtfMRI-NF runs the level of the partial regression coefficient feature was substantially increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p 0.05 from the paired t-test; the p-value was corrected from 10,000 random permutations). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a partial regression coefficient feature of mindfulness in the rtfMRI-NF setting obtained by triple network mediation analysis, as well as the possibility of enhancement of the partial regression coefficient feature by rtfMRI-NF training.

As cyber attacks on national critical infrastructure have increased, researches are actively conducted to protect industrial control systems(ICS). Compared with existing IT systems, research on special attributes of ICS has been performed mainly, and based on this, many security requirements for ICSs have been derived. However, there is insufficient research on security control to understand and improve the security status of target ICS. To the best of our knowledge, only a comprehensive guide to applying existing security controls to ICSs is being presented. Therefore, this study suggests implications for the current security control items from the ICS point of view. For this purpose, each viewpoint for categorizing and analyzing information security control items was established and based on this, an integrated matrix of ICS security control was derived. Through the ICS security control matrix, the information security control items currently being guided are analyzed from the viewpoint of the ICS, and the present status and implications are derived. The findings can be used as an indicator to effectively apply appropriate controls to appropriate locations where security is required. It is also expected to be a useful reference for improving and supplementing security control items currently being used and used.

Red, green, and blue (RGB)-infrared technology for imaging systems is developing in many research areas including surgery and monitoring systems. This article proposes a driver fatigue monitoring system that detects the face and eye regions (especially the pupil area) of the driver and measures the opened–closed eye status using RGB/infrared cameras. In the proposed system, the mean values of the eye region are used to enhance the accuracy of the extracted pupil area. The results show that the accuracy rate of classification for the eye opened/closed states is more than 93%. Therefore, we have confirmed that our proposed system is practical and accurate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2452–2455, 2015

Nowadays, as IT becomes a key element in most business models, it is very important for countries and corporations to create effective business / IT value from IT-related investments. To do so, the process and structure for business / IT value creation must be designed appropriately for the organization's goals and context. For this, the IT governance models that organizations can use typically include COBIT(Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies) 5, ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library), and TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework). This research helps to use the COBIT 5 Goals Cascade when companies use COBIT 5 to design processes for business / IT value creation. The COBIT 5 Goals Cascade is a mechanism that translates the needs of stakeholders into actionable and customized enterprise goals, IT-related goals and enabler goals. However, this mechanism does not give priority to what goals should be prioritized. According to the COBIT 5 Enterprise Goals to IT-related Goals Mapping table, multiple IT-related goals must be fulfilled to achieve a single enterprise goal. As a result, the IT-related goals for some enterprise goals will be much larger, confusing which goals should be undertaken. To contribute to this problem, this research presents a prioritized methodology that determines the IT-related goals that are more relevant to the organization's goals in realizing IT-related goals. This prioritization methodology is based on the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) using the 'Balanced Scorecard' and 'Governance Objectives' as indicators.

Mild cognitive impairment is status between healthy people and dementia patients. In order to preventdementia or slow its progression, cognitive interventions could be effective. In this paper, review of the cognitiveintervention with computer software was undertaken. Previous reports showed that the cognitive intervention withadditional equipment could practical to the mild cognitive impairment.Key words: Cognitive intervention with computer software, cognitive intervention, mild cognitive impairment I. 서 론 현대 사회는 의료기술의 발달로 평균 수명이 늘어났지만,양육비 증가와 여성의 사회적 진출 등으로 출산율은 감소하고 있다. 이로 인해 현대 인구는 점점 더 고령화돼 가고 있다. 그림 1에서 보여 지듯이, 우리나라 총인구 대비 연령 별고령 인구 구성을 보면 65세 이상의 인구들이 1960년 73만명(2.9%)에서 지속적으로 증가하여 10명 중 1명 꼴인 것을볼 수 있다. 2010년에는 545만 명(11%)이였으며, 2030년에는 1,269만 명(24.3%), 2060년 1,762만 명(40.1%)수준으로증가하여, 10명 중 4명 꼴이 될 것으로 추정된다[1,2].연령이 증가하면서 유기체에 나타나는 점진적인 변화를노화라고 한다. 노화의 한 증상으로 신체기관의 활동력 저하, 기억력 장애, 학습 능력 감소 등과 같은 인지적 기능 장애가있다. 이러한인지기능의장애는노인들의독립적인일상 생활 활동을 어렵게 한다.여러 가지 인지 장애들이 있지만, Poon(1985)은 노인들이 호소하는 인지적인 문제 중 약 80%가 기억과 관련이 있다고 했을 정도로 기억 장애에 대한 문제가 심각하다[4]. 기억 장애의 대표적인 예로는 치매가 있다. 대부분의 치매 환자는 인지 기능이 서서히 저하되면서 치매로 발전을 하는데,이때 치매와 정상의 중간 단계를 경도 인지 장애라고 부른다. 따라서 경도 인지 장애는 정상 노인에 비해서는 인지기능이 저하되었지만 임상적으로는 치매의 기준에는 맞지 않는 상태를 말한다. 정상적인 사람이 치매를 앓게 되는 경우는 매년 1-2%의비율로 미미하지만 경도 인지 장애를 가진 사람이 치매를앓게 되는 경우는 10-15%로 높다[5,6]. 2008년 우리나라의경도 인지 장애 유병률은 그림 2에서와 같이 24.1%로 65세 이상 전체 노인 인구의 약 1/4을 차지한다[3].경도 인지 장애란 병적인 기억력 저하 상태를 말하며, 다음과 같은 증상을 보인다[7,8].·단순한 사실을 기억하는 것이 점점 어려워 진다. ·이전부터 잘 알고 있던 것들에 대해 기억하기 힘들어 진다. ·대화의 내용이나 기본적인 지시내용을 따라가지 못한다.

Spectrum handoff is the process of exchanging progressing data transmission from the current channel to another idle channel. The essential goal of spectrum handoff in CR(Cognitive Radio) networks is to perform consistent data transmission while sustaining performance of ongoing transmission of secondary users. This handoff procedure can cause additional latency that eventually affects on the performance of CR transmission. Channel prediction method is expected to avoid the disruption to primary users and to reduce the handoff latency. In this paper, adaptive channel prediction is proposed to cope with time-varying channel and an adaptive channel prediction based proactive handoff procedure is designed to enhance data transmission performance.

Cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed to solve the spectrum utilization problem by dynamically exploiting the unused spectrum. In CR networks, a spectrum selection scheme is an important process to efficiently exploit the spectrum holes, and an efficient channel allocation scheme must be designed to minimize interference to the primary network as well as to achieve better spectrum utilization. In this paper, we propose a multichannel selection algorithm that uses spectrum hole prediction to limit the interference to the primary network and to exploit channel characteristics in order to enhance channel utilization. The proposed scheme considers both the interference length and the channel capacity to limit the interference to primary users and to enhance system performance. By using the proposed scheme, channel utilization is improved whereas the system limits the collision rate of the CR packets.

Recently, multimedia data transmission becomes important issues in the wireless sensor network. For the multimedia data transmission in wireless sensor network, QoS (Quality of service) is an important factor to determine the system performance. AODV algorithm is one of the widely used algorithm for wireless ad-hoc environment. In AODV, the destination node selects the route with the smallest hop count. Since AODV only considers the hop count, the selected route could have low channel condition, and degrade QoS. In this paper, we propose a modified AODV algorithm that considers the successful transmission rate of each link. The proposed algorithm regards the number of retransmission which can be obtained from the successful transmission rate as the hop count, and applies the modified hop count to AODV. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that the modified AODV can support QoS without significant change of the conventional algorithm.

Cognitive radio has been recently proposed to dynamically access unused-spectrum. The CR users can share the same frequency band with the primary user without interference to each other. Usually each CR user needs to determine spectrum availability by itself depending only on its local observations. But uncertainty communication environment effects can be mitigated so that the detection probability is improved in a heavily shadowed environment. Soft detection is a primary user detection method of cooperative cognitive radio networks. In our research, we will improve system detection probability by using optimal cooperative node selection algorithm. New algorithm can find optimal number of cooperative sensing nodes for cooperative soft detection by using maximum ratio combining (MRC) method. Through analysis, proposed cooperative node selection algorithm can select optimal node for cooperative sensing according to the system requirement and improve the system detection probability.

EGFR is a key player in cell proliferation and survival signaling, and its sorting into MVBs for eventual lysosomal degradation is controlled by the coordination of multiple ESCRT complexes on the endosomal membrane. HD-PTP is a cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase, and is associated with EGFR trafficking by interacting with the ESCRT-0 protein STAM2 and the ESCRT-III protein CHMP4B via its N-terminal Bro1 domain. Intriguingly, the homologous domain of two other human Bro1 domain-containing proteins, Alix and Brox, binds CHMP4B but not STAM2, despite their high structural similarity. To elucidate this binding specificity, we determined the complex structure of the HD-PTP Bro1 domain bound to the STAM2 core region. STAM2 binds to the hydrophobic concave pocket of the HD-PTP Bro1 domain, as CHMP4B does to the pocket of Alix, Brox, or HD-PTP but in the opposite direction. Critically, Thr145 of HD-PTP, corresponding to Lys151 of Alix and Arg145 of Brox, is revealed to be a determinant residue enabling this protein to bind STAM2, as the Alix- or Brox-mimicking mutations of this residue blocks the intermolecular interaction. This work therefore provides the structural basis for how HD-PTP recognizes the ESCRT-0 component to control EGFR sorting.