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This review aimed to identify U.S.-based, construct-validated measures of bystander intervention. Following PRISMA-P guidelines, electronic databases were searched, and emails were solicited identifying 8,559 articles for title screening. Abstracts and full texts were double screened, resulting in 24 scales meeting inclusion criteria: (a) measured a bystander-related construct in a situation where there was a potential for actual or perceived imminent physical or emotional harm, (b) written in English, and (c) statistically validated on U.S. samples. Most scales addressed the domain of interpersonal violence (67%), with fewer relating to bias/bullying (8.2%), mental health crises (12.5%), and substance use (12.5%). Most scales (71%) assessed the "take action" step of the situational model. The modal construct represented was intent/willingness/likelihood to intervene (50%). The average number of items on a scale was 14, and most (79%) provided Likert-style response options. None of the validated scales assessing behavior first accounted for an opportunity. Sample sizes ranged from 163 to 3,397, with the modal setting from colleges. Overall, samples were young (21.8 years old), White (75%), women (64%), and heterosexual (89%). Results indicate the need to validate additional measures that capture the "interpreting the situation as problematic" step of the situational model. Scales also need to be validated using diverse samples, particularly within the mental health crisis domain. Across all domains, validated measures need to be developed that first account for an opportunity when measuring actual bystander behavior. The information gleaned can be used to assist researchers in selecting measures and guide future measure development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsParticipantsResultsConclusionThere are currently no adequate measures to assess bystander intervention for problematic alcohol use (PAU).We developed initial measures of bystander intervention for PAU, that include the constructs of likelihood to intervene, barriers to intervention, and actions taken in response to PAU situation. We sought to confirm the factor structure of the initial measures using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).We administered the measures in a college student sample (N = 1,270) recruited through Prime Panels.CFA analysis resulted in the following two scales: 1) Bystander Alcohol Likelihood to Intervene (14 items), 2) Overcoming Bystander Alcohol Barriers to Intervene (22 items). The Bystander Alcohol Actions (22 items) was formative, no CFA was conducted. We found that the hypothesized model displayed significantly superior fit to all other models.These measures can be used to inform bystander intervention programs for PAU and as tools to evaluate bystander intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]