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In France, it is mandatory that gastroenterology fellows have mastered the basic level of endoscopy by the end of training. The aim of this study was to assess improvement in the quality of fellows' endoscopy training in France during the last four years.All fellows in France in training were eligible for participation. A 21-item questionnaire was sent out. The primary outcome was the completion by fourth year fellows of all the number of procedures recommended. Results were compared with those of a 2016 survey.Two-hundred-and-sixty-five fellows responded to the survey. The participation rate was 47.0%. The mean age was 27.3 ± 1.0 years and 56.4% were female. Access to theoretical courses (63.7% vs. 30.6%, p0.001) and simulation-based training (virtual reality simulator: 58.4% vs. 28.2%, p0.001, animal models: 29.4% vs. 17.2%, p0.001) was significantly higher in 2020. Although the number of procedures did not increase, significantly higher perception of skill acquisition in colonoscopy as well as diminished pressure to advance procedures were noted.Access to theoretical courses and simulation-based training and perceived acquisition of numerous skills has gotten better. However, the quality of training in endoscopy still needs improvement.

Background In France, it is mandatory that gastroenterology fellows have mastered the basic level of endoscopy by the end of training. The aim of this study was to assess improvement in the quality of fellows’ endoscopy training in France during the last four years. Methods All fellows in France in training were eligible for participation. A 21-item questionnaire was sent out. The primary outcome was the completion by fourth year fellows of all the number of procedures recommended. Results were compared with those of a 2016 survey. Results Two-hundred-and-sixty-five fellows responded to the survey. The participation rate was 47.0%. The mean age was 27.3 ± 1.0 years and 56.4% were female. Access to theoretical courses (63.7% vs 30.6%, p Conclusion Access to theoretical courses and simulation-based training and perceived acquisition of numerous skills has gotten better. However, the quality of training in endoscopy still needs improvement.

Pigovian regulation provides monetary penalties/rewards to incentivize prosocial behavior, and may thereby trigger behavioral effects beyond a more standard response associated with a change in relative prices. This paper quantifies the magnitude of these behavioral effects using data from an experiment on real product choices together with a structural model of consumer behavior. First, we show that information about external effects (products’ embodied carbon emissions) triggers voluntary substitution towards cleaner alternatives, and we estimate that this effect is equivalent to a change in relative prices of GBP30.69-165.15/tCO2. Second, comparing a Pigovian intervention (GBP19/tCO2) with a neutrally-framed price change of the same magnitude, we find a negative behavioral effect associated with regulation. Compensating this bias would require increasing the Pigovian price signal by up to 48.06/tCO2. Finally, based on a cross-product comparison, we show that the magnitude of behavioral effects declines with substitutability between clean and dirty product alternatives, a measure of effort to reduce emissions.

Monetary incentives associated with Pigovian regulation may crowd-out intrinsic motivation to mitigate an externality. We quantify this behavioral effect using data from an experiment with real product choices together with a structural model of consumer behavior. First we show that information about products' embodied carbon induces a voluntary shift to cleaner products, and we estimate that intrinsic motivation is equivalent to a change in relative prices of GBP25-167/tCO2. Second, the impact of a Pigovian intervention in proportion to embodied carbon (GBP19/tCO2) suggests significant motivation crowding, and compensating this behavioral bias would require increasing the Pigovian price signal by GBP0.60-170/tCO2. Finally, based on a cross-product comparison, we find that motivation crowding declines with the cost (or effort) of provision. This suggests that, on account of motivation crowding, environmental taxes ought to be set higher for products with price elastic demand.

This paper explores international productivity patterns in agriculture. We test whether countries higher productivity growth has been experienced by countries that were initially further from the technological frontier. Based on a panel of 84 countries at various levels of development, we find support for convergence among OECD countries but divergence in our sample at large over the period 1960-2010. We then test whether technological catch-up is conditional on absorptive capacities and domestic investments in R&D. While agricultural research intensity has a significant effect on labor productivity growth, the size of this effect decreases the further the country is from the frontier. We calculate a threshold level for the effectiveness of research intensity: increased R&D contributes to catching up to the frontier for those countries with a distance to the frontier less than 22. We also test for additional factors affecting productivity growth, and find that secondary education plays a strong role in less developed countries, while trade openness appears to have had a positive effect on productivity in middle income countries. On the other hand, there is little evidence of much effect, either positive or negative from IPR protection. Of perhaps greater interest is the apparent impact of economic growth outside of agriculture in driving agricultural productivity improvements.