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BackgroundRecent three-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging advancements have provided more accessible, affordable, and self-operating opportunities for assessing body composition. 3DO is accurate and precise with respect to clinical measures made by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, the sensitivity for monitoring body composition change over time with 3DO body shape is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate 3DO’s ability to monitor body composition changes across multiple intervention studies.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed using intervention studies on healthy adults that were complimentary to the cross-sectional study, Shape Up! Adults. Each participant received a DXA (Hologic Discovery/A system) and 3DO (Fit3D ProScanner) scan at baseline and follow-up. 3DO meshes were digitally registered and reposed using Meshcapade to standardize the vertices and pose. Using an established statistical shape model, each 3DO mesh was transformed into principal components (PCs), which were used to predict whole-body and regional body composition values using published equations. Body composition changes (follow-up minus baseline) were compared to DXA with linear regression.ResultsThe analysis included 133 participants (45 females) in six studies. The mean (SD) length of follow-up was 13 (5) weeks, range 3-23 weeks. Agreement between 3DO and DXA (R2) for changes in total fat mass (FM), total fat-free mass (FFM), and appendicular lean mass, respectively, were 0.86, 0.73, and 0.70 with RMSEs of 1.98 kg, 1.58 kg, and 0.37 kg in females, and 0.75, 0.75, and 0.52 with RMSEs of 2.31 kg, 1.77 kg, and 0.52 kg in males. Further adjustment with demographic descriptors improved the 3DO change agreement to changes observed with DXA.ConclusionsAs compared to DXA, 3DO was highly sensitive in detecting body shape changes over time. The 3DO method was sensitive enough to detect even small changes in body composition during intervention studies. The safety and accessibility of 3DO allows users to self-monitor on a frequent basis throughout interventions.

Intestinal homeostasis depends on the dynamic interplay among the host, its gut microbiome, and diet. Cohort studies and intervention trials emphasize plant-based diets for chronic disease prevention. Fermentable fiber in these diets is a preferred metabolic fuel for the gut microbiome; prudent diets, encompassing a higher intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and rich in fiber, rather than a Western diet, are associated with reduced risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is characterized by a typical gut microbiome signature, with Fusobacterium nucleatum being an emerging critical species. Remarkably, an inverse association between prudent diets and F. nucleatum–positive CRC risk has been demonstrated, while inflammatory and Western dietary patterns are associated with an increased risk of F. nucleatum–positive CRC tumor subtype. This relationship does not apply to F. nucleatum–negative tumors. The intersection between diet, microbiota composition, and CRC warrants the application of nutritional strategies to prevent the development of CRC.

BackgroundLonger-term feeding studies suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet increases energy expenditure, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. However, the validity of methodology utilized in these studies, involving doubly-labeled water, has been questioned.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether dietary energy requirement for weight-loss maintenance is higher on a low-versus high-carbohydrate diet.MethodsThe study reports secondary outcomes and exploratory analyses from a feeding study in which the primary outcome was total energy expenditure. After attaining a mean Run-in weight loss of 10.5%, 164 adults with pre-weight-loss BMI of ≥25 were randomly assigned to Test diets containing Low (20%), Moderate (40%) or High (60%) carbohydrate for 20 weeks. Calorie content of Test diets was adjusted to maintain individual body weight within 2 kg of the post-weight-loss value. In analyses by Intention-to-Treat (ITT, study completers, n=148) and Per Protocol (PP, those achieving the weight-loss maintenance target, n=110), we compared estimated energy requirement from 10 to 20 weeks on the Test diets using ANCOVA. Insulin secretion was assessed pre-weight-loss as insulin concentration 30 minutes following 75 grams oral glucose (Insulin-30).ResultsEstimated energy requirement was higher in the Low vs High group by models involving ITT (ranging from 181 [CI 8–353] to 223 [40–406] kcal/d; P≤0.04) and PP (ranging from 245 [43–446] to 295 [91–499] kcal/d; P≤0.02). This difference remained significant in sensitivity analyses accounting for change in adiposity and possible non-adherence. In observational analyses, pre-weight loss Insulin-30 predicted adverse change in body composition following weight loss.ConclusionsEnergy requirement was higher on a low-versus high-carbohydrate diet during weight-loss maintenance, commensurate with total energy expenditure. These data are consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model and lend qualified support for the validity of the doubly-labeled water method with diets varying in macronutrient composition.

A research team from Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School conducted a community-based feeding study in collaboration with Framingham State University (FSU) and Sodexo, the food service contractor at FSU. The study was a randomized controlled trial, implemented on the FSU campus. For the final year of the study, a satellite feeding site was established at Assabet Valley Regional Technical High School. The purpose of the study was to assess the biological effects of different macronutrient diets. An academia-industry partnership was developed to overcome common challenges associated with hospital-based feeding studies. Benefits included the following: a study site outside of Boston (reducing inconvenience for participants), access to a large commercial kitchen and study-specific kiosk (promoting efficiency), collaboration with Sodexo chefs (ensuring palatability of meals), and opportunity to procure food from contracted vendors. The research (academia) and food service (industry) teams worked together to design, plan, and execute intervention protocols using an integrated approach. During execution, the research team was primarily responsible for overseeing treatment fidelity, whereas the food service team provided culinary expertise, with a strong focus on hospitality and food quality. The study was conducted in 3 cohorts between August 2014 and May 2017. Participants received all of their food for ∼30 wk, totaling >160,000 meals. For all 3 cohorts combined, 234 participants provided informed consent, 229 started a standard run-in weight-loss diet, 164 lost a mean ± SD 12% ± 2% of baseline body weight and were randomly assigned to different macronutrient diets for weight-loss maintenance, and 148 completed the study. During the final and largest cohort, as many as 114 participants received daily meals concurrently. The daily cost per participant for preparation and service of weighed meals and snacks was ∼$65. This academia-industry partnership provides a model for controlled feeding protocols in nutrition research, potentially with enhanced cost-effectiveness, practicality, and generalizability. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02068885","term_id":"NCT02068885"}}NCT02068885.

Summary Background Evidence is lacking to recommend one diet over another when treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Objectives To obtain preliminary data, comparing the impact of a low-glycaemic load (LGL) vs. low-fat (LF) diet on biochemical hyperandrogenism in overweight and obese adolescents with PCOS. To ascertain feasibility of recruiting study participants, in partnership with an adolescent clinic, and implementing dietary interventions. Methods Randomized controlled trial of 19 overweight and obese adolescents with PCOS and not using hormonal contraceptives (HCs). Interventions comprised nutrition education, dietary counselling and cooking workshops to foster adherence to a LGL (45% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 20% protein) or LF (55% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 20% protein) diet over 6 months. Serum bioavailable testosterone was the primary outcome. Results Sixteen (LGL, n = 7; LF, n = 9) participants completed the study. Body fat percentage decreased (P

Objetivo Comparar la efectividad de una dieta rica en proteinas de soja, fitosteroles y fibra frente a la utilizacion de una estatina de primera generacion en la reduccion de colesterol Diseno Ensayo clinico aleatorizado de 2 meses de seguimiento Emplazamiento Clinicas de nutricion y modificacion de factores de riesgo de Canada Poblacion de estudio Seleccion de 55 pacientes adultos sanos (25 varones y 21 mujeres posmenopausicas) con valores de lipoproteinas de baja densidad (LDL) > 4,1 mmol/l (158 mg/dl). Criterios de exclusion : enfermedad cardiovascular previa, hipertension arterial no tratada, diabetes, nefropatia, utilizacion de farmacos con potencial de modificar valores de lipidos Intervencion Un mes antes del estudio todos los pacientes siguieron una dieta baja en grasas de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de nivel II del National Cholesterol Education Program (un 7% de grasas saturadas y portafolio dietetico , n = 16). El seguimiento fue de un mes. Todas las dietas fueron vegetarianas y todos los alimentos fueron proporcionados, excepto frutas y vegetales frescos. El analisis se hizo por intencion de tratar Medicion del resultado Valores lipidicos, proteina C reactiva y presion arterial Resultados principales En todos los grupos se observo disminucion de LDL: grupo control, 8% (desviacion estandar [DE]: 2,1%; p = 0,002); grupo estatina, 30,9% (DE: 3,6%; p portafolio , 28,6% (DE: 3,2%; p portafolio (–1,52 [DE: 0,22] y –1,36 [DE: 0,18]) respecto al grupo control (–0,40 [DE: 0,11] y –0,37 [DE: 0,09]; portafolio respecto al control (–1,50 [DE: 0,42], –1,25 [DE: 0,62] y –0,28 [DE: 0,16], respectivamente; p portafolio . No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en la presion arterial Conclusion Una dieta baja en grasas basada en el consumo de fibra, fitosteroles, proteinas vegetales y almendras puede reducir los valores lipidicos de manera similar a la lovastatina