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A diminuição da prática de atividade física e a difusão da dieta ocidental na população tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de disfunções metabólicas e doenças associadas, entre elas o excesso de peso. Dentre as intervenções que induzem a restrição calórica, destaca-se o jejum intermitente (JE). Este trabalho analisou a repercussão da prática do JE sobre o desempenho de ratos adultos no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Ratos Wistar adultos foram alimentados com dieta Padrão do Biotério para os grupos controle (C) e experimental (E). O grupo E foi submetido ao JE em dias alternados durante 3 semanas. Os animais foram pesados aos 90 e 111 dias de idade. Ao completarem 111 dias de idade foram submetidos ao teste do LCE por 5 minutos. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no peso corporal do grupo E em relação ao grupo C ao final dos 21 dias do estudo. Quanto ao número de entradas nos braços abertos e braços fechados não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos estudados. Em relação às categorias comportamentais foi encontrada diferença significativa na autolimpeza para o grupo E. O jejum intermitente altera o peso corporal de ratos adultos, bem como aspectos comportamentais. Palavras – chave: Labirinto em cruz elevado; Jejum intermitente; Restrição calórica; Ansiedade; Ratos.

Objetivo: Estudar de forma longitudinal o impacto do acompanhamento nutricional nas medidas antropometricas, no perfil lipidico, glicidico e no consumo dietetico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) idosos. Metodo: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo com DM2 nos idosos, do ambulatorio de nutricao/diabetes, do nucleo de atendimento ao idoso (NAI/UFPE), com pacientes admitidos para o tratamento dietoterapico no periodo de 2012 a 2018. Dados antropometricos, bioquimicos e de consumo alimentar foram coletados das fichas de acompanhamento nutricional e/ou do prontuario do NAI. Resultados: A amostra era formada predominantemente por idosos na faixa etaria de 60 a 74 anos, maioria residente no Recife e regiao metropolitana, com 81,72% dos pacientes pertencentes ao sexo feminino. Quanto as patologias houve prevalencia de hipertensao, nos paramentos antropometricos o Indice massa corporal, circunferencia da panturrilha estavam dentro dos limites acetaveis, ja a circunferencia da cintura estava elevada. Os parâmetros bioquimicos se revelaram dentro da meta aceitavel para idosos DM2. O perfil dietetico apresentou reducao do consumo de alimentos preditores de risco de Doencas Cardiovasculares (DCV), com excecao dos embutidos, que apresentou elevacao. Alem disso, houve aumento de consumo de alimentos protetores de DCV. Conclusao: Observa-se que tanto os dados antropometricos, bioquimicos e dieteticos estavam dentro da faixa aceitavel para idosos DM2; com excecao da circunferencia da cintura que se manteve em niveis elevados apresentando risco para DCV.

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar hábitos alimentares de adolescentes de uma escola pública em Glória de Goitá, município do estado de Pernambuco, que residiam em área urbana e rural. Participaram do estudo 232 adolescentes, com idade entre 11 e 15 anos. Foi aplicado questionário semiquantitativo de hábitos e frequência alimentar. Em relação aos hábitos, observou-se que adolescentes da área urbana consumiam maior quantidade de sal adicionado. Em relação ao número de refeições realizadas por dia o resultado encontrado foi similar entre as duas áreas. Os adolescentes que residiam na zona rural realizaram mais exercícios por semana quando comparado aos residentes na zona urbana. Quanto à frequência de consumo alimentar, observou-se valores bem próximos em relação ao consumo dos produtos proteicos, com maior frequência para proteína de origem vegetal como o feijão. Tanto as frutas como as hortaliças eram pouco consumidas pelos adolescentes de ambas as áreas de moradia. Os dados encontrados mostraram que os hábitos alimentares em áreas urbanas e rurais estavam similares.

Objetivo: Investigar o estado nutricional, hábitos alimentares, experiência de cárie e práticas de higiene bucal em um grupo de escolares. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 171 crianças de 4 a 8 anos de idade, matriculadas em uma escola municipal do Recife/PE. Na avaliação antropométrica foi utilizado o registro do sexo, idade, peso e estatura, tendo como critério para o diagnóstico o Z-escore na classificação do índice de massa corporal/idade. Por meio de um questionário, foi verificado a frequência de alguns alimentos e as práticas de higiene bucal. Os exames bucais foram realizados no ambiente escolar utilizando-se o índice ceo-d (OMS), como critério diagnóstico para a experiência de cárie. Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análise descritiva. Resultados: Das crianças avaliadas, 25% apresentaram excesso de peso e 3,5% baixo peso. Quanto ao consumo de alimentos, observou-se alta a frequência (3 a 6 vezes/dia) de: biscoito recheado (28,8%), refrigerantes (19,9%), balas/pirulito (27,8%) e de açúcar adicionado aos alimentos/bebidas (42,5%). A prevalência de cárie foi de 46,4%, com média de 1,47 dentes decíduos cariados e ceo-d médio de 1,8. A maioria das crianças realizava a escovação sem supervisão (60,3%), e 56,2% usavam escova e creme dental fluoretado. Do total de crianças, 39,2% nunca visitaram o dentista e 60,2% das crianças necessitavam de tratamento odontológico. Conclusão: O estado nutricional bem como a saúde bucal das crianças não apresentou resultados satisfatórios, estando em desacordo com as diretrizes e recomendações atuais da Organização Mundial de Saúde. DESCRITORES: Alimentação infantil. Hábitos alimentares. Saúde bucal.

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e total em crianças até 2 anos de idade atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Recife-PE. Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira e Upinha Novo Prado. A população foi composta por crianças de 0 a 24 meses de idade. Foram avaliadas 141 crianças, das quais 54,6% eram do sexo feminino, 22% tinham idade ≤ 6 meses, 21,3% entre 7 a 12 meses e 56,7% entre 13 e 24 meses. Ao analisar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e total, verificou-se a mediana de 60,84 e 182,52 dias, respectivamente. Crianças do sexo masculino, uso de chupeta e mamadeira foram associados ao menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate exclusive and total breastfeeding in children up to 2 years of age treated in Basic Health Units (BHU) of Recife in the state of Pernambuco. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Basic Health Units of Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira and Upinha Novo Prado. The study population consisted of children of 0 to 24 months of age. One hundred and forty-one children from 0 to 24 months of age were evaluated, of which 56.4% were female, 22% were ≤ 6 months old, 21.3% were between 7 and 12 months of age and 56.7% were between 13 and 24 months of age. Analysis of the prevalence of exclusive and total breastfeeding revealed an average of 60.84 and 182.52 days, respectively. Male children, the use of pacifiers and bottle-feeding was associated with shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration.

The scope of this study was to evaluate exclusive and total breastfeeding in children up to 2 years of age treated in Basic Health Units (BHU) of Recife in the state of Pernambuco. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Basic Health Units of Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira and Upinha Novo Prado. The study population consisted of children of 0 to 24 months of age. One hundred and forty-one children from 0 to 24 months of age were evaluated, of which 56.4% were female, 22% were ≤ 6 months old, 21.3% were between 7 and 12 months of age and 56.7% were between 13 and 24 months of age. Analysis of the prevalence of exclusive and total breastfeeding revealed an average of 60.84 and 182.52 days, respectively. Male children, the use of pacifiers and bottle-feeding was associated with shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration.O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e total em crianças até 2 anos de idade atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Recife-PE. Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira e Upinha Novo Prado. A população foi composta por crianças de 0 a 24 meses de idade. Foram avaliadas 141 crianças, das quais 54,6% eram do sexo feminino, 22% tinham idade ≤ 6 meses, 21,3% entre 7 a 12 meses e 56,7% entre 13 e 24 meses. Ao analisar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e total, verificou-se a mediana de 60,84 e 182,52 dias, respectivamente. Crianças do sexo masculino, uso de chupeta e mamadeira foram associados ao menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo.

This is the first report of the effects of malnutrition during brain development on biocytin-labelled axon terminals and histochemical pattern of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons in area 17 of the adult rat. Wistar rats (n = 6) were submitted early in life (from gestation up to 42 days of age) to a multideficient diet (the 'regional basic diet' (RBD) of low-income human populations of north-east Brazil, containing only 8% protein). From day 43 up to adulthood (135-212 days), they were switched to a commercial laboratory chow diet (Purina do Brasil Ltda), with 22% protein. These animals were compared to control rats (n = 11), fed the laboratory chow diet until adulthood. The brains of four adult malnourished and five controls were processed according to the indirect method of the malic enzyme to reveal NADPH-d-containing neurons. Five other adult subjects (three controls and two malnourished) received iontophoretic injections of the tracer biocytin in area 17and were processed according to the glucose oxidase-DAB-nickel protocol in order to visualize axon terminals filled with biocytin. Three other control rats were processed for both techniques. In these last brains, no double-labelled cells could be found, suggesting that the NADPH-d-containing-neurons and the biocytin-labelled ones belong to different groups of cells, in area 17. The appendages of the NADPH-d-positive cells showed minor qualitative and quantitative differences between undernourished and control rats. The soma area of these cells was reduced in the white matter of malnourished rats, as compared to the controls (468.6 ± 54.3 μm(2); n = 4 and 515.4 ± 30.5 μm(2);n = 8, respectively; p < 0.05). The cell density (cells/mm(2)) was greater in the malnourished group than in the control, both at the grey matter (16.6 ± 4.4; n = 4 and 11.3 ± 4.3; n = 8, respectively; p < 0.05) and at the white matter (55.9 ± 15.7; n = 4 and 24.4 ± 8.5; n = 8; p < 0.005). The number of potential synaptic sites in the biocytin-labelled axon terminals was reduced as compared to the control (126 ± 33 boutons/mm, n = 32 and 160 ± 37; n = 30, respectively; p < 0.01). The results indicate that the rat area 17 is affected differently by early malnutrition, regarding biocytin-labelled axon terminals, on the one hand, and NADPH-d-containing neurons, on the other. Concerning these last cells, the data also suggest that they are less sensitive to the injury represented by early malnutrition.

Accumulating evidence in experimental studies reinforces the idea that adequate essential fatty acids levels can act as important players for the tonic activity of the midbrain dopamine system. Providing adequate molecular signaling, these fatty acids seems to be necessary to modulate key functions such as dopamine metabolism, release and uptake, receptor affinity, redox balance, and anti-inflammatory response, as well as neurotrophin synthesis. Taken together, these actions may improve the competence of this neuronal system to maintain a suitable resilience during development and brain maturation. In this chapter the modulatory action of essential fatty acids on the midbrain dopaminergic system are revised with emphasis on the repercussion of the deficiency or supplementation of these macronutrients to homeostatic conditions that prevent dopamine cell demise during development and aging.

Lipids are classified as simple, compound and derived based on the hydrolysis, which result in breaking the fatty acids off, leaving free fatty acids and a glycerol, using up three water molecules. Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various types of alcohol. They are distinguished into fats and oils. Compound lipids contain an inorganic or organic group in addition to fatty acids and glycerol. They include phospholipids, glicolipids and lipoproteins. Finally, derived lipids are obtained by hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids. These lipids contain glycerol and other alcohols. They correspond to steroid hormones, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mono and diglycerides, terpenes and carotenoids. Sometimes they are present as waste products of metabolism. Lipids also can be classified, depending on its solubility or function, as polar or apolar compounds and as structural or reserve substances, respectively (Basso, 2007). The main source of body energy comes from the triglycerides. These compounds are esters formed by one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that usually have in its structure an unbranched carbon chain and one carboxyl. According to the saturation of the carbon chain, they can be classified as saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Basso, 2007). In general, all mammals are able to synthesize saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, but this ability is limited to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), without them the organisms could not function properly. For this reason, these compounds are considered "essential" fatty acids. Thus, these fatty acids must be supplied by the diet. Linoleic acid 18:2 (n-6), a member of the n-6 family of fatty acids, was identified as the first ‘‘essential’’ fatty acid, whereas linolenic acid, 18:3 (n-3) represents the other essential fatty acid. These two essential fatty acids are the only sources for important longer chain fatty acids and physiological synthesis of complex lipids (Yehuda et al., 1999). Linoleic acid [18:2 (n-6)] is usually found in large quantities in soybean, corn, canola and safflower oil while   linolenic [18:3 (n-3)] is easily found in green leafy vegetables, linseed and marine fish oil (Takahashi, 2005). The main source of dietary lipids is obtained through the intake of triglycerides which can be found as fats or oils. The concept of fat or oil is based on the consistency and on the fatty acid present in the triglyceride molecule. At room temperature, oils are liquid because are constituted of tiacylglycerols containing a high proportion of mono and/or polyunsaturated fatty acids. These come from the vegetable sources such as soybean, corn, sunflower, olive or canola oil or from animal source such as fish oil. On the other hand, fats are solid or pasty

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) propagation was investigated in rats under dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency over two generations (F1 and F2). Wistar rat dams received diets containing 5% fat either from coconut-oil (EFA-deficient) or soybean-oil (control). F1-pups received their dams' diets until the day of CSD recording (30–40 days or 90-100 days). F2-pups were kept on their F1 dams' diet until 30–40 days. Compared to the controls, the EFA-deficient group had reduced (P < 0.05) body weights in both F1 and F2 conditions. This effect was more conspicuous (P < 0.001) in the F2-animals where brain weight was also reduced (P < 0.05). All EFA-deficient groups displayed lower CSD velocities (P < 0.001) than the corresponding controls. Within the same dietary group and generation, F1 young rats showed higher CSD velocities (P < 0.001) than adults. Data show that EFA deficiency reduces CSD propagation, and this effect is long lasting as it persists up to the second generation.

Tissue distribution of nitric oxide-synthases was investigated in the rat hippocampus and visual cortex under nutritional changes induced by modification of the litter size. Young (30-45-days-old) rats, suckled in litters formed by 3,6 or 12 pups (called small, medium and large litters, respectively), were studied by using nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry (shortly, diaphorase), a simple and robust procedure to characterize tissue distribution of nitric oxide-synthases. We assessed morphometric features of the diaphorase-positive cells in visual cortex, and the neuropil histochemical activity in hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus using densitometry analysis. In the large-litter group, the labeled-cell density in white matter of area 17 was higher, as compared to the small-litter group. There was a clear trend, in the large-litter group, to lower values of soma area, dendritic field and branches per neuron, but the differences were not significant. Densitometry analysis of hippocampus revealed a significant increase in the relative neuropil histochemical activity of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in the larger litters, which may be associated to increased compensatory blood flow in the hippocampus. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the observed changes remain to be investigated.

We investigated the histochemical positivity to NADPH-diaphorase, which reveals nitric oxide synthase activ- ity, in area 17 of rats malnourished early in life, both in the post-weaning period (group M1), and in adulthood after nutri- tional recovering (group M2). Control pups (C1 and C2 groups) received ad libitum after weaning the same diets as their moth- ers. Rats of group M2 were nutritionally recovered by receiving the control diet from post-natal day 42 until adulthood. Alde- hyde-fixed sections (200-mm thick) through area 17 were pro- cessed for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry following the malic enzyme indirect method. The features of NADPH-diaph- orase-containing neurons of area 17 of malnourished young (M1) and adult (M2) rats were analyzed quantitatively in com- parison to the matched groups C1 and C2. Permanent changes, represented by increase in the density and dendritic field areas of NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells, and transitory ones, rep- resented by decreased values of soma areas, were observed in area 17 of the M1 and M2 cases. However, some other features, such as dendritic branch angle and number of dendrites per cell in the gray matter, remained unchanged after malnutrition. Thus, the findings indicate a possible relationship between early malnutrition and alterations in nitric oxide synthase-con- taining cells in the visual cortex. Physiological implications of these data may be related to synaptic plasticity and refinement of developmental brain circuits. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc.