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A tanulmány célja az ügynökelmélet, mint közgazdaságtani elmélet és az emberierőforrás-menedzsment, mint a napi menedzseri gyakorlatot segítő gondolati rendszer összehasonlítása. Az esetleges kapcsolódási pontok azonosításával, a hasonlóságok és különbségek felismerésével az elmélet és gyakorlat számára hasznos ismereteket lehet szerezni, és ezek hozzájárulhatnak a szervezeti hatékonyság fejlesztéséhez. A tanulmány újdonsága az összehasonlításban és a közös pontok megtalálásában van. A tanulmány alapfeltételezése: az emberierőforrás-menedzsment és az ügynökelmélet az emberi kapcsolatok munkahelyi vizsgálatakor azonos megoldásokat kínál. Megvizsgálva a két gondolati rendszer által elemzett kapcsolati problémákat, arra a következtetésre jutottak a szerzők, hogy az eltérő kiindulópontok, az eltérő vizsgálati módszerek és feltételezések (axiómák) ellenére az ügynökelmélet és az emberierőforrás-menedzsment hasonló, és sokszor azonos végkövetkeztetésekre jut az emberek közötti kapcsolatok kezelésében. Vizsgálati módszertanuk nem a normatív megközelítésre koncentrál, hanem a leíró, tapasztalati vonatkozásokra.

Szamos orszag tarsadalomtudomanyi kutatasai szeles korben foglalkoztak a nők munkahelyi eselyeivel. Kimeritően vizsgaltak a nemek kozotti berkulonbsegeket, az előmenetel lehetősegeit, a munkahelyi banasmodot. A rendelkezesre allo adattomeget igen sokfele szempontbol elemeztek, de az altalunk olvasott szakirodalmi forrasokban ezek az elemzesek tulnyomoan leiro jellegűek voltak, es noha atfogo kepet mutattak a jelensegről, az okait nem vizsgaltak olyan mertekben, mint a tuneteit. Cikkunk celja, hogy az eddig rendelkezesre allo adatokat megvizsgaljuk, es ezek tanulsagai alapjan olyan uj keretrendszert javasoljunk, amely magyarazo erejű lehet, es a nőkkel szembeni banasmod okait mutatja be. Ebben az első, elvi modellben a hangsulyt a pszichologiai tenyezőkre, a tarsadalmi elvarasokra es a donteselmeletre helyezzuk – a bizonytalan helyzetekben valo dontesek jellegzetessegeinek hasznalataval. Az elemzes alapjan letrehozott elmeleti modellunk a donteshozatalt helyezi a kozpontba. A prototipus-heurisztikat (statisztikai diszkriminacio) es a korlatozott racionalitast figyelembe veve arra a kovetkeztetesre jutottunk, hogy a dontesre negy osszetett tenyezőcsoport hat: az egyen kognitiv fejlődese, a tarsadalmi elvarasok, a hatalom igenyei es a kornyezeti adatok. Ezek es a diszkriminacio okainak feltarasa hozzajarulhat a nők munkahelyi eselyeinek javitasahoz.

Humoral immune responses are traditionally characterized by determining the presence and quality of Abs specific for certain Ags. Arraying of large numbers of Ags allows the parallel measurement of Abs, generating patterns called Ab profiles. Functional characterization of these Abs could help draw an even more informative map of an immune response. To generate functional Ab profiles we simultaneously tested not only IgM, IgG, and IgA binding to, but also complement activation by, a panel of endogenous and exogenous Ags printed as microarrays, using normal and autoimmune human sera. We show that complement activation by a particular Ag in a given individual cannot be predicted by the measurement of Ag-specific Abs, despite a general correlation between the amount of Ag-bound Ab and the deposited C3 fragments. This is due to both differences in the isotypes that dominate in the recognition of an Ag and individual variations for a given isotype, resulting in altered complement activation potential. Thus, Ag-specific C3 deposition can be used as an additional parameter in immune response monitoring. This is exemplified by comparing the coordinates of Ags, used for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, of normal and autoimmune serum samples in a two-dimensional space derived from C3 deposition and Ab binding. Since cleavage fragments of C3 mediate important immunological processes, we propose that measurement of their deposition on Ag microarrays, in addition to Ab profiling, can provide useful functional signature about the tested serum.

The presence of autoantibodies to C1-inhibitor (C1-INH-Abs) is a hallmark of acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. However, only scarce data are available on their prevalence in hereditary angioedema (HAE). In a prospective study performed between 2001 and 2004 in 95 patients with Type I or II HAE, serum samples were taken one to three times a year and clinical status of the patients was registered. Serum samples were tested for total activity of the classical pathway, C1q, C3, C4 and C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) concentration and activity levels, as well as the presence of IgG, IgA and IgM type anti-C1-inhibitor antibodies (C1-INH-Ab). Fifty-four healthy age and gender matched persons served as control. Significant differences between the patients and controls in the occurrence of elevated (2S.D. higher than mean of control) C1-INH-Abs titers was found only in the case of IgM type C1-INH-Abs. Elevated (>4.22AU/ml) IgM C1-INH-Abs levels were found in 31 and 4% of the patients and controls, respectively (p

The presence of autoantibodies to C1-inhibitor (C1-INH-Abs) is a hallmark of acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. However, only scarce data are available on their prevalence in hereditary angioedema (HAE). In a prospective study performed between 2001 and 2004 in 95 patients with Type I or II HAE, serum samples were taken one to three times a year and clinical status of the patients was registered. Serum samples were tested for total activity of the classical pathway, C1q, C3, C4 and C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) concentration and activity levels, as well as the presence of IgG, IgA and IgM type anti-C1-inhibitor antibodies (C1-INH-Ab). Fifty-four healthy age and gender matched persons served as control. Significant differences between the patients and controls in the occurrence of elevated (2S.D. higher than mean of control) C1-INH-Abs titers was found only in the case of IgM type C1-INH-Abs. Elevated (4.22AU/ml) IgM C1-INH-Abs levels were found in 31 and 4% of the patients and controls, respectively (p0.001). Surprisingly, high titer IgM C1-INH-Abs were present with equal frequency in the 41 HAE patients ever treated with C1-INH concentrate and in the 54 C1-INH treatment naïve patients. In the latter group, strong positive correlation between the levels of the IgM C1-INH-Abs and the most severe disease (score 1) (p=0.0021) and the yearly attack rate (p=0.0173) were obtained. In addition, the levels of the IgM C1-INH-Abs exhibited strong negative correlation to the C1-inhibitor concentration and functional activity, total classical complement pathway activity, and a positive correlation to total IgM concentration. Taken together, these data indicate that IgM type C1-INH-Abs are present with highly elevated frequency in HAE patients irrespectively of the previous treatment with C1-INH concentrate. Most probable production of these autoantibodies is the consequence of the activation of complement and other plasma enzyme systems during HAE attacks. Determination of IgM C1-INH-Abs can be used as an activity marker in HAE.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is diagnosed if three or more spontaneous abortions follow each other typically in the first trimester. The root cause of miscarriages often can not be found. A significant proportion of this unexplained RSA cases may be caused by immunopathological failure.A multicentric clinical study started in 2000 to introduce an immunological screening protocol for patients suffering in idiopathic habitual abortion, and to use immunotherapy for their treatment if immunological background was defined.The general checkup of the patients was managed based upon a detailed protocol, with which non-immunopathological reasons for RSA were excluded. The unexplained RSA cases underwent an immunological checkup including cellular and humoral immunological, immunogenetic and autoimmune examinations. Based upon these parameters, the immunopathological background of RSA was certified or excluded. In the confirmed immunopathological cases intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy was applied during their next pregnancy, with continuous monitoring of the immunological parameters.120 patients with RSA were examined, and 32 of them got IVIG therapy during their next pregnancy. In 72% of cases (23/32) IVIG treatment for RSA with immunopathological alloimmune background was successful, with the outcome of healthy newborn. Of the 9 unsuccessful cases, in 6 patients subsequently additional non-immunopathological reasons were diagnosed for their RSA. IVIG treatment of patients with clear alloimmune background was successful in 88.5% (23/26).Results show that immunopathological checkup and immunotherapy is a useful treatment in the modern medicine for the patients with unexplained RSA. However the success of this method depends on the adherence of the checkup protocol, because unsuccessful therapy of non-clear cases can reduce the efficiency.