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Greenhouse gas emission data from the mineralisation process in Sludge Treatment Reed Bed systems (STRB) are scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify the emission rates of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and to investigate seasonal variations in order to estimate the annual greenhouse gas emission rate of the mineralisation process. The full-scale STRB at Helsinge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Denmark was chosen as the study site. Gas emission rates were measured using static surface flux chambers. The measurements were carried out in October/November 2014, March/April 2015, June/July 2015 and January/February 2016. We found that the emission rates of all included gas species were significantly affected by season. For CO 2 and CH 4 , the highest emission rates were recorded in summer, being138 and 5.2 g m −2 d −1 , respectively, while the lowest rates were recorded in winter, being 442 and 0.7 g m −2 d −1 , respectively. For N 2 O, the highest and lowest rates were recorded in autumn and spring, being 0.47 and 0.31 g m −2 d −1 , respectively. Emissions of CO 2 and CH 4 appeared to be affected by changes in temperature, while N 2 O appeared to be affected not only by temperature, but also by the amount of precipitation. An annual greenhouse gas emission rate (given in CO 2 equivalents) of the mineralisation process was calculated for two scenarios based on the assumptions; 1) gas emission rates are not affected by the amount of sludge accumulated in the STRB and 2) gas emission rates are affected by the amount of sludge accumulated in the STRB. The results revealed that the annual global warming potential is to be found in a range between 7 and 13.4 kg CO 2 -eq·PE −1 y −1 .

In Denmark, the conventional method for treating sewage sludge is mechanical dewatering and subsequent storage. However, sludge treatment reed bed systems, which are holistic sludge treatment facilities combining the dewatering, mineralisation and storage of sludge, have been more common during the last three decades. Treatment of sludge in a sludge treatment reed bed system can be combined with post-treatment (further dewatering and mineralisation) on a stockpile area. This study aimed to compare the environmental performances of a mechanical sludge treatment method with the sludge treatment reed bed system strategy, using the life cycle assessment approach and a life cycle inventory based on newly generated data obtained from Danish reference facilities. The scenarios based on the different treatment methods were initiated by sludge entering the sludge treatment reed bed system or the centrifuge and terminated by land application of the final sludge product. The environmental impacts caused by the sludge treatment reed bed system strategy were comparable to or lower than those caused by the mechanical sludge treatment method. The impacts on climate change were the same for all the treatment scenarios; however, the conversion of organic carbon and nitrogen into gas species was more efficient in the sludge treatment reed bed system compared to mechanical treatment. Thus, mechanically treated sludge contained more nitrogen, causing higher nitrogen emissions (nitrous oxide, nitrate and ammonia) when applied on land. Furthermore, the impact of resource depletion was higher for mechanical dewatering due to a larger fossil fuel demand related to daily operation and longer transportation distances in this scenario. According to the results of the life cycle assessment, there were no considerable environmental gains made by combining the treatment of sludge in a sludge treatment reed bed system with post-treatment on a stockpile area. However, some practical aspects, which are not expressed in a life cycle assessment, should also be taken into consideration when evaluating the performances of sludge treatment scenarios.

Sludge treatment reed beds (STRB) are considered as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to conventional sludge treatment methods, although little is known about greenhouse gas emissions from such systems. We measured CO2 and CH4 emissions and substrate characteristics in a STRB, an occasionally loaded sludge depot (SD) and a natural reed wetland (NW). The aim was to compare (i) emissions among the sites in relation to substrate characteristics and to compare (ii) emissions before and after sludge loading in the STRB. The STRB emitted twice as much CO2 (1200 mg m-2 h-1) as the SD, whereas the SD emitted four times more CH4 (2 mg m-2 h-1) than the STRB. The NW had the lowest emissions of both gases. The differences in gas emissions among the sites were primarily explained by differences in the availability of oxygen in the substrate. As a consequence of overloading and poor management, the SD had no vegetation and a poor dewatering capacity, which resulted in anaerobic conditions favoring CH4 emission. In contrast, the well-managed STRB had more aerobic conditions in the sludge residue resulting in low CH4 emission rates. We conclude that well-designed and well-managed STRBs have a low climate impact relative to conventional treatment alternatives, but that overloading and poor sludge management enhances the emissions of CH4. Sludge treatment reed beds (STRB) are considered as eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to conventional sludge treatment methods, although little is known about greenhouse gas emissions from such systems. We measured CO2 and CH4 emissions and substrate characteristics in a STRB, an occasionally loaded sludge depot (SD) and a natural reed wetland (NW). The aim was to compare (i) emissions among the sites in relation to substrate characteristics and (ii) emissions before and after sludge loading in the STRB. The STRB emitted twice as much CO2 (1200 mg m(-2) h(-1)) as the SD, whereas the SD emitted four times more CH4 (2 mg m(-2) h(-1)) than the STRB. The NW had the lowest emissions of both gases. The differences in gas emissions among the sites were primarily explained by differences in the availability of oxygen in the substrate. As a consequence of overloading and poor management, the SD had no vegetation and a poor dewatering capacity, which resulted in anaerobic conditions favoring CH4 emission. In contrast, the well-managed STRB had more aerobic conditions in the sludge residue resulting in low CH4 emission rates. We conclude that well-designed and well-managed STRBs have a low climate impact relative to conventional treatment alternatives, but that overloading and poor sludge management enhances the emissions of CH4.

A sludge treatment reed bed system (STRB) is a technology used for dewatering and stabilising sewage sludge via assisted biological mineralisation, which creates a sludge residue suitable for use as fertiliser on agricultural land. We evaluated the effect of sludge residue storage time (stabilisation time) for three STRBs on soil N mineralisation and CO 2 and N 2 O emissions in soil. The experiment revealed that the N mineralisation rate and emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O decreased as a function of treatment time in the STRBs. Mixed sludge residue (sludge residue subjected to different treatment times) for the three STRBs resulted in N mineralisation rates similar to the sludge residue subjected to a shorter treatment time but lower N 2 O emissions similar to the values of the older sludge residue. This finding reveals that combining fresh and more stabilised sludge residue ensures high N availability and reduces N 2 O emissions when applied to land.

Sludge treatment reed bed (STRB) systems have been used for dewatering and mineralisation of sludge in Europe since 1988. STRB systems provide substantial environmental, economic, and operational benefits compared to mechanical sludge dewatering solutions such as belt presses and centrifuges. They require less energy, no chemicals, reduce the sludge volume and produce bio solids with dry solid contents up to 20–40% under Danish climate conditions, depending on the sludge quality. Experience has shown that sludge treated in STRBs represents a high quality product with a low content of pathogens and hazardous organic compounds, qualities that make it suitable for recycling on agricultural land. The upfront capital cost for STRBs are often higher compared to mechanical dewatering devices. However, the operational expenses (OPEX) (including energy, chemicals, bio solid handling) are significantly lower compared to conventional mechanical dewatering devices, delivering an economic break-even of about 3–5 years. This paper provides an overview of the operation and maintenance costs and environmental benefits of a typical STRB based on the experiences gained from the operation of a large number of STRBs with yearly treatment capacities between 100 and 3,000 tonnes of dry solid up to approximately 250,000 PE in Denmark and Europe.