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A 29-year-old female presented to the emergency clinic with gradual visual disturbance in both eyes for 15 days duration, accompanied by bilateral tinnitus, and ocular pain that increased with ocular movements. One month prior to presentation, the patient had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 but without complications. Visual acuity was 20/100 in the right eye and 20/300 in the left eye. Funduscopy demonstrated optic nerve swelling, radial nerve fiber striation disruption, and bilateral retinal folds. Optical coherence tomography showed serous (bacillary) retinal detachment and multifocal areas of hyper-reflective changes in the inner and outer plexiform layer with inner nuclear layer thickening and disruption of the interdigitation zone bilaterally. We present a case of incomplete Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease following COVID-19 infection.

Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes intestinal colitis, diarrhea, and in some cases, liver abscess. Through transcriptomics analysis, we observed that E. histolytica infection was associated with increased expression of IL-33 mRNA in both the human and murine colon. IL-33, the IL-1 family cytokine, is released after cell injury to alert the immune system of tissue damage. Treatment with recombinant IL-33 protected mice from amebic infection and intestinal tissue damage; moreover, blocking IL-33 signaling made mice more susceptible to amebiasis. IL-33 limited the recruitment of inflammatory immune cells and decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the cecum. Type 2 immune responses were upregulated by IL-33 treatment during amebic infection. Interestingly, administration of IL-33 protected RAG2-/- mice but not RAG2-/-γc-/- mice, demonstrating that IL-33-mediated protection required the presence of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). IL-33 induced recruitment of ILC2 but not ILC1 and ILC3 in RAG2-/- mice. At baseline and after amebic infection, there was a significantly higher IL13+ILC2s in C57BL/J mice, which are naturally resistant to amebiasis, than CBA/J mice. Adoptive transfer of ILC2s to RAG2-/-γc-/- mice restored IL-33-mediated protection. These data reveal that the IL-33-ILC2 pathway is an important host defense mechanism against amebic colitis.

This article examines the hypothesis that the real exchange rate's appreciation in Peru and the export revenues related to the production of coca were strongly associated between 1985- 1990. This theory is based on the supposition that the influence of "narcodollars” caused dollar supply in the free exchange market to skyrocket and forced down the equilibrium price. However, the results of these estimations do not provide enough evidence to support this hypothesis., Este artículo evalúa la hipótesis de que la apreciación del tipo de cambio real en el Perú y los ingresos de exportación vinculados a la producción de coca se encontraron fuertemente asociados en 1985-1990. Esta proposición se basa en el supuesto de que un influjo enorme de "narcodólares" infló la oferta de dólares en el mercado cambiario libre presionando el precio de equilibrio hacia abajo. Los resultados de las estimaciones, sin embargo, no permiten obtener suficiente evidencia para aceptar la hipótesis mencionada.

Zambia was a middle-income country when it achieved independence from Great Britain in 1964. After decades of international aid Zambia has become a low-income country, and its per capita GDP is only now returning to the levels it had reached over forty years ago. While aid is far from the only variable at work in Zambia's development, its impact has been questionable. This paper examines the issue of aid effectiveness in Zambia, especially in terms of how the incentive structure faced by donors may lead to decreased accountability and inadequate concern for long-term outcomes, rendering aid less beneficial. The paper concludes by proposing a revised approach to the provision and use of international aid in Zambia, as well as in other aid-dependent countries in Sub-Saharan Africa., Lorsque la Zambie a obtenu son indépendance du Royaume-Uni en 1964, elle était un pays à revenu intermédiaire. Après plusieurs décennies d'aide, la Zambie est devenue un pays à faible revenu et son PIB par tête commence à peine à revenir au niveau qu'il avait atteint quarante ans auparavant. Bien que l'aide ne soit pas le seul facteur permettant de promouvoir le développement en Zambie, son efficacité est parfois contestable. Ce papier propose une analyse de l'efficacité de l'aide en Zambie, particulièrement sous l'angle des motivations des bailleurs de fonds qui peuvent conduire à une faible responsabilisation et à des préoccupations inappropriées quant au développement à long terme, rendant ainsi l'aide moins efficace. Le papier propose une approche révisée de la manière dont l'aide devrait être mise en oeuvre et utilisée en Zambie, ainsi que dans d'autres pays dépendants de l'aide en Afrique sub-saharienne.