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1. Dispersion relations for low-frequency waves in a warm, underdense, two-fluid plasma

Author

Jun Kakuwa

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Analytical forms of dispersion relations for three lower-frequency waves in a two-fluid plasma are presented. In underdense plasmas, ωp2≲Ωce2, that is, low density or strongly magnetized plasmas, where ωp and Ωce are respectively the plasma frequency and the electron cyclotron frequency, the displacement current can become important in higher-frequency (non-magnetohydrodynamic) region. Focusing on only three branches that become magnetohydrodynamic waves in the low-frequency limit, we derive dispersion relations applicable to both underdense and overdense plasmas by the full set of equations of two-fluid plasmas including the displacement current. It is shown that our analytical results well agree with the exact numerical ones in all frequency ranges when the following conditions are satisfied: normal (i.e., not pair) plasma; low plasma β, and not extremely small electron to ion temperature ratio, me/mi≪Te/Ti, while more exact dispersion relations are needed to perform polarization analysis.

Published
2017
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2. Investigation of the Long-term Variation of Solar Ca II K Intensity. II. Reconstruction of Solar UV Irradiance

Author

Satoru UeNo and Jun Kakuwa

Subjects
Solar chromosphere, Solar ultraviolet emission, Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy data analysis, Photoheliographs, Solar-terrestrial interactions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar cycle
Abstract

Reconstruction of long-term solar UV variations during the entire 20th century is reported. The sunspot number has been used for this purpose so far. By using the full-disk Ca K intensity as an additional solar UV proxy, the range of allowed values for the reconstructed UV irradiance becomes more restricted. We use long-term archival data of the photographic Ca K plates digitized at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory. The photographic calibration method developed in our previous paper (Paper I) is applied. Various long-term proxy data of solar activity have been used to estimate past UV irradiance. In light of this context, some issues using the historical Ca K data are commented on.

Published
2022

4. Synchrotron self-Compton emission by relativistic electrons under stochastic acceleration: application to Mrk 421 and Mrk 501

Author

Katsuaki Asano, Fumio Takahara, Jun Kakuwa, Kenji Toma, and Masaaki Kusunose

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Spectral index, Photon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Electron, Astrophysics, Synchrotron, law.invention, Computational physics, Acceleration, Space and Planetary Science, law, Magnetohydrodynamics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Blazar, Relativistic speed
Abstract

We examine the applicability of the stochastic electron acceleration to two high synchrotron peaked blazars, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501, assuming synchrotron self-Compton emission of gamma-rays. Our model considers an emitting region moving at relativistic speed, where non-thermal electrons are accelerated and attain a steady-state energy spectrum together with the photons they emit. The kinetic equations of the electrons and photons are solved numerically, given a stationary wave number spectrum of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbances, which are responsible for the electron acceleration and escape. Our simple formulation appears to reproduce the two well-sampled, long-term averaged photon spectra. In order to fit the model to the emission component from the radio to the X-ray bands, we need both a steeper wave spectral index than the Kolmogorov spectrum and efficient particle escape. Although the model provides a natural explanation for the high-energy cutoff of the electron energy distribution, the derived physical parameters raise a problem with an energy budget if the MHD waves with the Alfv{\'e}n velocity are assumed to be the acceleration agent., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2015
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5. Prospects for detecting gamma-ray bursts at very high energies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Author

Susumu Inoue, Ryo Yamazaki, Jun Kakuwa, Kenji Toma, Kunihito Ioka, and Kohta Murase

Subjects
Physics, education.field_of_study, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Cherenkov Telescope Array, Redshift, Afterglow, law.invention, Telescope, Space and Planetary Science, law, Gamma-ray burst, education, Cherenkov radiation, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

We discuss the prospects for the detection of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the next generation, ground-based facility of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) operating above a few tens of GeV. By virtue of its fast slewing capabilities, the lower energy threshold compared to current IACTs, and the much larger effective area compared to satellite instruments, CTA can measure the spectra and variability of GRBs with excellent photon statistics at multi-GeV energies. Employing a model of the GRB population whose properties are broadly consistent with observations by the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Large Area Telescope (LAT) onboard Fermi, we simulate follow-up observations of GRBs with the Large Size Telescopes (LSTs), the component of CTA with the fastest slew speed and the best sensitivity at energies below a few hundred GeV. For our fiducial assumptions, we foresee that the LSTs can detect ~0.1 GRBs per year during the prompt phase and ~0.5 per year in the afterglow phase, considering only one array site and both GBM and the Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Object Monitor (SVOM) as the alert instruments. The detection rates can be enhanced by a factor of about 5 and 6 for the prompt emission and the afterglow, respectively, assuming two array sites with the same sensitivity and that the GBM localization error can be reduced to less than 1 deg. The expected distribution of redshift and photon counts are presented, showing that despite the modest event rate, hundreds or more multi-GeV photons can be anticipated from a single burst once they are detected. We also study how the detection rate depends on the intrinsic GRB properties and the delay time between the burst trigger and the follow-up observation.

Published
2012
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6. Introducing the CTA concept

Author

A. Mathieu, R. G. Wagner, K. Panagiotidis, S Rosier Lees, Julien Rousselle, M. Gómez Berisso, Michela Uslenghi, Stephen Maxfield, R. C. Shellard, Ivica Puljak, T. Le Flour, Thomas Schanz, Tobias C. Walther, Juanan Aguilar, Pierre Colin, M. Chikawa, N. Fouque, Mosè Mariotti, G. Fontaine, Merja Tornikoski, V. Diez-Blanco, Enrico Giro, A. Krepps, G. Koss, J. M. Martin, Sergio Billotta, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, Keitaro Takahashi, S. Buson, P. Brook, S. Steiner, M. Dyrda, Joseph Silk, Sera Markoff, P. Lubinski, U. Schwanke, Sauvik Bhattacharyya, J. Ripken, T. Haubold, C. Zurbach, H. Wetteskind, R. Hermel, J. Darling, J. Nicolau-Kukliński, Konstancja Satalecka, M. Videla, Stefan Funk, P. Conconi, S. Bajtlik, Lukasz Stawarz, J. M. Paredes, K. Reitberger, Stefan Wagner, Teresa Mineo, David Kieda, G. Pareschi, Shigeto Kabuki, Makoto Sawada, Antonio Stamerra, Rodolfo Canestrari, N. Baby, G. Crimi, P. Kostka, J. Grube, R. Zanin, I. K. Kominis, L. Mc Comb, R. Sternberger, M. Fesquet, M. Tokarz, David Fink, Daniela Dorner, N. Hamer Heras, A. Moralejo Olaizola, M. de Naurois, Diego F. Torres, Claes Fransson, K. Nishijima, Yutaka Fujita, L. Fresnillo, B. García, R. Kossakowski, A. Masserot, H. von Gunten, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Ciro Bigongiari, A. Saggion, G. Papyan, I. Mrusek, K. Farakos, J. Michałowski, A. Franckowiak, Fernando Martinez, M. Doert, R. Wawrzaszek, Michele Doro, L. Sapozhnikov, Claudia Lavalley, D. Thuermann, A.A. Zdziarski, Cristina Knapic, Karen Byrum, N. Neyroud, Petr Schovanek, W. Domainko, D. Kastana, E. Birsin, Adrian Biland, F. Sánchez, Alexandre Marcowith, M. Errando, R. L. C. Starling, J. Schultze, A. Weinstein, B. B. Singh, Yassir Moudden, Jelena Aleksić, C. L. Naumann, V. Waegebaert, M. Shayduk, U. F. Katz, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, M. Schroedter, A. Vollhardt, O. Reimann, Hideyuki Ohoka, Vincenzo Testa, C. Jablonski, Tsuguya Naito, J. Schäfer, Stavros Maltezos, A. Wierzcholska, P. Wawer, L. Nellen, F. Mirabel, Tatsuo Yoshida, P. H. Carton, Nina Nowak, L. Platos, Riccardo Rando, P. P. Krueger, R. Wischnewski, W. Romaszkan, E. Fede, Martino Marisaldi, Markus Gaug, Richard Willingale, J. H. Buckley, U. De AlmeidaBarres, J. Knapp, Saverio Lombardi, D. della Volpe, A. Herrero, A. Bottani, E. Delagnes, Martin J. Hardcastle, C. Morello, Anna Lipniacka, T. Greenshaw, M. Renaud, Giancarlo Cusumano, Jonathan Biteau, M. Sowiński, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, T. B. Humensky, Michael G. Richer, G. Parks, G. Grasseau, H. Baba, Gino Tosti, Damir Lelas, H. Krawzcynski, David Paneque, M. Barcelo, R. Dickherber, P. Ferrando, Shinji Hara, D. Florin, Hideaki Katagiri, T. Shibata, Fuyuki Tokanai, N. A. McCubbin, J. Gomez-Ortega, D. Nakajima, A. Liolios, P. Laporte, Orjan Dale, A. Sillanpää, Dainis Dravins, Timothée Grégoire, Nu. Komin, A. Mihailidis, L. Sidoli, Shiu-Hang Lee, A. W. Chen, J. M. Illa, A. Kuznetsov, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Dominis Prester, Marcos Daniel Actis, Abraham D. Falcone, L. Journet, D. Hadasch, N. Galante, A. Murphy, C. J. Todero Peixoto, S. Wiesand, A. Aravantinos, A. C. Rovero, J. L. Dournaux, P. Romano, M. Hrabovsky, R. de los Reyes Lopez, M. Ostrowski, J. Pallota, Geza Gyuk, Petar Temnikov, R. Dubois, Jan Ebr, R. Koul, David J. Smith, S. Schwarzburg, P. Manigot, Chad Finley, Tarek M. Hassan, Giuseppe Sottile, Evgeni Ovcharov, P. J. Rajda, F. Krennrich, Peter L. Moore, W. B. Focke, W. Bednarek, Elena Amato, Kazunori Kohri, J. Gamez-Garcia, I. Oya, A. Shibuya, German Hermann, William H. Lee, Dorota Sobczyńska, X. Zhou, C. Balkowski, G. Vallejo, M. Hayashida, M. Bitossi, Loukas Vlahos, H. Lockart, N. Geffroy, L. Tibaldo, Marek Jamrozy, Luke O'c. Drury, Pratik Majumdar, P. Sutcliffe, S. Schlenstedt, M. Palatka, Christophe Champion, H. Ueno, M. Rupiński, P. Giommi, J. Schwarz, G. Pühlhofer, Takashi Saito, W. van Driel, C. van Eldik, Q. Xiong, Yasuo Fukui, A. Donat, A. Ibarra, R. S. Warwick, Michiko Ohishi, A. W. Smith, J.-P. Lenain, Aion Viana, Terry Ashton, Guillaume Dubus, Jacek Niemiec, K. Kodani, Luis Ángel Tejedor, A. Wörnlein, Takanori Yoshikoshi, Masahiro Teshima, W. Gäbele, Ll. Font, Olaf Reimer, J. F. Valdés-Galicia, Lucy Fortson, J. P. Osborne, Mattia Fornasa, Keith Bechtol, Masayuki Tanaka, Shigehiro Nagataki, M. Rataj, M. Ribordy, Emmanuel Moulin, I. de la Calle, K. Winiarski, C. Jeanney, I. Mognet, I. Vegas, C. Juffroy, Yutaka Ohira, A. Jacholkowska, Matthew Wood, A. E. Suárez, J. Bähr, K. M. Schure, J. Maya, M. Dafonseca, J. Tasan, R. Sugawara, M. Bourgeat, A. Mancilla, D. Pelat, Olga Botner, D. Nedbal, G. Depaola, Robert Wagner, T. Okuda, H. Arnaldi, Josep Martí, P. Corona, T. Bonev, D. Yelos, J. Sieiro, V. Scalzotto, Jacco Vink, D. Languignon, Marco Ajello, J. Vandenbrouke, Philipp Mertsch, M. Mordalska, P. Wegner, P. Ziółkowski, P. T. O'Brien, A. Nozato, Robert D. Preece, B. Huber, Matteo Balbo, J.R. Bogart, R. Kankanyan, K. Mori, T. Jogler, Seth Digel, Claudio Vuerli, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Thomas Lohse, K. Saito, A. W. Borgland, Elisa Prandini, Helene Sol, Ryan Heller, M. Bogdan, D. Dumas, M. Stodulski, Y. Awane, Piercarlo Bonifacio, Pedro L. Luque-Escamilla, Judith H. Croston, Fabio Pizzolato, P. M. Chadwick, M. K. Daniel, Riccardo Paoletti, Reiko Orito, Katsuaki Asano, R. Frei, G. Disset, Valerie Connaughton, Juhani Huovelin, Hiroyasu Tajima, S. Vercellone, F. Feinstein, G. Decerprit, Riccardo Smareglia, S. Spyrou, Gustavo E. Romero, J. Shi, J. Carr, N. Girard, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Andreas Zech, Markus Boettcher, Osvaldo Catalano, Akira Okumura, M. Dohmke, C. Föhr, Sabrina Casanova, R. A. Cameron, Jan Conrad, K. Umehara, K. K. Yadav, A. Paizis, John L. Quinn, L. Pogosyan, C. Farnier, William J. Potter, Domenico Impiombato, Tadashi Kifune, Jonathan Granot, Gernot Maier, M. Cieślar, S. Palanque, G.W. Fraser, J. Prast, R. Bose, Heidi Sandaker, G. Lamanna, Dusan Mandat, J.F. Glicenstein, J. Harris, D. Naumann, J. Ziolkowski, Michał Szanecki, C. Delgado, J. Kocot, W. Lustermann, Sabine Elles, J. Schmoll, L. Gérard, M. López, Norita Kawanaka, V. Gika, B. Lieunard, A. Pichel, Martin Pohl, Mariusz Sterzel, S. Vincent, Paolo De Coppi, J. Lande, O. Blanch Bigas, Gianluca Giavitto, Yusuke Konno, Julian Sitarek, M. Panter, P.-O. Petrucci, F. Henault, M. Prouza, Philip Kaaret, Josep Colomé, Luciano Nicastro, German Martinez, L. Gebremedhin, J. M. Yebras, Apostolos Mastichiadis, A. S. Madhavan, Thomas J. Maccarone, K. Berger, R. Buehler, P. Jean, N. Sartore, F. Toussenel, Aris Karastergiou, W. Kluźniak, A. Djannati-Ataï, S. J. Fegan, Louis Antonelli, A. González Muñoz, J. Berdugo, S. S. Upadhya, M. Sidz, F. Mottez, Patrick Vogler, F. Di Pierro, Wystan Benbow, B. Sacco, L. Chiappetti, J. Dumm, R. Firpo Curcoll, David Gascon, V. Boccone, J. Krause, J. P. Avernet, B. Peyaud, B. De Lotto, Ana Babić, T. O. B. Schmidt, I. M. McHardy, T. Schweizer, S. P. Wakely, Daniel Gall, Frank M. Rieger, E. Sant'Ambrogio, M. Kagaya, P. Vincent, R. C. Rannot, Sandro Mereghetti, A. De Angelis, M. Scarcioffolo, R. White, G. H. Sembroski, Takeshi Nakamori, C. Medina, M. A. De Oliveira Leigui, Subir Sarkar, A. Marszałek, Reshmi Mukherjee, K. Nakayama, A. Fiasson, S. Giarrusso, T. Bernardino, J. P. Finley, D. Neise, L. O. Takalo, F. Grañena, Nikola Godinovic, H. Sasaki, P. Zychowski, Francesco Dazzi, B. Courty, A. Basili, Vitaly Neustroev, B. Khélifi, T. Glanzman, M. Trifoglio, Regis Terrier, R. A. Ong, E. M. Santos, M. Minuti, Thomas Bretz, R. Moderski, J. Kushida, S. Royer, Emilio Molinari, Etienne Lyard, J. Houles, Juan Abel Barrio, T. Lerch, S. Rivoire, T. Kishimoto, M. Cailles, M. Casiraghi, Nikolaos Stergioulas, J. Gaweda, S. Koyama, Ingomar Allekotte, E. Ismailova, Elina Giannakaki, S. Schwemmer, Ryo Yamazaki, G. Fasola, Christoph Deil, Jose Luis Contreras, T. Bird, Miguel A. Sánchez-Conde, J. Dick, E. Edy, D. Parsons, R. Pyzioł, R. Mirzoyan, Manjuli R. Sharma, J. Borkowski, Jonathan S. Lapington, Cameron B Rulten, Rino Bandiera, Volker Beckmann, Jun Kakuwa, Dimitris Balis, Kenji Toma, Anna Barnacka, Andrea Santangelo, L. Padilla, Peter Eger, G. Decock, Karol Seweryn, N. Sakaki, Darko Veberič, Andrea Bulgarelli, B. Rudak, M. Pérez, H. Koppel, Felix Spanier, M. I. Martínez, D. Horville, Marco Molinaro, R. Walter, P. Ramon, S. Brau-Nogue, J. Camprecios, K. Kärcher, John H. Seiradakis, S. Criswell, D. J. Leopold, V. J. Guarino, R. Gredig, S. Vorobiov, Viktor Gruev, Gareth Hughes, Daniele Spiga, Quirin Weitzel, N. Håkansson, Susumu Inoue, U. Straumann, Juan Cortina, B. Behera, Jürgen Knödlseder, Daniel Nieto, Tomasz Szepieniec, H. Prokoph, Jerzy Grygorczuk, G. De La Vega, Jim Hinton, E. Chabanne, M. Mahabir, R. Krobot, M. Capalbi, Miroslav Pech, C. Díaz, J. Ludwin, F. Gianotti, Garret Cotter, Claudio Melioli, Hiroaki Yamamoto, C. Veyssiere, Kunihito Ioka, S. Sun, J. M. Parraud, L. Rob, Felix Aharonian, G. Maneva, D. Melkumyan, T. Schwab, J. Kasperek, J. M. Huet, E. Lorenz, S. Tanaka, Y. A. Gallant, S. Couturier, B.W. Favill, J. Boix Gargallo, Andrea Tiengo, Leszek Bogacz, Andreu Sanuy, Christian Fruck, J. Sykes, C. Martens, A. Yoshida, Marek Sikora, E. Racero, G. Rouaix, N. Bhat, A. Salini, A. S. Barber, Mauro Ghigo, Jan Ridky, K. Kosack, Konrad Bernlöhr, C. Tenzer, Alice Allafort, M. Torres, Catherine Boisson, Grzegorz Kowal, M. Karczewski, G. Agnetta, Victor Stamatescu, Anthony H. Gonzalez, S. Rousselle, Giovanni Bonanno, A. Zajczyk, A. Gadola, P. Martin, V. Zitelli, I. Manthos, N. Maragos, A. Dettlaff, F. Profeti, S. Colonges, S. Gunji, S. Cazaux, S. Colafrancesco, M. Paz Arribas, Rika Hagiwara, Darell Engelhaupt, Nestor Mirabal, Johann Cohen-Tanugi, S. Grunewald, Abby M. Green, I. D. Davids, D. Nosek, T. Yamamoto, Gagik Tovmassian, R. Sakonaka, Miguel Alcubierre, C. Baixeras, T. L. Usher, Kazufumi Torii, H. Lüdecke, L. Wiśniewski, B. Kellner-Leidel, P. Demange, F. Gonzalez, B. Moal, V. De Caprio, V. Golev, K. Katarzyński, V. Bugaev, A. Reimer, J. Koziol, G. Pojmanski, Alessandro Carosi, J. Bolmont, A. Nikolaidis, R. J. García López, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Stegmann, J.-P. Ernenwein, M. Fiorini, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Marco Tavani, P. Korohoda, A. Giuliani, E. Carmona, C. Bauer, Kostas D. Kokkotas, O. Tibolla, G. Deleglise, Pierre Brun, Dinko Dimitrov, I. Jung, R. Steenkamp, Marc Ribó, Kathrin Egberts, P. Reardon, Adriano Ghedina, Stefan Rosén, N. Hidaka, Trygve Buanes, A. Segreto, H. Huan, Juri Poutanen, Ruben Lopez-Coto, S. Cavazzani, Massimiliano Belluso, A. Kretzschmann, F. De Frondat, A. Riviere, J. F. Olive, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Serena Mattiazzo, M. González, D. Fantinel, Matteo Cerruti, S. Vergani, Sabrina Einecke, N. La Palombara, Reinhard Schlickeiser, P. Antoranz, Pol Bordas, D. Paillot, V. de Souza, Yasushi Fukazawa, Phil Evans, Werner Hofmann, Hugh Dickinson, F. Roy, Yvonne Becherini, E. O. Angüner, D. Corti, T. C. Arlen, Francesco Russo, V. R. Chitnis, D. Ross, R. Gabriele, Massimo Persic, E. Fokitis, A. Bonardi, D. Garrido, A. Niedźwiecki, L. Cossio, Hidetoshi Kubo, Y. de Oliveira, F. Mattana, Anna Szostek, M. Compin, S. Blake, F. Lucarelli, Petter Hofverberg, Felix Ryde, M. Gougerot, C. Boutonnet, Dimitrios Emmanoulopoulos, A. Mangano, P. Vallania, Jose Miguel Miranda, A. Manalaysay, M. Raue, A. Bouvier, Shohei Yanagita, Nektarios Vlahakis, Joni Tammi, M. Naumann-Godo, Kohta Murase, E. Fillin-Martino, Jiri Chudoba, K. Hatanaka, A. Lopatin, N. Otte, G. Rojas, Tomonori Totani, K. S. Gothe, J. P. Vialle, D. Kolitzus, K. Warda, Hironori Matsumoto, J. Rico, P. Ringegni, James Chiang, R. McKay, A. Bobkov, Aya Bamba, H. Takami, B. Giebels, O. Grimm, S. Basso, F. Dubois, Victor Zabalza, A. Förster, Pasquale Blasi, Alexandros Papayannis, A. G. Akhperjanian, Eckhard Kendziorra, James A. Anderson, Giuseppe Malaguti, R. Welsing, S. Pita, A. Ozieblo, Heide Costantini, D. Tezier, J.-H. Köhne, M. Tluczykont, Ll. Garrido, Alexander Varón Sandoval, Matthew R. Orr, Dominique Durand, F. Chollet, O. Luz, E. O. Saemann, Jun Kataoka, M. Proyetti, C. Barbier, Jürgen Barnstedt, L. Bouchet, Hiroshi Muraishi, Anton N. Baushev, L. A. Otero, Denis Bastieri, S. Incorvaia, Tihomir Surić, V. La Parola, Nathan Smith, Karl-Heinz Sulanke, F. Bernard, Luca Stringhetti, S. Paiano, S. Federici, Hector Flores, Karl Mannheim, Michael S. Briggs, Giovanna Pedaletti, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, J. D. Smith, G. La Rosa, Alicia López-Oramas, M. Janiak, Gary Drake, G. Talbot, Petr Travnicek, Elisabetta Bissaldi, Mario Meucci, R. Northrop, V. Scapin, Vito Conforti, J. D. Ponz, T. Aghajani, J. J. Jimenez, A. D. Supanitsky, Hernán Asorey, M. Werner, Brian Reville, A. Haupt, C. Skole, Gilles Henri, Daniele Gardiol, V. Vassiliev, R. Platzer, Y. Saito, A. La Barbera, Allan Hallgren, C. Eleftheriadis, S. Cantu, G. Maurin, K. Lacombe, A. Le Padellec, F. Stinzing, T. Hayakawa, A. Cillis, M. Suchenek, I. Monteiro, V. Sahakian, A. Di Paola, Grzegorz Madejski, A. De Luca, Andreas Quirrenbach, P. A. Caraveo, N. A. Webb, Michael Zacharias, J. Vanderwalt, Dario Hrupec, K. Ziȩtara, T. Armstrong, A. Lorca, T. Krähenbühl, A. Etchegoyen, Stefano Covino, C. Kalkuhl, K. Kitamoto, Tomasz Bulik, R. Rohlfs, D. Allan, A. Zhao, Luisa Arrabito, B. S. Acharya, T. Johnson, C. Schultz, G. Vasileiadis, Eleen Shum, Daniel Ferenc, Paola Grandi, Maria Concetta Maccarone, E. Strazzeri, H. Kelly, E. J. Quel, H. Vankov, Ruben Alfaro, I. Telezhinsky, J. Becker Tjus, C. Dufour, F. Köck, Ilana M. Braun, Jamie Holder, Ryoji Enomoto, Luigi Lessio, Michael Punch, Stefano Gabici, I. Puerto-Gimenez, S. Karkar, P. Nayman, M. Grudzińska, E. Aliu, Yoshiyuki Inoue, Elina Lindfors, J. Becerra, Daniel Mazin, Yukikatsu Terada, André Schulz, Teresa Montaruli, G. Bonnoli, S. Renner, Dieter Horns, J. Dyks, V. Pelassa, Mark I. Wilkinson, Ricardo Graciani, I. Troyano, P. Ristori, Thomas Kihm, P. Micolon, S. J. Nolan, Torsten Bringmann, David A. Williams, Joachim Hahn, L. Brunetti, U. Roeser, Wolfgang Rhode, Kanaris Tsinganos, Stefan Ohm, J. L. Panazol, G. Busetto, B. S., Acharya, M., Acti, T., Aghajani, G., Agnetta, J., Aguilar, F., Aharonian, M., Ajello, A., Akhperjanian, M., Alcubierre, J., Aleksic, R., Alfaro, E., Aliu, A. J., Allafort, D., Allan, I., Allekotte, E., Amato, J., Anderson, E. O., Anguener, L. A., Antonelli, P., Antoranz, A., Aravantino, T., Arlen, T., Armstrong, H., Arnaldi, L., Arrabito, K., Asano, T., Ashton, H. G., Asorey, Y., Awane, H., Baba, A., Babic, N., Baby, J., Baehr, A., Bai, C., Baixera, S., Bajtlik, M., Balbo, D., Bali, C., Balkowski, A., Bamba, R., Bandiera, A., Barber, C., Barbier, M., Barcelo, A., Barnacka, J., Barnstedt, U. B., De, J. A., Barrio, A., Basili, S., Basso, D., Bastieri, C., Bauer, A., Baushev, J., Becerra, Y., Becherini, K. C., Bechtol, J. B., Tju, V., Beckmann, W., Bednarek, B., Behera, M., Belluso, W., Benbow, J., Berdugo, K., Berger, F., Bernard, T., Bernardino, K., Bernloehr, N., Bhat, S., Bhattacharyya, C., Bigongiari, A., Biland, S., Billotta, T., Bird, E., Birsin, Bissaldi, Elisabetta, J., Biteau, M., Bitossi, S., Blake, O. B., Biga, P., Blasi, A., Bobkov, V., Boccone, M., Boettcher, L., Bogacz, J., Bogart, M., Bogdan, C., Boisson, J. 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K., Yadav, H., Yamamoto, T., Yamamoto, R., Yamazaki, S., Yanagita, J. M., Yebra, D., Yelo, A., Yoshida, T., Yoshida, T., Yoshikoshi, V., Zabalza, M., Zacharia, A., Zajczyk, R., Zanin, A., Zdziarski, A., Zech, A., Zhao, X., Zhou, K., Zietara, J., Ziolkowski, P., Ziolkowski, V., Zitelli, C., Zurbach, P., Zychowski, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CTA, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)

Subjects
Next generation Cherenkov telescopes, Ciencias Físicas, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, TeV GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY, Observatory, Air showers, HESS, Cherenkov Telescopes, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, MISSION, SUPERNOVA REMNANT W44, TELESCOPE, ASTRONOMY, EMISSION, Physics, ta213, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, TeV gamma-ray astronomy, ddc:540, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Air shower, AIR SHOWERS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 0103 physical sciences, Preparatory phase, ta115, TeV gamma-ray astronomy Air showers Cherenkov Telescopes, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, CHERENKOV TELESCOPES, Física, Astronomy, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ASTROFÍSICA, Cherenkov Telescope Array, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astronomía, Design study, Telecommunications, business
Abstract

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a new observatory for very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. CTA has ambitions science goals, for which it is necessary to achieve full-sky coverage, to improve the sensitivity by about an order of magnitude, to span about four decades of energy, from a few tens of GeV to above 100 TeV with enhanced angular and energy resolutions over existing VHE gamma-ray observatories. An international collaboration has formed with more than 1000 members from 27 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. In 2010 the CTA Consortium completed a Design Study and started a three-year Preparatory Phase which leads to production readiness of CTA in 2014. In this paper we introduce the science goals and the concept of CTA, and provide an overview of the project., La lista completa de autores puede consultarse en el documento o en la página web de la revista., Facultad de Ingeniería

Published
2013
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7. Time-Dependent Models for Blazar Emissions with the Second-Order Fermi Acceleration

Author

Katsuaki Asano, Kenji Toma, Fumio Takahara, Masaaki Kusunose, and Jun Kakuwa

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Photon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Compton scattering, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Fermi acceleration, Astrophysics, Electron, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Synchrotron, Spectral line, law.invention, Luminosity, Space and Planetary Science, law, Blazar, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

The second-order Fermi acceleration (Fermi-II) driven by turbulence may be responsible for the electron acceleration in blazar jets. We test this model with time-dependent simulations. The hard electron spectrum predicted by the Fermi-II process agrees with the hard photon spectrum of 1ES 1101-232. For other blazars that show softer spectra, the Fermi-II model requires radial evolution of the electron injection rate and/or diffusion coefficient in the outflow. Such evolutions can yield a curved electron spectrum, which can reproduce the synchrotron spectrum of Mrk 421 from the radio to the X-ray regime.The photon spectrum in the GeV energy range of Mrk 421 is hard to fit with a synchrotron self-Compton model. However, if we introduce an external radio photon field with a luminosity of $4.9 \times 10^{38}~\mbox{erg}~\mbox{s}^{-1}$, GeV photons are successfully produced via inverse Compton scattering. The temporal variability of the diffusion coefficient or injection rate causes flare emission. The observed synchronicity of X-ray and TeV flares implies a decrease of the magnetic field in the flaring source region., Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Published
2013
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8. STOCHASTIC GYRORESONANT ACCELERATION FOR HARD ELECTRON SPECTRA OF BLAZARS: EFFECT OF DAMPING OF CASCADING TURBULENCE

Author

Jun Kakuwa

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Photon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Wave turbulence, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Electron, Computational physics, Particle acceleration, Acceleration, Space and Planetary Science, Cascade, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Blazar
Abstract

Stochastic acceleration of nonthermal electrons is investigated in the context of hard photon spectra of blazars. It is well known that this acceleration mechanism can produce a hard electron spectrum of $m \equiv \partial \ln n_{\rm e}(\gamma)/\partial \ln \gamma = 2$ with the high-energy cutoff, called an ultrarelativistic Maxwellian-like distribution, where $n_{\rm e}(\gamma)$ is an electron energy spectrum. We revisit the formation of this characteristic spectrum, considering a particular situation where the electrons are accelerated through gyroresonant interaction with magnetohydrodynamic wave turbulence driven by the turbulent cascade. By solving kinetic equations of the turbulent fields, electrons, and photons emitted via the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) process, we demonstrate that in the non-test-particle treatment, the formation of a Maxwellian-like distribution is prevented by the damping effect on the turbulent fields due to the electron acceleration, at least unless an extreme parameter value is chosen. Instead, a softer electron spectrum with the index of $m \approx -1$ is produced if the Kolmogorov-type cascade is assumed. The SSC spectrum that originates from the resultant softer electron spectrum is still hard, but somewhat softer and broader than the case of $m=2$. This change of achievable hardness should be noted when this basic particle acceleration scenario is tested with observations of hard photon spectra accurately., Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted version with minor midifications

Published
2015
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9. Radio relics tracing the projected mass distribution in CIZA J2242.8+5301.

Author

Nobuhiro OKABE, Hiroki AKAMATSU, Jun KAKUWA, Yutaka FUJITA, Yuying ZHANG, Masayuki TANAKA, and Keiichi UMETSU

Subjects
RADIO sources (Astronomy), STELLAR mass, GALAXY clusters, DARK matter, HALOS (Meteorology), GRAVITATIONAL lenses, X-rays
Abstract

We present a weak-lensing analysis for a merging galaxy cluster, CIZA J2242.8+5301, which hosts double radio relics, using three-band Subaru/Suprime-Cam imaging (Br'z'). Since the lifetime of dark matter halos colliding into clusters is longer than that of X-ray emitting gas halos, weak-lensing analysis is a powerful method to constrain merger dynamics. Two-dimensional shear fitting using a clean background catalog suggests that the cluster undergoes a merger with a mass ratio of about 2: 1. The main halo is located around the gas core in the southern region, while no concentrated gas core is associated with the northern sub-halo. We find that the projected cluster mass distribution resulting from an unequal-mass merger is in excellent agreement with the curved shapes of the two radio relics and the overall X-ray morphology, except for the lack of the northern gas core. The lack of a prominent radio halo enables us to constrain an upper limit of the fractional energy of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence of (δB/B)2 < O(10−6) at a resonant wavenumber, by finding a balance between the acceleration time and the time after the core passage or the cooling time, with an assumption of resonant acceleration by a second-order Fermi process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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10. Synchrotron self-Compton emission by relativistic electrons under stochastic acceleration: application to Mrk 421 and Mrk 501.

Author

Jun Kakuwa, Kenji Toma, Katsuaki Asano, Masaaki Kusunose, and Fumio Takahara

Subjects
*SYNCHROTRON radiation, *RELATIVISTIC electrons, *STOCHASTIC processes, *PARTICLE acceleration, *GAMMA rays, *WAVENUMBER
Abstract

We examine the applicability of the stochastic electron acceleration to two high synchrotron peaked blazars, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501, assuming synchrotron self-Compton emission of gamma-rays. Our model considers an emitting region moving at relativistic speed, where nonthermal electrons are accelerated and attain a steady-state energy spectrum together with the photons they emit. The kinetic equations of the electrons and photons are solved numerically, given a stationary wavenumber spectrum of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbances, which are responsible for the electron acceleration and escape. Our simple formulation appears to reproduce the two well-sampled, long-term averaged photon spectra. In order to fit the model to the emission component from the radio to the X-ray bands, we need both a steeper wave spectral index than the Kolmogorov spectrum and efficient particle escape. Although the model provides a natural explanation for the high-energy cutoff of the electron energy distribution, the derived physical parameters raise a problem with an energy budget if the MHD waves with the Alfvén velocity are assumed to be the acceleration agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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11. Design concepts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA: an advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Author

K. Ziȩtara, A. Konopelko, J. Rico, Philippe Laporte, Tatsuo Yoshida, A. Etchegoyen, Dennis Haefner, C. Morello, L. Garrido, Philip Kaaret, T. Yamamoto, F. Di Pierro, Wystan Benbow, B. Sacco, T. O. B. Schmidt, T. Krähenbühl, N. Geffroy, I. M. McHardy, Toru Tanimori, A. Salini, F. Grañena, A. Liolios, A. C. Rovero, A. Mendes, Etienne Lyard, Juan Abel Barrio, Jürgen Schmoll, R. Dubois, A. N. Otte, J. Bolmont, S. Rivoire, K. Berger, A. Nikolaidis, J.-P. Ernenwein, A. Bobkov, D. Allan, C. Schultz, Masayuki Tanaka, G. Deleglise, Oliver Grimm, Ł. Płatos, O. Tibolla, M. Gochna, S. Schwarzburg, H. Arnaldi, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Valerie Connaughton, Adriano Fontana, D. Nedbal, P. Jean, Alejandro Ibarra, S. Spyrou, Gustavo E. Romero, Judith H. Croston, F. Feinstein, L. Tibaldo, M. Benallou, Shinji Hara, D. Florin, A. E. Szymkowiak, J.L. Van der Walt, Stefano Covino, Shigehiro Nagataki, G. Busetto, P. Nayman, G. Lamanna, William J. Potter, Tadashi Kifune, O. Corpace, M. Bourgeat, N. Webb, J. K. Becker, K. Hultquist, P. Majumdar, Anna Szostek, M. Compin, Petter Hofverberg, Dimitrios Emmanoulopoulos, J. Ingjald, R. Kossakowski, A. Mangano, Kunihito Ioka, Jonathan Granot, S. Buson, P. Manigot, J. M. Paredes, M. Gómez Berisso, Massimiliano Belluso, A. Kretzschmann, M. Stodulski, L. Venter, Artemio Herrero, Nu. Komin, German Hermann, Dorota Sobczyńska, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Akira Okumura, Felix Spanier, Gareth Hughes, J. Carr, Antonio Stamerra, Norita Kawanaka, T. Shibata, R. C. Shellard, Dieter H. H. Hoffmann, B. Yoffo, T. Dettlaff, R. G. Talbot, L. Fresnillo, A. Manalaysay, I. Jung, Kohta Murase, Geza Gyuk, C. Farnier, J. C. Marin, Julian Sitarek, Francesco Dazzi, H. Ohka, C. Skole, C. Ghag, Patrick Vogler, M. Hauser, M. Cailles, K. Nishijima, Yutaka Fujita, J. Berdugo, Luke O'c. Drury, Naoto Sakaki, F. Köck, P. Sutcliffe, Luis Ángel Tejedor, Hugh Dickinson, Denis Bastieri, Q. Weitzel, Ryoji Enomoto, Josep Colomé, Luigi Lessio, B. Peyaud, C. L. Naumann, Michael Punch, S. Rodriguez, Lucy Fortson, J. P. Osborne, J. Kotula, Piero Giubilato, J. Dyks, W. Kluźniak, T. Schweizer, M. Rataj, Allan Hallgren, Matthew Wood, David Gascon, M. Doert, R. Wawrzaszek, Daniela Hadasch, H. Castarede, P. Wawer, M. Kapala, J.-M. Reymond, A.A. Zdziarski, E. De Cea del Pozo, K. Farakos, D. Corti, A. St. J. Murphy, Mosè Mariotti, Kazutaka Yamaoka, T. C. Arlen, Christian Fruck, Francesco Russo, Stefano Gabici, T. Bernardino, B. Khélifi, B. Huber, T. Glanzman, J. Michałowski, Mark I. Wilkinson, M. Suchenek, Massimo Persic, I. Monteiro, M. I. Martínez, V. Sahakian, R. Firpo, Seth Digel, V. La Parola, F. Roy, Regis Terrier, E. Fokitis, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, D. Melkumyan, E. Edy, Stefano Basso, J. Knapp, Cameron B Rulten, A. Niedźwiecki, Karol Seweryn, Karl-Heinz Sulanke, B. Rudak, V. Scapin, R. Wischnewski, Ricardo Graciani, Gianluca Giavitto, Matthias Beilicke, K. Nakayama, Thomas Schanz, A. Sillanpää, G. Motta, Yoshiyuki Inoue, Elina Lindfors, Hannes Jensen, Henric Krawczynski, Catherine Boisson, C. Medina, Dinko Dimitrov, Karen Byrum, M. Shayduk, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Richard White, Kazunori Kohri, I. Oya, T. Greenshaw, C. Olivetto, Tomasz Szepieniec, R. D. Parsons, Fuyuki Tokanai, Jerzy Grygorczuk, V. Scalzotto, S. Rosier-Lees, Dainis Dravins, Jacco Vink, Włodzimierz Piechocki, F. Stinzing, Felix Ryde, P. Ristori, N. A. McCubbin, M. Hayashida, Martin J. Hardcastle, G.W. Fraser, S. Paiano, S. Blake, U. Barres de Almeida, S. Federici, M. Corlier, C. J. Todero Peixoto, Łukasz Stawarz, Michael S. Briggs, Yvonne Becherini, Martin Pohl, Daniel Mazin, B. Decerprit, Yukikatsu Terada, J. F. Huppert, P. J. Rajda, Justin Vandenbroucke, S. Schlenstedt, S. Renner, Ł. Wiśniewski, Dieter Horns, T. B. Humensky, Takeshi Nakamori, Andreas Quirrenbach, Asdrúbal Enrique Bottani, P. Vallania, B. García, H. von Gunten, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Takashi Saito, Marcos Daniel Actis, Jacek Niemiec, W. Gäbele, C. van Eldik, Olaf Reimer, P. Corona, Robert D. Preece, C. Reimann, Pierre Brun, Thomas Bretz, R. Moderski, Eric Delagnes, Gilles Henri, W. Domainko, P. H. Tam, J. Schultze, A. Weinstein, M. Schroedter, A. Vollhardt, Stavros Maltezos, A. Wierzcholska, P. M. Chadwick, Fabrice Mottez, S. Steiner, M. Dyrda, S. Sun, Victor Stamatescu, M. Bogdan, Felix Aharonian, Hajime Takami, M. Winde, Evgeni Ovcharov, M. Panter, Shohei Yanagita, T. Jogler, Thomas Kihm, P. Micolon, S. J. Nolan, David A. Williams, Joachim Hahn, Q. Xiong, Nikolaos Stergioulas, J. Gaweda, R. Mirzoyan, Nektarios Vlahakis, J. Becerra, N. Fouque, M. Ribordy, V. Vassiliev, Claes Fransson, R. L. C. Starling, J. M. Huet, J. Ruppel, J.-P. Lenain, Enrico Giro, J. Ripken, T. Haubold, A. Lopatin, Joseph Silk, J. Borkowski, P. Lubinski, T. Le Flour, R. Platzer, A. Di Paolo, Reiko Orito, O. C. de Jager, C. Eleftheriadis, A. Gonzalez, T. J. L. McComb, U. Schwanke, S. Brau-Nogue, Yutaka Ohira, Philipp Mertsch, Daniel Ferenc, Maria Concetta Maccarone, F. Gonzalez, V. Golev, Osvaldo Catalano, V. Bugaev, C. Clerc, Michał Szanecki, C. Delgado, L. Pogosyan, M. Renaud, G. Pivato, Sabine Elles, E. J. Quel, R. J. García López, M. Videla, Stefan Funk, H. Vankov, A. Le Padellec, Michele Doro, Saverio Lombardi, S. Pita, A. Wolczko, G. Disset, U. Roeser, Abraham D. Falcone, I. Telezhinsky, S. Artmann, Pierre Colin, M. Chikawa, Daniela Dorner, G. Fontaine, Wolfgang Rhode, C. Baixeras, K. Mori, H. Prokoph, Giancarlo Cusumano, J. L. Dournaux, F. Toussenel, C. Dufour, Ilana M. Braun, Riccardo Paoletti, A. R. Knappy, Sergio Billotta, F. Krennrich, S. Karkar, Anne M. Green, Takanori Yoshikoshi, I. de la Calle Perez, Masahiro Teshima, M. Janiak, C. Stegmann, H. Wetteskind, Marco Tavani, Kostas D. Kokkotas, C. Föhr, J. L. Panazol, S. Cantu, C. Tenzer, I. Vegas, M. Grudzińska, Elisabetta Bissaldi, S. Bajtlik, A. Jacholkowska, P. Małkiewicz, M. Ostrowski, Reshmi Mukherjee, Mario Meucci, Tarek M. Hassan, W. Bednarek, Rodolfo Canestrari, Stefan Wagner, Teresa Mineo, N. Karlsson, M. Tluczykont, A. E. Suárez, David Kieda, R. Steenkamp, Grzegorz Kowal, C. Gasq, Loukas Vlahos, Kathrin Egberts, K. Kosack, A. D. Supanitsky, Hernán Asorey, Adriano Ghedina, Frank M. Rieger, P. Zychowski, J. Bähr, P. Wegner, P. Ziółkowski, Shigeto Kabuki, G. Papyan, Dario Hrupec, P. T. O'Brien, Oscar Blanch, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Robert Wagner, Thomas Lohse, Susumu Inoue, U. Straumann, J. Kushida, Jose Luis Contreras, C. Maña, Matteo Cerruti, P. Antoranz, Ll. Font, R. Sugawara, M. Casiraghi, C. Kalkuhl, Subir Sarkar, Jelena Aleksić, Juan Cortina, J. Pallota, L. Brunetti, Petar Temnikov, Tomasz Bulik, L. O. Takalo, G. Vasileiadis, Riccardo Rando, J. H. Buckley, V. de Souza, Sera Markoff, G. Pareschi, P. Kostka, J. Grube, M. Tokarz, Manel Errando, David Fink, C. Barbier, Marek Sikora, J. P. Tavernet, Yasushi Fukazawa, Werner Hofmann, K. Takahashi, B. Wagner, David Paneque, M. Barcelo, L. Guglielmi, S. Royer, Rika Hagiwara, Nestor Mirabal, R. A. Cameron, R. Walter, G. De La Vega, Jim Hinton, Garret Cotter, M. Sofo Haro, Peter Walter, R. Gredig, S. Vorobiov, A. Bouvier, B. Lieunard, V. A. Kudryavtsev, Mauro Ghigo, John H. Seiradakis, Konrad Bernlöhr, M. de Naurois, A. Yoshida, F. Sánchez, K. Katarzyński, C. Veyssiere, Leszek Bogacz, B. Moal, A. Reimer, J. Koziol, Thomas J. Maccarone, G. Pojmanski, E. Carmona, C. Bauer, Andreu Sanuy, V. J. Guarino, Marc Ribó, Vincenzo Testa, H. Huan, C. Jablonski, Tsuguya Naito, C. Lavalley, M. Karczewski, G. Agnetta, Giovanni Bonanno, A. Zajczyk, C. Díaz, J. Kasperek, E. Lorenz, P. Vincent, K. Saito, S. Cazaux, S. Selmane, B. Kȩdziora, Y. A. Gallant, Serena Mattiazzo, Emilio Molinari, N. La Barbera, Hidetoshi Kubo, M. K. Daniel, Katsuaki Asano, Tanyu Bonev, A. Cillis, L. A. Otero, Gernot Maier, M. Cieślar, M. Ciesielska, Shuichi Gunji, E. Gianakaki, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, Apostolos Mastichiadis, S. P. Wakely, G. La Rosa, C. Boutonnet, V. Zitelli, I. Ochoa, M. Raue, E. Fillin-Martino, Ingomar Allekotte, J. P. Vialle, G. Vallejo, Ryo Yamazaki, C. Tchernin, Anna Barnacka, Andrea Santangelo, P. Ringegni, James Chiang, Aya Bamba, B. Giebels, A. Förster, Heide Costantini, N. Galante, R. S. Warwick, Michiko Ohishi, O. Reimann, Guillaume Dubus, K. Kodani, Olga Botner, Andreas Zech, Paolo De Coppi, Louis Antonelli, A. Pepato, A. De Angelis, M. Scarcioffolo, E. M. Santos, Christoph Deil, T. Bird, T. Kneiske, Daniele Spiga, B. Behera, Jürgen Knödlseder, L. Rob, G. Pedaletti, P. Munar, J.F. Glicenstein, Aris Karastergiou, A. Djannati-Ataï, B. Courty, R. A. Ong, J. Dick, Paolo Conconi, S. Giarrusso, G. Maneva, E. Salazar, A. Saggion, E. Birsin, Adrian Biland, Markus Gaug, Gino Tosti, M. Á. Sánchez Conde, Abelardo Moralejo, Chad Finley, J. D. Ponz, Hideaki Katagiri, A. M. Lopez, G. Pühlhofer, M. Yonetani, Emmanuel Moulin, E. Aliu, R. Kankanyan, Hiroyasu Tajima, F. Mirabel, Jan Conrad, R. Sternberger, Diego F. Torres, P.H. Carton, P.-O. Petrucci, L. Sapozhnikov, A. Schulz, J. Krause, B. De Lotto, J. P. Finley, J. Boix, Volker Beckmann, S. Klepser, Jun Kakuwa, Dimitris Balis, Hironori Matsumoto, R. Welsing, Matthew R. Orr, Dominique Durand, O. Luz, Nina Nowak, J. M. Illa, A. Aravantinos, P. Romano, A. Oziȩbło, Alessandro Carosi, Keith Bechtol, Elisa Prandini, S. Cavazzani, A. Zagdański, Francesca Volpe, Helene Sol, Ryan Heller, S. Vercellone, A. Bonardi, D. Garrido, Jose Miguel Miranda, Jürgen Barnstedt, Hiroshi Muraishi, Nathan Smith, D. Naumann, German Martinez, F.C. Antico, Kenji Toma, B. Cerruti, S. Couturier, R. Bühler, A. Gadola, F. Guilloux, M. Paz Arribas, F. Dubois, Victor Zabalza, A. G. Akhperjanian, Eckhard Kendziorra, Tomonori Totani, Universitat de Barcelona, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CTA, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), CTA Collaboration, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), M., Acti, G., Agnetta, F., Aharonian, A., Akhperjanian, J., Aleksic, E., Aliu, D., Allan, I., Allekotte, F., Antico, L. A., Antonelli, P., Antoranz, A., Aravantino, T., Arlen, H., Arnaldi, S., Artmann, K., Asano, H., Asorey, J., Baehr, A., Bai, C., Baixera, S., Bajtlik, D., Bali, A., Bamba, C., Barbier, M., Barcelo, A., Barnacka, J., Barnstedt, U. B., De, J. A., Barrio, S., Basso, D., Bastieri, C., Bauer, J., Becerra, Y., Becherini, K., Bechtol, J., Becker, V., Beckmann, W., Bednarek, B., Behera, M., Beilicke, M., Belluso, M., Benallou, W., Benbow, J., Berdugo, K., Berger, T., Bernardino, K., Bernloehr, A., Biland, S., Billotta, T., Bird, E., Birsin, Bissaldi, Elisabetta, S., Blake, O., Blanch, A. A., Bobkov, L., Bogacz, M., Bogdan, C., Boisson, J., Boix, J., Bolmont, G., Bonanno, A., Bonardi, T., Bonev, J., Borkowski, O., Botner, A., Bottani, M., Bourgeat, C., Boutonnet, A., Bouvier, S., Brau Nogue, I., Braun, T., Bretz, M. S., Brigg, P., Brun, L., Brunetti, H., Buckley, V., Bugaev, R., Buehler, T., Bulik, G., Busetto, S., Buson, K., Byrum, M., Caille, R., Cameron, R., Canestrari, S., Cantu, E., Carmona, A., Carosi, J., Carr, P. H., Carton, M., Casiraghi, H., Castarede, O., Catalano, S., Cavazzani, S., Cazaux, B., Cerruti, M., Cerruti, M., Chadwick, J., Chiang, M., Chikawa, M., Cieslar, M., Ciesielska, A., Cilli, C., Clerc, P., Colin, J., Colome, M., Compin, P., Conconi, V., Connaughton, J., Conrad, J. L., Contrera, P., Coppi, M., Corlier, P., Corona, O., Corpace, D., Corti, J., Cortina, H., Costantini, G., Cotter, B., Courty, S., Couturier, S., Covino, J., Croston, G., Cusumano, M. K., Daniel, F., Dazzi, A., Deangeli, E. d., Cea, E. M., De, O. d., Jager, I. d., La, G. D., La, B. D., Lotto, M. d., Nauroi, E. d., Ona, V. d., Souza, B., Decerprit, C., Deil, E., Delagne, G., Deleglise, C., Delgado, T., Dettlaff, A. D., Paolo, F. D., Pierro, C., Diaz, J., Dick, H., Dickinson, S. W., Digel, D., Dimitrov, G., Disset, A., Djannati Ata, M., Doert, W., Domainko, D., Dorner, M., Doro, J. . ., L., D., Dravin, L., Drury, F., Duboi, R., Duboi, G., Dubu, C., Dufour, D., Durand, J., Dyk, M., Dyrda, E., Edy, K., Egbert, C., Eleftheriadi, S., Elle, D., Emmanoulopoulo, R., Enomoto, J. . ., P., M., Errando, A., Etchegoyen, A. D., Falcone, K., Farako, C., Farnier, S., Federici, F., Feinstein, D., Ferenc, E., Fillin Martino, D., Fink, C., Finley, J. P., Finley, R., Firpo, D., Florin, C., Foehr, E., Fokiti, L., Font, G., Fontaine, A., Fontana, A., Foerster, L., Fortson, N., Fouque, C., Fransson, G. W., Fraser, L., Fresnillo, C., Fruck, Y., Fujita, Y., Fukazawa, S., Funk, W., Gaebele, S., Gabici, A., Gadola, N., Galante, Y., Gallant, B., Garcia, R. J., Garcia, D., Garrido, L., Garrido, D., Gascon, C., Gasq, M., Gaug, J., Gaweda, N., Geffroy, C., Ghag, A., Ghedina, M., Ghigo, E., Gianakaki, S., Giarrusso, G., Giavitto, B., Giebel, E., Giro, P., Giubilato, T., Glanzman, J. . ., F., M., Gochna, V., Golev, M. G., Berisso, A., Gonzalez, F., Gonzalez, F., Granena, R., Graciani, J., Granot, R., Gredig, A., Green, T., Greenshaw, O., Grimm, J., Grube, M., Grudzinska, J., Grygorczuk, V., Guarino, L., Guglielmi, F., Guilloux, S., Gunji, G., Gyuk, D., Hadasch, D., Haefner, R., Hagiwara, J., Hahn, A., Hallgren, S., Hara, M. J., Hardcastle, T., Hassan, T., Haubold, M., Hauser, M., Hayashida, R., Heller, G., Henri, G., Hermann, A., Herrero, J. A., Hinton, D., Hoffmann, W., Hofmann, P., Hofverberg, D., Horn, D., Hrupec, H., Huan, B., Huber, J. . ., M., G., Hughe, K., Hultquist, T. B., Humensky, A., Ibarra, J. M., Illa, J., Ingjald, S., Inoue, Y., Inoue, K., Ioka, C., Jablonski, A., Jacholkowska, M., Janiak, P., Jean, H., Jensen, T., Jogler, I., Jung, P., Kaaret, S., Kabuki, J., Kakuwa, C., Kalkuhl, R., Kankanyan, M., Kapala, A., Karastergiou, M., Karczewski, S., Karkar, N., Karlsson, J., Kasperek, H., Katagiri, K., Katarzynski, N., Kawanaka, B., Kedziora, E., Kendziorra, B., Khelifi, D., Kieda, T., Kifune, T., Kihm, S., Klepser, W., Kluzniak, J., Knapp, A. R., Knappy, T., Kneiske, J., Knoedlseder, F., Koeck, K., Kodani, K., Kohri, K., Kokkota, N., Komin, A., Konopelko, K., Kosack, R., Kossakowski, P., Kostka, J., Kotula, G., Kowal, J., Koziol, T., Kraehenbuehl, J., Krause, H., Krawczynski, F., Krennrich, A., Kretzschmann, H., Kubo, V. A., Kudryavtsev, J., Kushida, N. L., Barbera, V. L., Parola, G. L., Rosa, A., Lopez, G., Lamanna, P., Laporte, C., Lavalley, T. L., Flour, A. L., Padellec, L., Lessio, B., Lieunard, E., Lindfor, A., Liolio, T., Lohse, S., Lombardi, A., Lopatin, E., Lorenz, P., Lubinski, O., Luz, E., Lyard, M. C., Maccarone, T., Maccarone, G., Maier, P., Majumdar, S., Maltezo, P., Malkiewicz, C., Mana, A., Manalaysay, G., Maneva, A., Mangano, P., Manigot, J., Marin, M., Mariotti, S., Markoff, G., Martinez, M., Martinez, A., Mastichiadi, H., Matsumoto, S., Mattiazzo, D., Mazin, T. J., L., N., Mccubbin, I., Mchardy, C., Medina, D., Melkumyan, A., Mende, P., Mertsch, M., Meucci, J., Michalowski, P., Micolon, T., Mineo, N., Mirabal, F., Mirabel, J. M., Miranda, R., Mirzoyan, T., Mizuno, B., Moal, R., Moderski, E., Molinari, I., Monteiro, A., Moralejo, C., Morello, K., Mori, G., Motta, F., Mottez, E., Moulin, R., Mukherjee, P., Munar, H., Muraishi, K., Murase, A. S., Murphy, S., Nagataki, T., Naito, T., Nakamori, K., Nakayama, C., Naumann, D., Naumann, P., Nayman, D., Nedbal, A., Niedzwiecki, J., Niemiec, A., Nikolaidi, K., Nishijima, S. J., Nolan, N., Nowak, P. T., O'Brien, I., Ochoa, Y., Ohira, M., Ohishi, H., Ohka, A., Okumura, C., Olivetto, R. A., Ong, R., Orito, M., Orr, J. P., Osborne, M., Ostrowski, L., Otero, A. N., Otte, E., Ovcharov, I., Oya, A., Ozieblo, S., Paiano, J., Pallota, J. L., Panazol, D., Paneque, M., Panter, R., Paoletti, G., Papyan, J. M., Parede, G., Pareschi, R. D., Parson, M. P., Arriba, G., Pedaletti, A., Pepato, M., Persic, P. O., Petrucci, B., Peyaud, W., Piechocki, S., Pita, G., Pivato, L., Plato, R., Platzer, L., Pogosyan, M., Pohl, G., Pojmanski, J. D., Ponz, W., Potter, E., Prandini, R., Preece, H., Prokoph, G., Puehlhofer, M., Punch, E., Quel, A., Quirrenbach, P., Rajda, R., Rando, M., Rataj, M., Raue, C., Reimann, O., Reimann, A., Reimer, O., Reimer, M., Renaud, S., Renner, W., Rhode, M., Ribo, M., Ribordy, J., Rico, F., Rieger, P., Ringegni, J., Ripken, P., Ristori, S., Rivoire, L., Rob, S., Rodriguez, U., Roeser, P., Romano, G. E., Romero, S., Rosier Lee, A. C., Rovero, F., Roy, S., Royer, B., Rudak, C. B., Rulten, J., Ruppel, F., Russo, F., Ryde, B., Sacco, A., Saggion, V., Sahakian, K., Saito, T., Saito, N., Sakaki, E., Salazar, A., Salini, F., Sanchez, M. A., Sanchez, A., Santangelo, E. M., Santo, A., Sanuy, L., Sapozhnikov, S., Sarkar, V., Scalzotto, V., Scapin, M., Scarcioffolo, T., Schanz, S., Schlenstedt, R., Schlickeiser, T., Schmidt, J., Schmoll, M., Schroedter, C., Schultz, J., Schultze, A., Schulz, U., Schwanke, S., Schwarzburg, T., Schweizer, J., Seiradaki, S., Selmane, K., Seweryn, M., Shayduk, R. C., Shellard, T., Shibata, M., Sikora, J., Silk, A., Sillanpaa, J., Sitarek, C., Skole, N., Smith, D., Sobczynska, M. S., Haro, H., Sol, F., Spanier, D., Spiga, S., Spyrou, V., Stamatescu, A., Stamerra, R. L., C., L., Stawarz, R., Steenkamp, C., Stegmann, S., Steiner, N., Stergioula, R., Sternberger, F., Stinzing, M., Stodulski, U., Straumann, A., Suarez, M., Suchenek, R., Sugawara, K. H., Sulanke, S., Sun, A. D., Supanitsky, P., Sutcliffe, M., Szanecki, T., Szepieniec, A., Szostek, A., Szymkowiak, G., Tagliaferri, H., Tajima, H., Takahashi, K., Takahashi, L., Takalo, H., Takami, R. G., Talbot, P. H., Tam, M., Tanaka, T., Tanimori, M., Tavani, C., Tchernin, L. A., Tejedor, I., Telezhinsky, P., Temnikov, C., Tenzer, Y., Terada, R., Terrier, M., Teshima, V., Testa, L., Tibaldo, O., Tibolla, M., Tluczykont, C. J., Todero, F., Tokanai, M., Tokarz, K., Toma, D. F., Torre, G., Tosti, T., Totani, F., Toussenel, P., Vallania, G., Vallejo, J. v., Der, C. v., Eldik, J., Vandenbroucke, H., Vankov, G., Vasileiadi, V. V., Vassiliev, I., Vega, L., Venter, S., Vercellone, C., Veyssiere, J. P., Vialle, M., Videla, P., Vincent, J., Vink, N., Vlahaki, L., Vlaho, P., Vogler, A., Vollhardt, F., Volpe, H. P., Von, S., Vorobiov, S., Wagner, R. M., Wagner, B., Wagner, S. P., Wakely, P., Walter, R., Walter, R., Warwick, P., Wawer, R., Wawrzaszek, N., Webb, P., Wegner, A., Weinstein, Q., Weitzel, R., Welsing, H., Wetteskind, R., White, A., Wierzcholska, M. I., Wilkinson, D. A., William, M., Winde, R., Wischnewski, L., Wisniewski, A., Wolczko, M., Wood, Q., Xiong, T., Yamamoto, K., Yamaoka, R., Yamazaki, S., Yanagita, B., Yoffo, M., Yonetani, A., Yoshida, T., Yoshida, T., Yoshikoshi, V., Zabalza, A., Zagdanski, A., Zajczyk, A., Zdziarski, A., Zech, K., Zietara, P., Ziolkowski, V., Zitelli, and P., Zychowski

Subjects
Next generation Cherenkov telescopes, Ciencias Astronómicas, IACT, next generation Cherenkov telescopes, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Design concepts, Ground based gamma ray astronomy, Observatory, Gamma ray astronomy, Instruments astronòmics, Ingeniería Aeronáutica, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common, Physics, Bursts, Radiation, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Gamma-ray astronomy, Particles, Electrónica, Física nuclear, Magic Telescope, design concepts, Electricidad, Simulation, GAMMA-RAY PULSARS, Optical-System, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], ATMOSPHERIC CHERENKOV TELESCOPE, VHE Gamma ray, QUASAR, cosmic rays, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, Partícules (Física nuclear), 0103 physical sciences, Astronomia de raigs gamma, 14. Life underwater, 1St Detection, Cherenkov radiation, Particles (Nuclear physics), Astroparticle physics, Telescopis, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Astronomy, Astronomical instruments, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ASTROFÍSICA, Cosmic-Rays, Cherenkov Telescope Array, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Induced Air-Showers, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Next generation Cherenkov telescope, Tev, ground based gamma ray astronomy, Telescopes
Abstract

Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has a huge potential in astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. CTA is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV-10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100 GeV and above 100 TeV. CTA will consist of two arrays (one in the north, one in the south) for full sky coverage and will be operated as open observatory. The design of CTA is based on currently available technology. This document reports on the status and presents the major design concepts of CTA., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo., Departamento de Aeronáutica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

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12. STOCHASTIC GYRORESONANT ACCELERATION FOR HARD ELECTRON SPECTRA OF BLAZARS: EFFECT OF DAMPING OF CASCADING TURBULENCE.

Author

Jun Kakuwa

Subjects
*BL Lacertae objects, *ACTIVE galaxies, *TURBULENCE, *FLUID dynamics, *PHOTONS
Abstract

Stochastic acceleration of nonthermal electrons is investigated in the context of hard photon spectra of blazars. It is well known that this acceleration mechanism can produce a hard electron spectrum of with the high-energy cutoff, called an ultrarelativistic Maxwellian-like distribution, where is an electron energy spectrum. We revisit the formation of this characteristic spectrum, considering a particular situation where the electrons are accelerated through gyroresonant interaction with magnetohydrodynamic wave turbulence driven by the turbulent cascade. By solving kinetic equations of the turbulent fields, electrons, and photons emitted via the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) process, we demonstrate that in the non-test-particle treatment, the formation of a Maxwellian-like distribution is prevented by the damping effect on the turbulent fields due to the electron acceleration, at least unless an extreme parameter value is chosen. Instead, a softer electron spectrum with the index of m ≈ −1 is produced if the Kolmogorov-type cascade is assumed. The SSC spectrum that originates from the resultant softer electron spectrum is still hard, but somewhat softer and broader than the case of m = 2. This change of achievable hardness should be noted when this basic particle acceleration scenario is accurately tested with observations of hard photon spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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