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BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of botulinum toxin (BTX) injection for the treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH), there is no standard treatment option. OBJECTIVE We report the efficacy and safety for BTX in MMH over a period of 48 weeks. METHODS In double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials, 180 patients (randomized 1:1) received treatment with placebo (normal saline) or prabotulinumtoxinA (48 units). Masseter muscle thickness (at maximal clenching and resting positions), 3D imaging analysis, and masseter muscle hypertrophy scale grades were analyzed at each time point. After the 24-week CORE study, all patients who met the same criteria of the CORE study at week 24 (n 5 114) received only prabotulinumtoxinA, regardless of previous treatment, for an additional 24 weeks (48 weeks in total) for the open-label extension study. RESULTS The largest differences in mean and percent changes from baseline in masseter muscle thickness were observed at 12 weeks, and there were significant differences between the 2 groups at all time points (all p, .001). The effect was independent of the number of injections. No serious adverse event was observed. CONCLUSION PrabotulinumtoxinA could effectively ameliorate MMH without major complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the dynamics and morphology of dewetting of bilayers of thin polymer films, made of a top poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) film on a polystyrene film on silicon substrates, upon exposure to vapors of binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol, acetone, and water, respectively a good solvent, a poor solvent, and a nonsolvent for P4VP. The composition of the vapor mixtures affected dramatically dewetting rate, dewetting dynamics and the morphology of the dewetted features, with vapor mixtures leading always to much higher dewetting rates than both pure solvent vapors and thermal annealing. We identified the role that each of the solvent vapors plays in the mixture, and concluded that water and acetone induce a transition of the polymer chains to a globule conformation reducing viscosity and modify the interfacial energies, two effects that strongly drive the dewetting. In an acetone environment, dewetting further speeds up, under the effect of a lubricated flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]