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Abstract Most triblock copolymer-based physical hydrogels form three-dimensional networks through micellar packing, and formation of polymer loops represents a topological defect that diminishes hydrogel elasticity. This effect can be mitigated by maximizing the fraction of elastically effective bridges in the hydrogel network. Herein, we report hydrogels constructed by complexing oppositely charged multiblock copolymers designed with a sequence pattern that maximizes the entropic and enthalpic penalty of micellization. These copolymers self-assemble into branched and bridge-rich network units (netmers), instead of forming sparsely interlinked micelles. We find that the storage modulus of the netmer-based hydrogel is 11.5 times higher than that of the micelle-based hydrogel. Complementary coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations reveal that in the netmer-based hydrogels, the numbers of charge-complexed nodes and mechanically reinforcing bridges increase substantially relative to micelle-based hydrogels.

Abstract Mussel periostracum, a nonliving multifunctional gel that covers the rigid inorganic shells of mussels, provides protection against mechanical impacts, biofouling, and corrosion in harsh ocean environments. The inner part of the periostracum, which emerges from biological tissues, functions as a natural interface between tissue and inorganic materials. The periostracum shows significant potential for application in implantable devices that provide interfaces; however, this system remains unexplored. In this study, we revealed that the inner periostracum performs graded mechanical functions and efficiently dissipates energy to accommodate differences in stiffness and stress types on both sides. On the tissue end, the lightly pigmented periostracum exhibits extensibility and energy dissipation under repetitive tension. This process was facilitated by the slipping and reassembly of β-strands in the discovered major proteins, which we named periostracin proteins. On the shell end, the highly pigmented, mineralized, and porous segment of the periostracum provided stiffness and cushioned against compressive stresses exerted by the shell valves during closure. These findings offer a novel possibilities for the design of interfaces that bridge human tissue and devices.

The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation (KAUTII) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency updated the guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine against sexually transmitted HPV infections in Korea to respond to changing epidemiologic trends, evolving scientific evidence, and advances in laboratory diagnostics and research. Main purpose and recommendation of vaccination against HPV are as follows: (1) the purpose of HPV vaccine is to reduce the risk of genital warts and HPV-related cancers including cervical and vulvar cancer, head and neck cancer, anal cancer, and penile cancer; (2) in Korea, bivalent (16, 18) vaccines, quadrivalent vaccines (6, 11, 16, 18), and 9-valent vaccines (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) are used depending on the type of HPV; (3) bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are national immunizations targeting girls aged 11–12 years and low-income young females aged 18–26 years (age and range of inoculation: routinely administered at 11 or 12 years of age, 2 doses at 0 and 6 months for 12–14 years of age; for females aged 15–26 years, 3 doses depending on the type of vaccine; vaccination can be given to those aged up to 45 years through consultation with a clinician); (4) in the case of administering 2 doses, at least 5 months apart; in the case of administering 3 doses, it is recommended to keep 4 weeks between the 1st and 2nd doses, 12 weeks between the 2nd and 3rd doses, and 5 months between the 1st and 3rd doses; (5) immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV, malignant neoplasms, and autoimmune diseases, and those undergoing transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy should receive 3 doses. HPV vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.

The sports industry is gaining popularity with time and all the countries are investing a lot of money for fame and entertainment around the world. To ensure the high quality of sports, modern techniques such as machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are playing a very optimistic role. Various IoT-grounded smart sensors are implemented with integration in AI and ML for the safety and high performance of the players. Based on the numerous applications of modern technologies, it is very convenient to capture different body movements of the players and avoid any severe injuries and long-term health issues. AI and IoT-driven smart devices are revolutionizing the analysis of athletes' training and performance, offering precise insights for their improvement. This article delved into the remarkable strides made in scientific sports, highlighting how computer-based elements are reshaping the sports landscape for athletes and spectators alike. These innovations enable real-time health monitoring, prevent accidents, capture diverse postures and analyze sporting outcomes. By extensively reviewing existing literature, key features have been identified and prioritized. Using the graph theory matrix approach (GTMA), this piece compared and ranks available alternatives based on these selected features. Moreover, the parameter matrix and normalized matrix were reported in tabulated form and the ranks for ten paradigms are illustrated graphically for better visualization.

Abstract Self‐healing polymeric materials, which can repair physical damage, offer promising prospects for protective applications across various industries. Although prolonged durability and resource conservation are key advantages, focusing solely on mechanical recovery may limit the market potential of these materials. The unique physical properties of self‐healing polymers, such as interfacial reduction, seamless connection lines, temperature/pressure responses, and phase transitions, enable a multitude of innovative applications. In this perspective, the diverse applications of self‐healing polymers beyond their traditional mechanical strength are emphasized and their potential in various sectors such as food packaging, damage‐reporting, radiation shielding, acoustic conservation, biomedical monitoring, and tissue regeneration is explored. With regards to the commercialization challenges, including scalability, robustness, and performance degradation under extreme conditions, strategies to overcome these limitations and promote successful industrialization are discussed. Furthermore, the potential impacts of self‐healing materials on future research directions, encompassing environmental sustainability, advanced computational techniques, integration with emerging technologies, and tailoring materials for specific applications are examined. This perspective aims to inspire interdisciplinary approaches and foster the adoption of self‐healing materials in various real‐life settings, ultimately contributing to the development of next‐generation materials.

Abstract The Galileo navigation satellite system (Galileo) E5 Alternative Binary Offset Carrier (AltBOC) signal brings various challenges due to its complex modulation, wide bandwidth, and multi-peaked auto-correlation function. While wideband tracking needs to solve the ambiguity problem and design dedicated baseband channels, the single-sideband cannot have the outstanding performance of the AltBOC signal. We propose a new tracking method called “Double Sideband Combined Tracking” (DSCT), which can fully exploit the AltBOC signal’s code tracking accuracy without ambiguity and ensure compatibility with Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) processing channels, easily implemented in hardware. The DSCT employs one phase locked loop and one delay locked loop to track the carrier and code, respectively. The double-sideband correlation results used by the two loops are recovered by coherently combining the single-sideband correlation results of the two BPSK channels. Meanwhile, the combined model, the loop discriminator, and the ambiguity detection of the DSCT are discussed. Furthermore, the code tracking error caused by thermal noise is modeled and analyzed. The test results based on real Galileo E5 signals show that the DSCT exhibits better or comparable code tracking accuracy to the AltBOC wideband tracking method. When the loop falsely locks onto a side-peak, the DSCT can quickly detect and re-lock on the main peak.

We present a detailed analysis of the progenitor and its local environment for the recently discovered Type II supernova (SN) 2024ggi at a distance of about 6.7 Mpc, by utilizing the pre-explosion images from the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope. The progenitor is identified as a red bright variable star, with absolute F814W-band magnitudes being −6.2 mag in 1995 to −7.2 mag in 2003, respectively, consistent with that of a normal red supergiant star. Combining with the historical mid-infrared light curves, a pulsational period of about 379 days can be inferred for the progenitor star. Fitting its spectral energy distribution with stellar spectral models yields the stellar parameters of temperature, radius, and bolometric luminosity as ${T}_{* }={3290}_{-27}^{+19}$ K, ${R}_{* }={887}_{-51}^{+60}$ R _⊙ , and log( L / L _⊙ ) $\,=\,{4.92}_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$ , respectively. The above parameters indicate that the progenitor of SN 2024ggi is consistent with the stellar evolutionary track of a solar-metallicity massive star with an initial mass of ${13}_{-1}^{+1}$ M _⊙ . Moreover, our analysis indicates a relatively low mass-loss rate (i.e.,

Considering a variety of sampled value (SV) attacks on busbar differential protection (BDP) which poses challenges to conventional learning algorithms, an algorithm to detect SV attacks based on the immune system of negative selection is developed in this paper. The healthy SV data of BDP are defined as self-data composed of spheres of the same size, whereas the SV attack data, i.e., the nonself data, are preserved in the nonself space covered by spherical detectors of different sizes. To avoid the confusion between busbar faults and SV attacks, a self-shape optimization algorithm is introduced, and the improved self-data are verified through a power-frequency fault-component-based differential protection criterion to avoid false negatives. Based on the difficulty of boundary coverage in traditional negative selection algorithms, a self-data-driven detector generation algorithm is proposed to enhance the detector coverage. A testbed of differential protection for a 110 kV double busbar system is then established. Typical SV attacks of BDP such as amplitude and current phase tampering, fault replays, and the disconnection of the secondary circuits of current transformers are considered, and the delays of differential relay operation caused by detection algorithms are investigated.

We present optical observations and analysis of the bright type Iax supernova SN 2020udy hosted by NGC 0812. The evolution of the light curve of SN 2020udy is similar to that of other bright type Iax SNe. Analytical modeling of the quasi-bolometric light curves of SN 2020udy suggests that 0.08 ± 0.01 M _⊙ of ^56 Ni would have been synthesized during the explosion. The spectral features of SN 2020udy are similar to those of the bright members of type Iax class, showing a weak Si ii line. The late-time spectral sequence is mostly dominated by iron group elements with broad emission lines. Abundance tomography modeling of the spectral time series of SN 2020udy using TARDIS indicates stratification in the outer ejecta; however, to confirm this, spectral modeling at a very early phase is required. After maximum light, uniform mixing of chemical elements is sufficient to explain the spectral evolution. Unlike in the case of normal type Ia SNe, the photospheric approximation remains robust until +100 days, requiring an additional continuum source. Overall, the observational features of SN 2020udy are consistent with the deflagration of a carbon–oxygen white dwarf.

Key Clinical Message Hydroa vacciniforme‐like lymphoproliferative disorder (HV‐LPD) is a rare cutaneous form of chronic active Epstein–Barr virus (CAEBV) that presents with vesicular lesions induced by sun‐exposure. Arterial aneurysm is a rare but potentially fatal complication of CAEBV and HV‐LPD.

The demand for face masks is increasing exponentially due to the coronavirus pandemic and the particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. As a result, an enormous number of disposable mask filters have been produced and discarded, contributing to plastic waste. Underprivileged people who cannot afford to purchase commercial face masks have started making fabric masks with waste clothing; however, this material does not effectively filter viruses or PM. Therefore, in this study, a chitosan coating was applied to clothing fabrics to increase their effectiveness as face masks. The improvement in the PM removal efficiency owing to the chitosan polymer was observed for stocking, innerwear, and bamboo materials, but not for cotton. Furthermore, chitosan prepared in the form of a nanowhisker (CsW) achieved a PM 2.5 removal efficiency of 96% in a five-layer cotton fabric. In addition, a commercial biodegradable poly(lactic acid) filter was coated with CsW, which increased the PM 2.5 removal efficiency from 67% to 83%. Additionally, microbial growth was significantly suppressed in the chitosan-coated fabrics, and the degree to which it was suppressed depended on the coating concentration. The study will aid in the utilization of face mask filters that are more sustainable, efficient, and widely accessible.

In order to investigate the thermo elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of internal meshing asymmetrical gears with addendum modification， the transient thermo elastohydrodynamic lubrication of asymmetrical polymer gears with addendum modification is analyzed by the multi-grid method. The elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of modified gears with different transmission types are compared. The effects of different distribution forms of modification coefficients and tooth profile modification on the transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication of asymmetrical polymer gears under internal meshing are analyzed. The results show that asymmetrical tooth profile can improve the lubrication performance of the gears with addendum modification， and the positive transmission gear has the best lubrication performance. The larger modification coefficient of the inner gear is conducive to the thermo elastohydrodynamic lubrication performance. The moderate tooth profile modification can improve the lubrication performance of the asymmetric gears with addendum modification.

Cannulation implantation into the cisterna magna is an important procedure in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The disadvantages of existing techniques include the risk of brain damage, compromised muscle mobility, and the complexity of the procedures. In the present study, the authors describe a modified, simple, and reliable procedure for long-term cannulation implantation into the cisterna magna in rats. The device consists of four parts: the puncture segment, the connection segment, the fixing segment, and the external segment. Intraoperative ICP monitoring and post-operative computed tomography (CT) scans were performed, which confirmed the accuracy and safety of this method. There were no limitations on the daily activities of the rats when long-term drainage was carried out for 1 week. This new technique offers an improved method of cannulation and will be a potentially useful method for CSF sampling and ICP monitoring in neuroscience research.

We present the discovery and studies of the helium-rich, fast-evolving supernova (SN) 2021agco at a distance of ∼40 Mpc. Its early-time flux is found to rise from half peak to the peak of −16.06 ± 0.42 mag in the r band within ${2.4}_{-1.0}^{+1.5}$ days, and the post-peak light curves also decline at a much faster pace relative to normal stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe) of Type Ib/Ic. The early-time spectrum of SN 2021agco ( t ≈ 1.0 days after the peak) is characterized by a featureless blue continuum superimposed with a weak emission line of ionized C iii , and the subsequent spectra show prominent He i lines. Both the photometric and spectroscopic evolution show close resemblances to SN 2019dge, which is believed to have an extremely stripped progenitor. We reproduce the multicolor light curves of SN 2021agco with a model combining shock-cooling emission with ^56 Ni decay. The best-fit results give an ejecta mass of ≈0.3 M _⊙ and a synthesized nickel mass of ≈2.2 × 10 ^−2 M _⊙ . The progenitor is estimated to have an envelope radius of R _env ≈ 80 R _⊙ and a mass of M _env ≈ 0.10 M _⊙ . All these suggest that SN 2021agco can be categorized as an ultra-stripped SN Ib, representing the closest object of this rare subtype. This SN is found to explode in the disk of a Sab-type galaxy with an age of ∼10.0 Gyr and low star-forming activity. Compared to normal SNe Ib/c, the host galaxies of SN 2021agco and other ultra-stripped SNe tend to have relatively lower metallicity, which complicates the properties of their progenitor populations.

Abstract Among plastic items, single‐use straws are particularly detrimental to marine ecosystems because such straws, including those made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), are sharp and extremely slowly degradable in the ocean. While paper straws are promising alternatives, they exhibit hydration‐induced swelling even when coated with a non‐degradable plastic coating and promote effervescence (fizzing) in soft drinks owing to their surface heterogeneities. In this study, upgraded paper straw is coated with poly(butylene succinate) cellulose nanocrystal (PBS/CNC) composites. CNC increases adhesion to paper owing to their similar chemical structures, optimizes crystalline PBS spherulites through effective nucleation, and reinforces the matrix through its anisotropic and rigid features. The straws are not only anti‐fizzing when used with soft drinks owing to their homogeneous and seamless surface coatings, but also highly water‐resistant and tough owing to their watertight surfaces. All degradable components effectively decompose under aerobic composting and in the marine environment. This technology contributes to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water).

Background: Red ginseng has been found to improve ocular perfusion and dry eye syndrome in glaucomatous eyes; however, its effects on visual function and vision-related quality of life have not been investigated. This study sought to evaluate the effects of red ginseng on visual function and vision-related quality of life in glaucoma patients using contrast sensitivity and a questionnaire. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to two groups in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study: in one group, red ginseng was taken first, followed by a placebo, and in the other, placebo was taken first, followed by red ginseng. We measured and compared changes in contrast sensitivity and vision-related quality of life between the two groups. Contrast sensitivity was measured using OPTEC® 6500P, and vision-related quality of life was evaluated using the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. One-way and two-way repeated measure analyses of variance were used for the comparison. Relationships between respective changes in dry eye syndrome and contrast sensitivity were also analyzed. Results: Daytime contrast sensitivity and ocular pain improved after the administration of red ginseng. Nighttime contrast sensitivity was improved in early or moderate glaucoma. Improved contrast sensitivity was not associated with improvement in dry eye syndrome. Conclusion: Red ginseng could improve contrast sensitivity and ocular pain in patients with glaucoma. The mechanism underlying improvement in contrast sensitivity appears to be associated with enhanced retinal perfusion or retinal ganglion cell function, but not dry eye syndrome.

Background Nasotracheal intubation is generally performed for intraoral surgery. Case A 34-year-old female patient who underwent orthognathic surgery exhibited repeated endotracheal tube cuff tears during nasotracheal intubation. After intubation, leaks developed, and torn endotracheal cuff was observed in the removed endotracheal tube. Subsequently, re-intubation through the same nasal cavity was performed immediately, but leakage from the torn endotracheal tube cuff was re-observed. A leakage test of the extubated tube revealed air bubbles and leaks near the tube cuff due to the tear. Nasotracheal intubation was performed through the other nasal cavity, and there were no leakage findings or abnormalities. During the course of the surgery, the surgeon noticed that the orthodontic micro-implant deposited in the mid-tube cavity was exposed to the nasal cavity. Conclusions We aimed to emphasize caution and discuss the possibility that orthodontic micro-implants that are not confirmed during preoperative evaluation may cause repeated endotracheal tube cuff tears.

Urachal adenocarcinoma is rare, accounting for only 10% of adenocarcinomas of the bladder and the prognosis of urachal adenocarcinomas is poor since most cases are detected late. Since urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare disease, no effective standard treatment has yet been established. However, in recent studies, resection of carcinoma is considered the only treatment considered for non-metastatic cases. Although for large sized urachal adenocarcinoma, open surgery or laparoscopic surgery is usually considered, we have recently experienced huge urachal carcinoma by robotic surgery. We used cystoscopy and the robot to assess the cancer margins and safely perform the operation. A 71-year-old man with a medical history of hypertension and arrhythmia visited our urology department with urachal cancer detected by computed tomography (CT). CT showed a lobulated low-density mass, most likely urachal carcinoma, abutting the anterior dome of the bladder and anterior abdominal wall. We performed preoperative cystoscopy to assess the extent of the protrusion of the urachal cancer into the bladder wall and the area requiring resection during surgery. We confirmed the size and extent of the mass protruding into the anterior wall of the urinary bladder and Robot-assisted laparoscopic intracorporeal urachal mass resection and partial cystectomy using cystoscopy together was performed. After one month, the patient has no complications and no complaining symptoms complaints without any abnormal finding of follow up imaging test. Although more procedures must be performed to ensure the safety of robotic surgery as a treatment strategy for large urachal carcinomas, we confirm that robotic surgery can replace open or laparoscopic surgery for such tumors.

Polymer gears are light and corrosion resistant， which can reduce noise and improve economic benefits. Correspondingly， polymer gear teeth are weaker than metal ones， so asymmetric design is adopted to improve the strength of polymer gear. In order to investigate the elastohydrodynamic characteristics of asymmetric polymer gears， analysis of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication of asymmetric polymer gears is carried out under water lubrication by using the multi-grid method. The water film pressure and thickness of asymmetric gear are compared with that of traditional symmetric gear. The influence of changing gear operating condition and considering gear tooth surface roughness on gear elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis is studied. The results show that the elastohydrodynamic performance of gears can be effectively improved by asymmetric design. The pressure and film thickness of the lubrication film are greatly affected by rotational velocity and load. The roughness has a negative effect on elastohydrodynamic lubrication of asymmetric polymer gears and the tooth surface quality should be guaranteed in applications.

Abstract Background Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a disorder, in which orbital connective tissues get in inflammation and increase in volume. Stimulants such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1), IL-1, interferon γ, and platelet-derived growth factor cause differentiation into adipocytes of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in the orbital fat and extraocular muscles. Human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) are known to have immune modulation effects on disease pathogenesis. Some reports suggest that hPMSCs can elicit therapeutic effects, but to date, research on this has been insufficient. In this study, we constructed PRL-1 overexpressed hPMSCs (hPMSCsPRL-1) in an attempt to enhance the suppressive function of adipogenesis in GO animal models. Methods In order to investigate the anti-adipogenic effects, primary OFs were incubated with differentiation medium for 10 days. After co-culturing with hPMSCsPRL-1, the characteristics of the OFs were analyzed using Nile red stain and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We then examined the in vivo regulatory effectiveness of hPMSCsPRL-1 in a GO mouse model that immunized by leg muscle electroporation of pTriEx1.1Neo-hTSHR A-subunit plasmid. Human PMSCsPRL-1 injection was performed in left orbit. We also analyzed the anti-adipogenic effects of hPMSCsPRL-1 in the GO model. Results We found that hPMSCsPRL-1 inhibited adipogenic activation factors, specifically PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, SREBP2, and HMGCR, by 75.1%, 50%, 79.6%, 81.8%, and 87%, respectively, compared with naïve hPMSCs in adipogenesis-induced primary OFs from GO. Moreover, hPMSCsPRL-1 more effectively inhibited adipogenic factors ADIPONECTIN and HMGCR by 53.2% and 31.7%, respectively, than hPMSCs, compared with 15.8% and 29.8% using steroids in the orbital fat of the GO animal model. Conclusion Our findings suggest that hPMSCsPRL-1 would restore inflammation and adipogenesis of GO model and demonstrate that they could be applied as a novel treatment for GO patients.

Background Postoperative delirium (POD) is a condition of cerebral dysfunction and a common complication after surgery. This study aimed to compare and determine the relative efficacy of pharmacological interventions for preventing POD using a network meta-analysis. Methods We performed a systematic and comprehensive search to identify and analyze all randomized controlled trials until June 29, 2020, comparing two or more pharmacological interventions, including placebo, to prevent or reduce POD. The primary outcome was the incidence of POD. We performed a network meta-analysis and used the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values and rankograms to present the hierarchy of the pharmacological interventions evaluated. Results According to the SUCRA value, the incidence of POD decreased in the following order: the combination of propofol and acetaminophen (86.1%), combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine (86.0%), combination of diazepam, flunitrazepam, and pethidine (84.8%), and olanzapine (75.6%) after all types of anesthesia; combination of propofol and acetaminophen (85.9%), combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine (83.2%), gabapentin (82.2%), and combination of diazepam, flunitrazepam, and pethidine (79.7%) after general anesthesia; and ketamine (87.1%), combination of propofol and acetaminophen (86.0%), and combination of dexmedetomidine and acetaminophen (66.3%) after cardiac surgery. However, only the dexmedetomidine group showed a lower incidence of POD than the control group after all types of anesthesia and after general anesthesia. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine reduced POD compared with the control group. The combination of propofol and acetaminophen and the combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine seemed to be effective in preventing POD. However, further studies are needed to determine the optimal pharmacological intervention to prevent POD.

An aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a subtype of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. The main causes of a poor prognosis include early brain injury (EBI) and delayed vasospasm, both of which play a significant role in the pathophysiological process. As an important mechanism of EBI and delayed vasospasm, oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of aSAH by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the mitochondria, hemoglobin, or enzymatic pathways in the early stages of aSAH. As a result, antioxidant therapy, which primarily targets the Nrf2-related pathway, can be employed as a potential strategy for treating aSAH. In the early stages of aSAH development, increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying enzymes can relieve oxidative stress, reduce brain damage, and improve prognosis. Herein, the regulatory mechanisms of Nrf2 and related pharmacological compounds are reviewed, and Nrf2-targeted drugs are proposed as potential treatments for aSAH.

Composite materials have been extensively studied to optimize properties such as lightness and strength, which are the advantages of plastics. We prepared a highly concentrated (30 wt %) nylon/chitosan nanowhisker (CSW) masterbatch by blending nylon 6,10 and CSW by solvent casting to achieve high dispersion efficiency while considering an industrial setting. Subsequently, 0.3 wt % nylon/CSW nanocomposites were prepared with a large quantity of nylon 6,10 via melt blending. During preparation, the materials were stirred in the presence of formic acid at different times to investigate the effect of stirring time on the structure of the CSW and the physical properties of the composite. The formation of nanocomposites by the interactions between nylon and CSW was confirmed by observing the change in hydrogen bonding using FT-IR spectroscopy and the rise in melting temperature and melting enthalpy through differential scanning calorimetry. The results demonstrated increases in complex viscosity and shear thinning. The rheological properties of the composites changed due to interactions between CSW and nylon, as indicated by the loss factor. The mechanical properties produced by the nanocomposite stirred for 1.5 h were superior, suggesting that formic acid caused minimal structural damage, thus verifying the suitability of the stirring condition.

Intracranial hypertension is a common phenomenon in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) plays an important role in early brain injuries and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Despite advances in the management of aSAH, there is no consensus about the mechanisms involved in ICP increases after aSAH. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) may play a crucial role in physio-pathological changes following aSAH, which may also contribute to increased ICP. Herein, we discuss a potential relation between increased ICP and OS, and resultantly propose antioxidant mechanisms as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ICP elevation following aSAH.

Abstract Background Cardiac arrest survivors suffer from neurological dysfunction including cognitive impairment. Cerebral mast cells, the key regulators of neuroinflammation contribute to neuroinflammation-associated cognitive dysfunction. Mast cell tryptase was demonstrated to have a proinflammatory effect on microglia via the activation of microglial protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). This study investigated the potential anti-neuroinflammatory effect of mast cell tryptase inhibition and the underlying mechanism of PAR-2/p-p38/NFκB signaling following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest in rats. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats resuscitated from 10 min of asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest were randomized to four separate experiments including time-course, short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes and mechanism studies. The effect of mast cell tryptase inhibition on asphyxial cardiac arrest outcomes was examined after intranasal administration of selective mast cell tryptase inhibitor (APC366; 50 μg/rat or 150 μg/rat). AC55541 (selective PAR-2 activator; 30 μg/rat) and SB203580 (selective p38 inhibitor; 300 μg/rat) were used for intervention. Short-term neurocognitive functions were evaluated using the neurological deficit score, number of seizures, adhesive tape removal test, and T-maze test, while long-term cognitive functions were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. Hippocampal neuronal degeneration was evaluated by Fluoro-Jade C staining. Results Mast cell tryptase and PAR-2 were dramatically increased in the brain following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest. The inhibition of mast cell tryptase by APC366 improved both short- and long-term neurological outcomes in resuscitated rats. Such behavioral benefits were associated with reduced expressions of PAR-2, p-p38, NFκB, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the brain as well as less hippocampal neuronal degeneration. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of APC366 was abolished by AC55541, which when used alone, indeed further exacerbated neuroinflammation, hippocampal neuronal degeneration, and neurologic deficits following cardiac arrest. The deleterious effects aggregated by AC55541 were minimized by p38 inhibitor. Conclusions The inhibition of mast cell tryptase attenuated neuroinflammation, led to less hippocampal neuronal death and improved neurological deficits following cardiac arrest. This effect was at least partly mediated via inhibiting the PAR-2/p-p38/NFκB signaling pathway. Thus, mast cell tryptase might be a novel therapeutic target in the management of neurological impairment following cardiac arrest.

Cholinesterase inhibitor plays an important role in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Herein, we report the medicinal chemistry efforts leading to a new series of 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazolinone derivatives. Among the synthesised compounds, 15b and 15j showed submicromolar IC50 values (15b, eeAChE IC50 = 0.39 ± 0.11 µM; 15j, eqBChE IC50 = 0.16 ± 0.04 µM) towards acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Kinetic and molecular modelling studies revealed that 15b and 15j act in a competitive manner. 15b and 15j showed neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative damage on PC12 cells. This effect was further supported by their antioxidant activity determined in a DPPH assay in vitro. Morris water maze test confirmed the memory amelioration effect of the two compounds in a scopolamine-induced mouse model. Moreover, the hepatotoxicity of 15b and 15j was lower than tacrine. In summary, these data suggest 15b and 15j are promising multifunctional agents against AD.

Purpose: To evaluate the success rate and patient satisfaction with the readjustable midurethral sling (REMEEX system) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) or recurrent SUI in obese and non-obese women. Materials and Methods: Between August 2009 and August 2015, 70 patients who treated with the REMEEX system were stratified into normal, overweight and obesity groups according to body mass index. Objective surgical outcomes were evaluated using a 1-hour pad test that was performed 3 months after surgery. The subjective outcomes and degree of patient satisfaction were evaluated 3 months and 1 year after surgery. Results: Twenty-six normal weight, 31 overweight, and 13 obese women were included in the study. The objective cure rate determined using the 1-hour pad test revealed that 11 women (42.3%) were cured and 15 (57.7%) had improved in the normal weight group, respectively, compared with 16 (51.6%) and 15 (48.4%) in the overweight group and 6 (46.2%) and 7 (53.8%) in the obese group, respectively (p=0.78). One year after surgery, the subjective success rate was 91.5% in the normal weight group, 93.5% in the overweight group and 92.3% in the obese group. A total of 84.7%, 77.4%, and 77.0% of normal weight, overweight and obese women were very satisfied or satisfied 1 year after surgery, respectively. All groups showed similar success rates and satisfaction. Conclusions: The REMEEX procedure is equally effective in obese and normal weight women with ISD-type SUI or recurrent SUI.

Abstract Background Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas (ADP) is clinically rare, and it is usually accompanied by abdominal pain. Various disorders of glucose metabolism associating with ADP have been reported, but there are only two studies reporting a correlation between ADP and DKA in English literature. Case presentation We present a case of a patient with ADP accompanied by abdominal pain and diabetic ketoacidosis as the initial clinical presentation. A 30-year-old man presented with a 3-month history of recurrent onset of persistent mild epigastric pain, which worsen when eating. Laboratory tests revealed metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and ketonuria. Phase contrast CT and MRCP showed the absence of the body and tail of the pancreas, as well as the dorsal pancreatic duct. The C-peptide release test indicated β-cell dysfunction. A combination therapy of insulin, pancreatic enzyme supplements, and mosapride citrate were administrated and the pain gradually resolved. Conclusions As glucose metabolism disorders can vary across different individuals, we advise clinicians to consider the diagnosis of ADP for a patient who presents with a glucose metabolism disorder accompanied by abdominal pain, pancreatitis or steatorrhea.

Objective: To compare the therapeutic efficacy after suburethral adjustable sling (Remeex system) for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) between pure intrinsic s phincter deficiency (ISD) and ISD with overactive bladder (OAB) group. Methods: The study subjects were 86 female patients with ISD who underwent Remeex system to treat female SUI and who were available for 12 months follow-up. We retrospectively studied both patients who underwent Remeex system due to pure ISD (group I) and those who underwent Remeex system due to ISD with OAB (group II). Improvement in objective and subjective symptoms were retrospectively evaluated using a 1hr pad weight test, global response assessment (GRA) and overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS). Results: Group I included 43 patients and group II included 43 patients of mean ages 56.8 ± 7.5 and 57.4 ± 6.6 years, respectively. Use of 1 hr pad weight test showed that incontinence decreased after the procedures in both groups, and that of group I patients was significantly lower than that of group II patients. The mean GRA score was significant a higher score in group I. The OABSS of patients in group II were 8.2 ± 1.1 and 7.2 ± 1.1, respectively, before and at 12 months after operation, did differ significantly. The mean change of OABSS of group II patients was significantly more decreased than that of group I patients. Conclusions: The Remeex system showed a greater patient satisfaction and a higher cure rate in pure ISD than ISD with OAB in female patients with urinary incontinence.

Abstract The demand for face masks is increasing exponentially due to the coronavirus pandemic and issues associated with airborne particulate matter (PM). However, both conventional electrostatic‐ and nanosieve‐based mask filters are single‐use and are not degradable or recyclable, which creates serious waste problems. In addition, the former loses function under humid conditions, while the latter operates with a significant air‐pressure drop and suffers from relatively fast pore blockage. Herein, a biodegradable, moisture‐resistant, highly breathable, and high‐performance fibrous mask filter is developed. Briefly, two biodegradable microfiber and nanofiber mats are integrated into a Janus membrane filter and then coated by cationically charged chitosan nanowhiskers. This filter is as efficient as the commercial N95 filter and removes 98.3% of 2.5 µm PM. The nanofiber physically sieves fine PM and the microfiber provides a low pressure differential of 59 Pa, which is comfortable for human breathing. In contrast to the dramatic performance decline of the commercial N95 filter when exposed to moisture, this filter exhibits negligible performance loss and is therefore multi‐usable because the permanent dipoles of the chitosan adsorb ultrafine PM (e.g., nitrogen and sulfur oxides). Importantly, this filter completely decomposes within 4 weeks in composting soil.

Super engineering plastics that utilise bio-derived cyclic monomers rarely offer the same thermal/mechanical properties, scalability and recyclability as petrochemical derived plastics. Here the authors use a phase transfer catalyst to synthesise a transparent, recyclable and tough isosorbide-based polymer with a high molecular weight.

Oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis have been demonstrated to be key features in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous studies have indicated that Mas receptor activation initiates an anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic role in the brain. However, whether Mas activation can attenuate oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after SAH remains unknown. To investigate the beneficial effect of Mas on oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis induced by SAH, a total of 196 rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation model of SAH. AVE 0991 (AVE), a selective agonist of Mas, was administered intranasally 1 h after SAH induction. A779, a selective inhibitor of Mas, and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for UCP-2 were administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection at 1 h and 48 h before SAH induction respectively. Neurological tests, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Fluoro-Jade C, DHE staining, and Western blot experiments were performed. We found that Mas activation with AVE significantly improved neurobehavioral scores and reduced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in SAH+AVE group compared with SAH+vehicle group. Moreover, AVE treatment significantly promoted phosphorylation of CREB and the expression UCP-2, as well as upregulated expression of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Romo-1 and Bax. The protective effects of AVE were reversed by i.c.v injection of A779 and UCP-2 siRNA in SAH+AVE+A779 and SAH+AVE+UCP-2 siRNA groups, respectively. In conclusion, our data provides evidence that Mas activation with AVE reduces oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis through Mas/PKA/p-CREB/UCP-2 pathway after SAH. Furthermore, our study indicates that Mas may be a novel therapeutic treatment target in early brain injury of SAH. Keywords: Subarachnoid hemorrhage, AVE 0991, Mas, UCP-2, Oxidative stress, Neuronal apoptosis

Background: Renal agenesis is a congenital malformation that occurs due to the inhibition of metanephric blastema induction due to a decrease in ureteric bud activity. Although renal agenesis is not very rare, unilateral renal agenesis with ureterocele occurs rarely, and the coexistance of unilateral renal agenesis, ureterocele, and blind ended proximal ureter is very rare. Recently, we experienced a case of left renal agenesis with huge ureterocele, blind ended proximal ureter, and duplicated ureter on Computed tomography (CT) of a 17-year-old man who visited our emergency department with hematuria. Ureterocelectomy and nephrectomy were performed, and a translocation of seminal vesicle was also observed. This case is a very rare case, so we judged that it may be helpful in making treatment decisions in similar cases later. Case summary: A 17-year-old man without specific medical history visited our emergency department with hematuria and voiding difficulty. CT showed left ectopic kidney, megaureter and the blind ended proximal ureter. After ureterocelectomy and nephrectomy, pathological examination revealed seminal vesicles in the periphery of the kidney. After one year, the patient has no complications and no complaining symptoms complaints without any abnormal finding of follow up imaging test. Conclusions: This case report focuses on the treatment of renal agenesis with ureterocele, blind ended proximal ureter, duplicated megaureter and translocation of seminal vesicle. This rare case of treatment will be helpful in the determination of treatment for similar cases in the future. To establish standard treatment, data accumulation and well-designed studies are required.

Abstract Background Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are two critical mechanisms of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced brain injury, which are closely related to patient prognosis. Recently, angiogenic factor with G-patch and FHA domain 1 (Aggf1) was shown to inhibit inflammatory effect and preserve vascular integrity in non-nervous system diseases. This study aimed to determine whether Aggf1 could attenuate neuroinflammation and preserve BBB integrity after experimental SAH, as well as the underlying mechanisms of its protective roles. Methods Two hundred forty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the endovascular perforation model of SAH. Recombinant human Aggf1 (rh-Aggf1) was administered intravenously via tail vein injection at 1 h after SAH induction. To investigate the underlying neuroprotection mechanism, Aggf1 small interfering RNA (Aggf1 siRNA) and PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 were administered through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) before SAH induction. SAH grade, neurological score, brain water content, BBB permeability, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed. Results Expression of endogenous Aggf1 was markedly increased after SAH. Aggf1 was primarily expressed in endothelial cells and astrocytes, as well as microglia after SAH. Administration of rh-Aggf1 significantly reduced brain water content and BBB permeability, decreased the numbers of infiltrating neutrophils, and activated microglia in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex following SAH. Furthermore, rh-Aggf1 treatment improved both short- and long-term neurological functions after SAH. Meanwhile, exogenous rh-Aggf1 significantly increased the expression of PI3K, p-Akt, VE-cadherin, Occludin, and Claudin-5, as well as decreased the expression of p-NF-κB p65, albumin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous Aggf1 aggravated BBB breakdown, inflammatory response and neurological impairments at 24 h after SAH. Additionally, the protective roles of rh-Aggf1 were abolished by LY294002. Conclusions Taken together, exogenous Aggf1 treatment attenuated neuroinflammation and BBB disruption, improved neurological deficits after SAH in rats, at least in part through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

Purpose: This study aimed to demonstrate a method to easily assess bladder capacity using knowledge of day-time voided volumes, which can be obtained even from patients with nocturnal enuresis where the first morning void cannot accurately predict the bladder capacity due to bladder emptying overnight. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 177 healthy children from 7 Korean medical centres entered the study between January 2008 and January 2009. Voided volumes measured for more than 48 hours were recorded in the frequency volume chart (FVC). Results: Most voided volumes during day-time were showed between 30% and 80% of the maximal voided volume (MVV). The maximal voided volume during day-time (MVVDT) was significantly less than the MVV (179.5±71.1 mL vs. 227.0±79.2 mL, p

The time and code division-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (TC-OFDM) signal is a promising wireless positioning signal, which multiplexes the China mobile multimedia broadcasting signal and pseudorandom noise codes in the same frequency band. The drastic change of carrier-to-noise ratio can increase carrier tracking error of the TC-OFDM receiver and may lead to the loss of lock. To address this problem, a novel frequency-lock loop (FLL)-assisted phase-lock loop (PLL) with fuzzy control is proposed, and the effect of signal strength on the carrier tracking loop is analyzed. The proposed algorithm uses the outputs of the phase and frequency discriminator as measured residuals of the Kalman filter (KF), and a KF-based second-order FLL-assisted three-order PLL carrier tracking loop is designed. Moreover, fuzzy control is applied to the designed loop. It can automatically switch between pure KF-based PLL, pure KF-based FLL, and KF-based FLL-assisted PLL, and automatically adjust the noise bandwidth. Simulation and experimental results show that, compared with the existing carrier tracking algorithms, the proposed algorithm can effectively avoid the divergence of the tracking loop and improve the robustness of the TC-OFDM receiver.

The cholinergic hypothesis has long been a “polar star” in drug discovery for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), resulting in many small molecules and biological drug candidates. Most of the drugs marketed for AD are cholinergic. Herein, we report our efforts in the discovery of cholinesterases inhibitors (ChEIs) as multi-target-directed ligands. A series of tacrine-ferulic acid hybrids have been designed and synthesised. All these compounds showed potent acetyl-(AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase(BuChE) inhibition. Among them, the optimal compound 10g, was the most potent inhibitor against AChE (electrophorus electricus (eeAChE) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 37.02 nM), it was also a strong inhibitor against BuChE (equine serum (eqBuChE) IC50 = 101.40 nM). Besides, it inhibited amyloid β-protein self-aggregation by 65.49% at 25 μM. In subsequent in vivo scopolamine-induced AD models, compound 10g obviously ameliorated the cognition impairment and showed preliminary safety in hepatotoxicity evaluation. These data suggest compound 10g as a promising multifunctional agent in the drug discovery process against AD.

Small molecule cholinesterases inhibitor (ChEI) provides an effective therapeutic strategy to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the discovery of new ChEI with multi-target effect is still of great importance. Herein, we report the synthesis, structure–activity relationship study and biological evaluation of a series of tacrine-cinnamic acid hybrids as new ChEIs. All target compounds are evaluated for their in vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The representatives which show potent activity on cholinesterase, are evaluated for the amyloid β-protein self-aggregation inhibition and in vivo assays. The optimal compound 19, 27, and 30 (human AChE IC50 = 10.2 ± 1.2, 16.5 ± 1.7, and 15.3 ± 1.8 nM, respectively) show good performance in ameliorating the scopolamine-induced cognition impairment and preliminary safety in hepatotoxicity evaluation. These compounds deserve further evaluation for the development of new therapeutic agents against AD.

Abstract In this work, we analyzed the individual chain dynamics for linear polymer melts under shear flow for bulk and confined systems using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of unentangled (C50H102) and slightly entangled (C178H358) polyethylene melts. While a certain similarity appears for the bulk and confined systems for the dynamic mechanisms of polymer chains in response to the imposed flow field, the interfacial chain dynamics near the boundary solid walls in the confined system are significantly different from the corresponding bulk chain dynamics. Detailed molecular-level analysis of the individual chain motions in a wide range of flow strengths are carried out to characterize the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of the bulk and interfacial chains in three flow regimes (weak, intermediate, and strong). These mechanisms essentially underlie various macroscopic structural and rheological properties of polymer systems, such as the mean-square chain end-to-end distance, probability distribution of the chain end-to-end distance, viscosity, and the first normal stress coefficient. Further analysis based on the mesoscopic Brightness method provides additional structural information about the polymer chains in association with their molecular mechanisms.

White matter injury (WMI) is associated with motor deficits and cognitive dysfunctions in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Therapeutic strategy targeting WMI would likely improve the neurological outcomes after SAH. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), a scavenger receptor of apolipoprotein E (apoE), is able to modulate microglia polarization towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes during inflammatory and oxidative insult. In the present study, we investigated the effects of LRP1 activation on WMI and underlying mechanisms of M2 microglial polarization in a rat model of SAH. Two hundred and seventeen male Sprague Dawley rats (weight 280–330 g) were used. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation. LPR1 ligand, apoE-mimic peptide COG1410 was administered intraperitoneally. Microglial depletion kit liposomal clodronate (CLP), LPR1 siRNA or PI3K inhibitor were administered intracerebroventricularly. Post-SAH assessments included neurobehavioral tests, brain water content, immunohistochemistry, Golgi staining, western blot and co-immunoprecipitation. SAH induced WMI shown as the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and neurofilament heavy polypeptide as well as myelin loss. Microglial depletion by CLP significantly suppressed WMI after SAH. COG1410 reduced brain water content, increased the anti-inflammatory M2 microglial phenotypes, attenuated WMI and improved neurological function after SAH. LRP1 was bound with endogenous apoE and intracellular adaptor protein Shc1. The benefits of COG1410 were reversed by LPR1 siRNA or PI3K inhibitor. LRP1 activation attenuated WMI and improved neurological function by modulating M2 microglial polarization at least in part through Shc1/PI3K/Akt signaling in a rat model of SAH. The apoE-mimic peptide COG1410 may serve as a promising treatment in the management of SAH patients. Keywords: Subarachnoid hemorrhage, White matter injury, apoE, LRP1, Microglia

Purpose: The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is useful to detect retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in patients with glaucoma. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) measures retinal vessel density (VD), which is known to be reduced in glaucoma. There may be correlations between parameters of the PERG and OCTA in open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods: In total, 95 eyes of 95 OAG patients and 102 eyes of 102 normal controls were included in this study. N35, P50, and N95 latency along with P50 and N95 amplitude were obtained using the PERG. Retinal VD was measured around the peripapillary and macular area according to the ETDRS grid (concentric circles with diameters of 1, 3, and 6 mm), which is named a center (≤1 mm), an inner (1–3 mm), an outer (3–6 mm), and a full (≤6 mm) area. Pearson correlation analysis was done between parameters, and partial correlation analysis was done after adjusting confounding factors. Results: P50 amplitude, N95 amplitude, and VD of most measured areas were significantly lower in the OAG group compared to the normal group. N95 amplitude showed a statistically significant correlation with parameters of optical coherence tomography and visual field, peripapillary outer and full VD, and macular outer and full VD even after adjusting confounding factors. There was no significant correlation between parameters in the normal group. Conclusions: N95 amplitude was associated with structural and functional change including VD reduction in OAG. Microvascular alterations may be associated with dysfunctional changes of RGC recorded by the PERG in OAG.