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In this study, we report the roles of CDA family in entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana . Our results indicated that CDA modulates asexual development and regulates fungal virulence by altering chitin deacetylation and metabolic capacity. CDA affected the biological control potential and life history of B. bassiana by affecting its parasitic and saprophytic life. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of multiple CDA paralogues existing in fungal biocontrol agents.

There is currently no ideal treatment for osteochondral lesions of the femoral head (OLFH) in young patients.We performed a 1-year single-arm study and 2 additional years of follow-up of patients with a large (defined as3 cm 2 ) OLFH treated with insertion of autologous costal cartilage graft (ACCG) to restore femoral head congruity after lesion debridement. Twenty patients ≤40 years old who had substantial hip pain and/or dysfunction after nonoperative treatment were enrolled at a single center. The primary outcome was the change in Harris hip score (HHS) from baseline to 12 months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ VAS), hip joint space width, subchondral integrity on computed tomography scanning, repair tissue status evaluated with the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score, and evaluation of cartilage biochemistry by delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping.All 20 enrolled patients (31.02 ± 7.19 years old, 8 female and 12 male) completed the initial study and the 2 years of additional follow-up. The HHS improved from 61.89 ± 6.47 at baseline to 89.23 ± 2.62 at 12 months and 94.79 ± 2.72 at 36 months. The EQ VAS increased by 17.00 ± 8.77 at 12 months and by 21.70 ± 7.99 at 36 months (p0.001 for both). Complete integration of the ACCG with the bone was observed by 12 months in all 20 patients. The median MOCART score was 85 (interquartile range [IQR], 75 to 95) at 12 months and 75 (IQR, 65 to 85) at the last follow-up (range, 24 to 38 months). The ACCG demonstrated magnetic resonance properties very similar to hyaline cartilage; the median ratio between the relaxation times of the ACCG and recipient cartilage was 0.95 (IQR, 0.90 to 0.99) at 12 months and 0.97 (IQR, 0.92 to 1.00) at the last follow-up.ACCG is a feasible method for improving hip function and quality of life for at least 3 years in young patients who were unsatisfied with nonoperative treatment of an OLFH. Promising long-term outcomes may be possible because of the good integration between the recipient femoral head and the implanted ACCG.Therapeutic Level IV . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

C22H16FN3O2, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $\overline{1}$ (no. 2), a = 8.7335(18) Å, b = 9.967(2) Å, c = 11.968(3) Å, α = 70.677(4)°, β = 86.259(4)°, γ = 65.759(4) Å, V = 893.4(3) Å3, Z = 2, R gt (F) = 0.0543, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1677, T = 296(2) K.

Inspired by the transport behavior of water and ions through the aligned channels in trees, we demonstrate a facile, scalable approach for constructing biomorphic cellular Si3N4 ceramic frameworks with well-aligned nanowhisker arrays on the surface of directionally aligned microchannel alignments. Through a facile Y(NO3)3 solution infiltration into wood-derived carbon preforms and subsequent heat treatment, we can faultlessly duplicate the anisotropic wood architectures into free-standing bulk porous Si3N4 ceramics. Firstly, α-Si3N4 microchannels were synthesized on the surface of CB-templates via carbothermal reduction nitridation (CRN). And then, homogeneous distributed Y−Si−O−N liquid phase on the walls of microchannel facilitated the anisotropic β-Si3N4 grain growth to form nanowhisker arrays. The dense aligned microchannels with low-tortuosity enable excellent load carrying capacity and thermal conduction through the entire materials. As a result, the porous Si3N4 ceramics exhibited an outstanding thermal conductivity (TC, kR ≈ 6.26 W·m−1·K−1), a superior flexural strength (σL ≈ 29.4 MPa), and a relative high anisotropic ratio of TC (kR/kL = 4.1). The orientation dependence of the microstructure-property relations may offer a promising perspective for the fabrication of multifunctional ceramics.

Accurately estimate and map soil evaporation (E) and vegetation transpiration (T) in urban woodland areas is great significance for precision irrigation, urban water resource allocation and management. However, customized dual-source models based on satellite imagery are lacking. This research, for the first time, developed a dual source approach to predict E and T in urban garden area. The method is improved from MOD16 algorithm, we advanced the MOD16 in following aspects: 1, an enhanced net radiant flux (Rn) and soil heat flux (G) calculation method is proposed; 2, The determination of vegetation canopy impedance couples into the impact of carbon dioxide emissions; 3, A physical mechanism-based β estimation method is proposed, to replace the empirical values in original model. Our model was test in 40 cloudless days based on 10 m Sentinel-2 imagery in Guiwan Garden area in Shenzhen city, southern of China. The Shuttleworth-Wallace, FAO-dual-Kc and Priestley-Taylor model were used to evaluate model performance, results suggest the modified MOD16 model successful produce and partition ET in city garden area, and outperformed than pervious MOD16 algorithm. The spatial distribution pattern demonstrate that E and T present obvious seasonal changes, with the range of 23-150 W/m2 for E and 31-186 W/m2 for T, proven the large amount water was lost through ET in urban garden area. Sensitivity analysis results show that the improved MOD16 model is more sensitive to vegetation index products and solar radiation, need to prioritize the accurate input of these two types of parameters. The modified MOD16 model significantly facilitate the accuracy of ET simulation in high-resolution, small-scale areas, provides a powerful tool to quantify the E and T in urban areas, and assessing the impact of climate change on the urban hydrological cycle.

Quantification of the contribution of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (ET) is important to understand the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle and guide precision irrigation. So far, few studies have examined seasonal variability of T/ET and its drivers under urban area. In this study, we applied a modified Shuttleworth-Wallace (S-W) model to partition ET for a locust tree forest in jinnan district of Tianjin city. The new model considers the impact of carbon dioxide emissions on vegetation transpiration and significantly improves the performance of the original S-W model. The Eddy Covariance (EC) and stable water isotope method was used to monitor and partition ET in locust tree forest. Isotope composition of ET (δET), soil evaporation (δE) and vegetation transpiration (δT) were determined using the Keeling-plot method, Craig-Gordon model and Steady-state assumption model (SSA), respectively. The verification result suggest the modified S-W model could provide reliable prediction for ET and its components. The modified S-W model estimated T/ET ranges from 0 to 1, with a near continuous increase over time in the early growing season when leaf area index (LAI) is small and then convergence towards a stable value when LAI is larger. The results show seasonal change in T/ET can be described well as a function of LAI, implying that LAI is a first order factor affecting ET partitioning, and soil moisture also influence the ET partitioning. This study reveals the change in T/ET patterns and its controlling factors in urban woodland areas. Understanding the impact of urbanization and human activities on the urban water cycle will allow more effective water use in urban environments.

The early-spring and autumn-winter tomato in greenhouse is the main planting patterns of protected vegetable in North China. Taking the customary fertilization amount of farmers under this planting pattern as control (CK, 100% chemical fertilizer), six organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer treatments were set, namely, 15% (T日光温室早春茬-秋冬茬连作栽培番茄是我国北方设施蔬菜周年栽培的主要种植模式之一。以该种植模式下农户习惯施肥量为对照(CK,100%化肥),设15%(T

The reflection characteristics of radar waves in coastal high-rise buildings form a certain shielding area, which makes it difficult for vessel traffic service to control the ship dynamic situation in sheltered waters. To study the overshadowing influence of coastal buildings on the vessel traffic service radar, an expression model of shielding area is established based on the structure characteristics of buildings and the relative height of radar. Then, the coordinate system is established, and the range and height of the shelter area are calculated, according to the geometric relation. Based on the theory of radar electromagnetic wave diffraction, the target height is calculated. Finally, taking the prince’s Bay Cruise Terminal Building on the radar Shekou radar as an example, the shielding area and height are calculated and visualized by the numerical calculation model and verified by real vessel test and observation. The building with a height of 60 m has covered 973,090 m2 of sheltered area for Shekou radar. The results can be used not only to analyze the influence of buildings on existing vessel traffic service radar stations but also to provide an important reference for site selection of vessel traffic service radar stations.

Numerical simulation of a railgun always requires a huge number of mesh points in order to depict the entire rail and armature, due to its large rail length. Under such conditions, the traditional A-Φ method usually becomes very time-consuming in solving the electromagnetic field evolution. In this paper, a moving mesh finite-element/boundary-element hybrid scheme is proposed, utilizing the shift invariant properties of the field distribution along the rail. The electric and magnetic fields are directly solved in the conductor domain. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of this scheme.

Cultural gene pool provides necessary support for design platform which is based on the cultural gene. It is also the most basic part of gene engineering. Based on the tourist souvenirs, a new design methodpan-ethnic-group is put forward. Take tourist souvenirs actual project development of Hanyangling Museum as an example, Xi'an cultural gene pool has been built. Through pan-ethnic-group, cultural tourist souvenir sales were increased.

Based on the status of modern cultural tourism souvenir market survey and research, the consumption preferences in the market of cultural tourism souvenirs are studied, the driving factors of production and cost and pricing constraint are analyzed, the production information database and the type of product configuration database are established in order to realize rational allocation of product type. By the scientific thinking method, the selection theory and application system over development of culture tourist souvenirs are improved and perfected. And it is of a certain degree of reference and guidance to develop cultural tourism souvenirs.

SnO2films were supplied on the surface of 304 stainless steel (304SS) by a sol–gel process followed by a hydrothermal post treatment. The measurements of XRD, SEM and water contact angles were carried out to characterize the as-prepared samples. The effect of hydrothermal post treatments in different media such as deionized (DI) water, HF solution and NaOH solution on the corrosion performances of the SnO2films in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) environments was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements. The results suggested that the SnO2films via the hydrothermal post treatment in 0.3 M NaOH solution showed a highest corrosion resistance and could act as an optimal barrier layer to metallic bipolar plates in simulated PEMFC environments. It could be attributed that the hydrothermal post treatment in NaOH solution was beneficial to improve the compact structure and enhance the hydrophobic property of the SnO2films.

Methods for calculation of water environment capacity can be divided into two types in general, one type is ideal water environment capacity method and the other is pollution source generalization method. This paper proposes another way of generalization, uniform generalization method, assuming that distribution of the amount of pollutants discharged is uniform in the lengthways direction. In consideration of the practical demand for administration of water resources protection, a formula for calculation of water environment capacity for different combinations of environment function regions is presented，based on the water quality targets of function regions, with the numerical or analytical methods of 1-D water quality model. The proposed method provides a simple and effective method for water resources management and planning.

The steel plate reinforced concrete shear wall (abbreviated as SPRCW) is an innovative type of lateral force resisting structural member potentially used in steel-concrete composite structures, especially in high-rise buildings. This paper presents an experimental study on seismic behavior of such kind of shear walls. The test specimens include five SPRCW models and one ordinary specimen RCW-1 built at the aspect ratio is 2. The combination of the following wall parameters is varied: thickness of the steel plate, thickness of the SPRCW, axial compression ratio, and detailing such as lateral ties cross the steel plate. The experimental program is developed to evaluate the damage patterns, hysteretic response, strength, stiffness and ductility behavior of the walls under axial compressive loads and cyclic horizontal forces. In addition, the experimental results are analyzed in comparison with those of anthoer ordinary RC shear walls. The investigation shows that this type of shear wall has the potential to offer strength adequate for resisting forces from earthquake and stiffness appropriate for limiting drift for tall buildings with less size than ordinary RC walls. It is also observed that steel plate encased in the wall plays a major role in bearing loads, while concrete provides lateral restraint for steel plate, and hence increasing global stability and deformation capacity of the wall.

The 2003 International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) system for classifying patients with lupus nephritis was based on glomerular lesions exclusively, despite the fact that lupus nephritis affects all compartments of the kidney. Hence, we analyzed the tubulointerstitial lesions in patients with lupus nephritis within the different classes and subclasses of the 2003 ISN/RPS system. Among 313 patients from five centers in northern China with lupus nephritis, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were severe in 170 patients with class IV, moderate in 55 with class III, and mild in 19 with class II and in 69 with class V disease, each with significance. The severity of tubulointerstitial lesions in classes IV-segmental and III was similar, whereas the score of interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration in patients with subclass IV-global was significantly higher than that in those with subclass IV-segmental. Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy were each significantly more prominent in patients with both active and chronic lesions than in those with active lesions alone. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.222 to 0.811 comparing glomerular and tubulointerstitial indices. In multivariate Cox hazard analysis of tubulointerstitial lesions, indices of interstitial infiltration, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were confirmed as significant independent risk factors for renal outcome. Thus, we found that the 2003 ISN/RPS classification system of lupus nephritis, based on glomerular lesions, could also reflect related tubulointerstitial lesions. Hence, we suggest that the extent of tubulointerstitial lesions may be helpful in predicting renal outcome in patients with lupus nephritis.

Effects of increasing Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , or Zn 2+ on SOD expressions were studied in cucumber seedlings under low temperature stress. Both gene expressions and activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in cucumber seedling leaves were induced by increasing Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , or Zn 2+ under low temperature stress, especially 48 h afterwards. The activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD at 0 and 48 h after treatment were in accordance with their gene expression levels, which implied that the transcriptional regulation plays key roles in regulating their activities at the early stage of low temperature stress. Gene expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD declined at 96 h, but Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities still remain high, which suggested that Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities might be regulated by other factors after transcription at the later stage of low temperature stress. Therefore, we concluded that the increasing Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , or Zn 2+ could increase the capacity of scavenging ROS in cucumber seedlings under low temperature stress by inducing gene expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD, elevating activities of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, or regulating other factors after transcription.

Synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbarnate from dimethyl carbonate and 1,3-diphenyl urea was investigated under atmospheric pressure. The results showed that homogenous catalyst sodium methoxide had the excellent activity to efficiently catalyze the synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbarnate under atmospheric pressure. (c) 2006 Hui Quan Li. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

In order to investigate the responses of ascorbic acid (AsA) metabolism system in potato leaves to high and low temperature stresses, a pot experiment was conducted with potato plants exposed to 40 degrees C or 5 degrees C, with the leaf AsA content, mRNA expression level of GalLDH and DHAR genes, activities of GalLDH, DHAR, APX, MDHAR and GR, and contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) determined. Under the exposure to 40 degrees C, the leaf AsA content increased rapidly and reached the highest (43.7% higher than the control) at 6 h, followed by a rapid decrease. Under the exposure to 5 degrees C, the AsA content also increased first, reached the highest (27.7% higher than the control) at 9 h, and then decreased. Under the two temperature regimes, the activities of leaf GalLDH, DHAR, APX, MDHAR and GR decreased after an initial increase, the mRNA expression level of GalLDH and DHAR genes showed the similar changes with their corresponding enzyme activities, and the leaf MDA and H2O2 contents increased remarkably after 24 h. All the results suggested that the AsA metabolism system in potato leaves was stimulated in the early period of high- and low temperature stresses, but its function declined gradually with the duration of the stresses.

This paper studied the relative expression of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and CAT mRNAs and the changes of SOD, Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD and CAT activities in grafted and own-rooted cucumber leaves under low temperature stress, and their relations with the cold resistance of cucumber. For both grafted and own-rooted cucumber leaves, the relative expression of Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD mRNAs under low temperature stress was respectively accordance with the changes of Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD activities, while the expression of CAT mRNA was not accordance with the change of CAT activity. The relative expression of Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD mRNAs and the activities of SOD, Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD in grafted cucumber leaves were higher than those in own-rooted cucumber leaves, while the MDA content and electrolytic leakage were in adverse. The higher SOD activity regulated by the higher SOD mRNAs expression in grafted cucumber leaves might be the key factor of grafted cucumber having a higher cold resistance to low temperature stress than own-rooted cucumber. The relative expression of CAT mRNA was slightly higher in functional leaves but lower in young leaves of grafted cucumber, while less difference was observed in CAT activity, comparing with own-rooted cucumber, which illustrated that low temperature stress had lesser effects on the relative expression of CAT mRNA and the activity of CAT in grafted cucumber leaves.

Taking grafted and own-root cucumber (Junlv No. 3) plants as test materials, the changes of their leaf Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT mRNA relative expression, leaf SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT activities, leaf MDA content, and leaf electrolytic leakage under NaCI stress were studied. The results showed that under NaCl stress, grafted cucumber had a higher relative expression of its leaf Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT mRNA, and higher activities of its leaf SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT, compared with own-root cucumber, which suggested that the higher relative expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT mRNA in grafted cucumber leaves resulted in the higher activities of their SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT. With the NaCl stress prolonged, the relative expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD and CAT mRNA in both grafted and own-root cucumber leaves had an increasing trend, but the changing trend of Cu/Zn-SOD, MnSOD and CAT activities were not the same as that of mRNA, indicating that the activities of SOD and CAT were also regulated by other factors. The leaf MDA content and electrolytic leakage of grafted cucumber were lower than those of own-root cucumber, suggesting that grafted cucumber had a higher scavenging metabolism, which could decrease oxidative damage and increase its salt-tolerance.

A sensitive catalytic spectrophotometric method for determining microg x L(-1) of chromium(VI) has been developed. The method, based on the catalytic effect of Cr(VI)on the oxidation of aligarin red with hydrogen peroxide, was monitored spctrophotornetrically in the medium of microemulsion which consists of CTMAB, n-pentanol, n-heptane and water. The variables affecting the rate of the reaction were investigated. The linearity range of the calibration graph is dependent on the reaction temperature. The sensitivity of this method is 72.5% higher in the microemulsion medium than in CTMAB medium. The apparent active energy of the catalytic reaction is 55.7 kJ x mol(-1). The calibration graph is linear for 2.4-75 microg x L(-1) Cr(VI)at 80 degrees C, the detection limit is 4.27 x 10(-10) g x mL(-1), and the relative standard deviation of eleven determinations of 60 microg x L(-1) Cr(VI)was 1.84%. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of chromium(IV) in the electroplating waste water.