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To realize a high-energy lithium metal battery (LMB) using a high-capacity Li-free cathode, in this work, nanoplate-stacked V

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) inevitably experiences performance degradation during long-term operation under various corrosive conditions. In particular, cell operation under cathode flooding conditions results in severe cell degradation through sequential processes that induce the degradation of each component in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Furthermore, an excessive amount of water remaining at the cathode can diffuse into the anode side (back diffusion of water), and repeated instances can cause anode flooding (leading to fuel starvation). Herein, we focus on the collateral anode degradation of a stationary PEMFC operating under cathode flooding conditions with an oversaturated cathode in terms of relative humidity (RH, 150% RH). We suggest low-humidity electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS-RH30) as a fault identification method to detect the degradation of the MEA, including the anode, before severe cell deterioration. Specifically, the EIS-RH30 analysis enables the detection of the malfunctioning anode reaction by limiting the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and proton conductivity, through which the phase difference between transporting protons from the anode to the cathode can be reflected as the horizontal aspect of the Warburg impedance. A generalized finite-length Warburg is introduced to understand the variation in the Warburg impedance spectra, and its numerical analysis can act as a diagnosable signal to monitor the sequential degradation of an MEA. A feasibility study of EIS-RH30 on actual degradation behavior that occurs under cathode flooding conditions was performed along with a microstructural investigation inside the MEA.

In this work, the effect of a predeposited Co-Ni layer on the catalytic activity and long-term durability of the quaternary Co-Ni-P-B catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is investigated. To study the effect of predeposition of the Co-Ni layer for the Co-Ni-P-B catalyst, both Co-Ni-P-B/Co-Ni/Cu and Co-Ni-P-B/Cu catalysts are prepared. The current density for HER of the Co-Ni-P-B/Co-Ni/Cu catalyst at −0.5 VRHE is 36.1% higher than that of Co-Ni-P-B/Cu in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 18 °C. This is because the porous morphology of the Co-Ni-P-B/Co-Ni/Cu catalyst leads to a 10.6% larger electrochemical surface area and higher atomic ratio for both the P and B contents, which act as a proton acceptor and a supplier of electrons to the d orbital of the transition metals, respectively, compared to Co-Ni-P-B/Cu on the catalytic surface. Furthermore, the Co-Ni-P-B/Co-Ni/Cu catalyst retains 94.5% of the catalytic activity during durability test of 1 h owing to its higher adhesion strength between the substrate and catalyst and rougher morphology, whereas the Co-Ni-P-B/Cu catalyst shows a retention of only 64.4%.

African swine fever virus (ASFV), a highly contagious virus, can cause diseases with high mortality rates in pigs, making it a pathogen of social and economic significance. ASFV has been reported to show potential long-term survival in living livestock, such as pigs, but also in leftover cooking meat and undercooked pork meat. Hence, it is possible that there could be direct reinfection or secondary infection through feed produced from household food waste and treatment facilities. Many polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic techniques to detect ASFV in clinical swine samples have been reported. However, those with applicability for food waste samples, which contain relatively low viral copy numbers and may contain various unknown inhibitors of PCR, are still lacking. In this study, we developed a conventional PCR-based diagnostic system that can detect ASFV with high sensitivity from food waste sample types. The technique shows a 10–100 times higher limit of detection compared to that of previously reported methods based on conventional PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. It is also capable of amplifying a sequence that is approximately 751 nucleotides, which is advantageous for similarity analysis and genotyping. Moreover, a ASFV-modified positive material different from ASFV that could synthesize 1400 nucleotide amplicons was developed to identify false-positive cases and thus enhance diagnostic accuracy. The method developed herein may be applicable for future ASFV monitoring, identification, and genotyping in food waste samples.

The effect of Fe content in electroless-deposited Co Ni-Fex-P alloy catalysts (x = 5.5–11.8 at.%) from the hydrolysis of NaBH4 is investigated in alkaline sodium borohydride solution. The electroless-deposited Co Ni Fe5.5-P and Co Ni Fe7.6-P alloy catalysts are composed of flake-like micron particles; however, with an increase in Fe content to 11.8 at.%, the flake-like morphology is changed to a spherical shape and the crystal structure of the electroless-deposited Co Ni Fe P catalyst is transformed from FCC to BCC. Among all the Co Ni-Fex-P alloy catalysts, the Co Ni-Fex-P (x = 7.6 at.%) catalyst has the highest hydrogen production rate of 1128 ml min−1 g−1catalyst in alkaline solution containing 1 wt% NaOH + 10 wt% NaBH4 at 303 K. For the optimized catalyst, the activation energy of the hydrolysis of NaBH4 is calculated to be 54.26 kJ mol−1. Additionally, in this work, we report a new hydrolysis using Mg(BH4)2 and Ca(BH4)2. As a result, the Mg(BH4)2 is stored unstably in an alkaline solution, whereas the Ca(BH4)2 is stored stably. When optimizing the hydrogen production kinetics from the hydrolysis of Ca(BH4)2, the rate is 784 ml min−1 g−1catalyst in 10 wt% NaOH + 3 wt% Ca(BH4)2 solution.

Due to the ban on the use of food waste as wet swine feed after the outbreak of African swine fever (ASF), 2900 tons/day of food waste and 1083 tons/day of food waste leachate were additionally generated. As an alternative treatment method for food waste leachate, the input of food waste leachate on weekends (5% of food waste leachate inflow, 100 tons/day) and its increased input (merge ratio 21.7%, 227.01 tons/day → 27.8%, 453.71 tons/day) into the digesters operated in a public sewage treatment plant were investigated. Additionally, the feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing the operation parameters, evaluating the operation efficiency, and identifying other environmental effects on the sewage treatment plant. In the case of input on weekends, the organic matter decomposition rate and gas production rate decreased by 8.0% and 9.5%, respectively, although the input on weekends was judged to be feasible, considering that the inflow into the WWTP increased by up to 206% due to the long-term (7 weeks) monsoon. In the case of the increased input of food waste leachate, the organic matter decomposition and gas production rates increased by 2.5% and 4.8%, respectively, compared with before the increased input. The results of this study confirmed that the additional input of food waste leachate into existing biogasification facilities is feasible. When performed in a stable manner, the use of food waste for anaerobic digestion is considered an appropriate alternative treatment method to wet feed. This will lead to technological and industrial development.

Herein, we study the effects of a nanometrically uniform array of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the electrochemical nucleation and electrodeposition behavior of Li metal anodes (LMAs). The AgNP array is grown directly on the surface of commercial planar Cu current collectors (CCs) using a thermal evaporation system by limiting the growth of Ag thin films to an island stage. When the film is grown to an evaporation thickness of 3 nm, AgNPs with an average diameter of 11.4 nm are uniformly formed on the surface of Cu CCs. On the electrochemical nucleation of Li, the uniformly distributed AgNPs effectively provide nucleation sites for Li deposition and hence increase the nuclei density and spatial uniformity and decrease the size of the nuclei and nucleation overpotential. As a result, a dendrite-free, dense and pebble-like morphology of Li deposits is formed, and a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.5% is obtained during 100 cycles of the repeated electrodeposition and stripping of Li at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 for 1 mAh cm−2. In contrast, the cycle life of pristine Cu is limited to the 83rd cycle in the same testing environment.

In this work, we study the dependence of water content on the carbon corrosion reaction by applying an external potential (1.4 V vs RHE) under saturated and low (30%) relative humidity (RH) conditions via a transmission line model (TLM)-based impedance analysis in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). High potentials inducing carbon corrosion reaction cause electrode thinning, make the supporting carbon structure less porous, decrease the electrochemical surface area (ECSA), and dehydrate the ionomer, leading to fast performance decay in the cell. Particularly, in this work, we discuss the main cause of performance decay in PEMFCs in view of the structural deformation of supporting carbon using the ionic resistance and double layer capacitance in non-faradaic impedance and charge transfer resistance in faradaic impedance to elucidate the different degradation behaviors of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) under saturated and low humidity (RH 30%) conditions. As a result, it is confirmed that carbon corrosion severely changes the structural properties of the supporting carbon, such as pore depth and circumference, and the specific pore deformation with the evolution of oxygen-containing functional groups on the carbon surfaces subordinately induces the severe degradation in cell performance with the water drainage issues, namely, flooding.

Hydrogen fuel is receiving a lot of attention owing to its high efficiency and eco-friendliness. The reforming of natural gas is conventionally used to generate hydrogen gas; however, the process generates carbon dioxide causing global warming. To solve the problem, water electrolysis, which produces hydrogen and oxygen gas from water, is actively studied in order to design a cheaper and more effective hydrogen generation system. The major research gap of water electrolysis is the high cost due to the rarity of catalyst materials such as platinum [1,2]. As a substitute for a platinum catalyst, transition metal phosphides represented by nickel phosphide (Ni-P) has shown the comparable catalytic activity to platinum, despite the much lower cost compared to platinum. The nickel phosphide can be fabricated with a facile electroplating process which can be more suitable synthesis process of electrocatalyst, because it is not necessary to mix with a polymer such as Nafion, disturbing emission of generated gas and decreasing surface area [3]. On the other hand, the nickel phosphide has showed low stability in acid media. According to the previous researches [4], the main reason of low stability is due to the difference of corrosion potential between nickel metal and Ni-P phases. Furthermore, they suggest three strategies to increase the corrosion resistance: (i) well-alloying of nickel and phosphorus, (ii) formation of amorphous film at grain boundary, and (iii) formation of phosphate passive film on the surface [4]. In this context, we adopted the electrochemical surface treatment for the electroplated Ni-P to improve the activity and stability of Ni-P/carbon paper (CP) catalyst. The surface treatment (“dealloying surface treatement”) is to remove the ‘isolated Ni’ which has less bonding with P, which is composed of the CV cycles inducing the repetition of oxidation and reduction of Ni-P/CP catalyst. Furthermore, it is expected to form well-alloying between nickel and phosphide (recrystallization of Ni-P). As a result, the morphology of Ni-P/CP after CV 20 cycles was similar with raw Ni-P/CP as shown in Fig. 1a, b. However, an area of P-rich portion (dark part) increased after dealloying cycles. Therefore, an atomic ratio of phosphorus increased about 186% higher after 20 cycles of CV than the Ni-P/CP which did not conduct surface treatment. In addition, the more invasion of phosphorus atom aroused a decrease of grain size of nickel metal (Fig. 1c). According to XPS data of Ni state in Fig. 1d, an intensity of peak at a binding energy of 853 eV which means a bonding of Ni2P increased after the dealloying process. That is, the bonding between Ni and P atoms increased after the treatment. An atomic ratio of P at the surface was also increased to 36.54at%, since Ni-P/CP catalyst showed 24.88at% of P. As a result, a repetition of reduction and oxidation of Ni-P during the dealloying surface treatment decreases the cystalline size of Ni and increase the P content of the Ni-P catalyst. Due to such the changes, the Ni-P/CP showed a higher activity and stability after the dealloying surface treatment. Specifically, Ni-P/CP after CV 20 cycles showed the highest HER activity, with the overpotential of 124 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2, since raw Ni-P/CP had the overpotential of 179 mV (Fig. 2a). And then, the current density for Ni-P/CP after CV 20 cycles was maintained at approximately 80.4% at −0.2 VRHE for 6 hours, while raw Ni-P/CP maintained a current density of 35.6%. It is presumably because the nickel atoms can use enough electrons for the HER, which is provided from well –bonded phosphorus atoms [5]. References [1] M. Balat, Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to environmental and transportation problems, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 4013–4029. [2] X. Zou, Y. Zhang, Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (2015) 5148–5180. [3] K. Shinozaki, J. Zack, S. Pylypenko, B. Pivovar, S. Kocha, Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurement on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique II.Influence of Ink Formulation, Catalyst Layer Uniformity and Thickness, J. Electrochem. Soc. 162 (2015) F1384-F1396. [4] A. Kucernak, V. Sundaram, Nickel phosphide: the effect of phosphorus content on hydrogen evolution activity and corrosion resistance in acid medium, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 17435-17445. [5] Y. Pan, Y. Lin, Y. Chen, Y. Liu, C. Liu, Cobalt phosphide-based electrocatalysts: synthesis and phase catalytic activity comparison for hydrogen evolution, J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2016) 4745–4754. Figure 1

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have received much attention as a next generation energy conversion system due to the pollutant-free byproduct (water), and high efficiency. PEMFC fundamentally consists of many components such as membrane electrode assembly (MEA) gas diffusion layers (GDLs), and bipolar plates (GDLs). Among them, MEA is directly correlated to the performance and durability of PEMFC since the MEA components such as catalyst materials, supporting carbon, and an ionomer (binder) can be degraded under corrosive environment during operating Hence, it is important to develop the meticulous analysis method to diagnose the degraded condition of PEMFC; thus, fault detection have to be properly identified before severe deterioration of MEA happens. Among an in situ diagnosis tool to investigate the degraded components of MEA, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique is well-known electrochemical method to classify each resistance such as high frequency resistance (HFR, Ohmic resistance), charge transfer resistance, and Warburg impedance, separately; thus, it makes it possible to trace the degraded components of MEA. Among them, the performance of PEMFC is closely related to the activity of catalyst that is reflected as a charge transfer resistance, and therefore, usual impedance studies are mostly focused on the catalyst [1]. In fact, however, the degradation behavior of a fuel cell system is very complicated since it originated from a complex chain and combination of corrosion issues [2], such as ionomer degradation, membrane thinning, corrosion of the supporting carbon, and Pt corrosion, which are the crucial degradation factors that affect both performance and durability of PEMFC. Hence, to elaborate the impedance measurement, it is necessary to focus on the inherent properties of all components of MEA. In this context, we performed the impedance measurements under low humidity (RH 30 %) condition to emphasize the ionic resistance during PEMFC operation. By deliberately limiting the ionic conductivity, the dehydrated ionomer accentuated the influence of ionic resistance among various resistance components inside the MEA, and thus the degraded MEA can be analyzed with respect to the ionomer surrounding catalyst layer (CL), as shown in Figure 1. Moreover, the complex capacitance adopting transmission line model (TLM) circuit under non-faradaic process facilitates to investigate the double layer capacitance (EDLC) of degrading CL [3, 4] as shown in Figure 2. To verify the feasibility of this approach, we studied degradation mechanism of MEA under dehydration and cathode flooding condition, respectively, since these problems related to water management are typical issues to be solved in systemic point of view [5]. As a result, under the dehydration degradation, the increase of gas permeation induced the mixed potential formation at the anode, causing the cathode CL deterioration with surface variation of cathode CL. It could be monitored though the volume fraction of supporting carbon and ionomer. In addition, under the flooding degradation, the unbalanced current distribution caused the irregular anode deterioration, and phase differences between transported protons were reflected at horizontal aspect at low frequency region in Warburg impedance spectra. The detailed mechanism based on the aforementioned EIS measurement will be discussed in this presentation. References [1] J.-R. Kim, J.S. Yi, T.-W. Song, Journal of Power Sources, 220 (2012) 54-64. [2] M. Kandidayeni, A. Macias F, L. Boulon, S. Kelouwani, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68 (2019) 11462-11472. [3] D. Malevich, B.R. Jayasankar, E. Halliop, J.G. Pharoah, B.A. Peppley, K. Karan, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159 (2012) F888-F895. [4] S. Yoon, J.H. Jang, B.H. Ka, S.M. Oh, Electrochimica Acta, 50 (2005) 2255-2262. [5] V.A. Sethuraman, J.W. Weidner, A.T. Haug, L.V. Protsailo, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 155 (2008) B119-B124. Figure 1

Herein, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis is performed under low-relative humidity conditions (RH30) to use the transmission line model (TLM) to emphasize ionic resistance in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In particular, EIS measurement under RH30 based on the TLM (TLM-RH30) facilitates a focus on the inherent properties of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) by deliberately limiting and separating the proton conductivity from the complicated impedance circuits. To verify the feasibility of TLM-RH30 in EIS analysis, the dehydration degradation test of a PEMFC is performed under RH 30% for more than 600 h. From the electrochemical results obtained using TLM-RH30, the degradation mechanism can be sequentially deconvoluted with respect to operating time; (i) first, an increase in ionic resistance occurs, followed by (ii) membrane thinning and (iii) reverse current decay inducing severe cathode deterioration due to carbon corrosion. The sequential degradation mechanism under dehydration is also supported by the surface analysis results of deteriorated MEAs using SEM TEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS. It is notable that EIS analysis adopting TLM-RH30 enable an accurate diagnosis by establishing the sequential degradation causes in each MEA component, such as the ionomer, membrane, and catalyst layer, in a PEMFC.

With regard to increasing energy consumption, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has received lots of attention due to its pollutant-free fuel and byproduct (water). There are lots of works to improve the performance and stability of PEMFC, however, there remains unsolved problem of long-term durability directly related to cost, which are caused by the corrosive environments inside the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). In particular, both electrochemical corrosion and chemical deterioration result in a fast degradation of PEMFC, especially under the specific degradation conditions such as fuel starvation, flooding, dehydration, and on-off cycle. Among them, a study on dehydration condition becomes the most important as next-generation fuel cell system demands high temperature (low RH) in stack operation for better tolerance to CO and the simplified water management systems in PEMFC [1]. However, the previously reported degradation mechanisms under dehydration are mostly focused on the membrane decay and the electrochemical analyses were too conventional to elucidate the mechanism. Hence, in the present study we aim at performing sequential deconvolution of the degradation mechanism of PEMFC operating at 300 mA cm-2 under low humidity of RH 30%. During the dehydration degradation process, we conducted electrochemical measurements under both humidity condition: normal condition (RH 100%) and dry condition (RH 30%). In particular, electrochemical measurement under low humidity condition allows us to exclude the influence of the water as a proton transport medium (See Figure 1(a)) and subdivide specific resistance components from the profile of the Nyquist plots by increasing the ionic resistance deliberately in order to focus on only the intrinsic properties of membrane itself as shown in Figure 1(b). As shown in Figure 2(a-b), the current density at 0.7 V of cell voltage under RH 100 % condition decreases from 620.0 to 518.8 cm-2 during initial 300 h of degradation test and additional 300 h of procedure causes additional 17.2% decrement with the increase of charge transfer resistance. Even though these results show the degraded MEA under corrosive condition, these are not enough to identify the successive degradation components. As shown in Figure 2(c), the i-V curves measured under RH 30 % shows the performance also decrease during initial 300 h of degradation process with the increase of ionic resistance from 1.15 to 3.15 ohm cm2. However, after additional 300 h (total 600 h) the abnormal phenomenon showing the temporarily improved performance was confirmed with the decrease of ionic resistance from 3.15 to 1.9 ohm cm2 as shown in Figure 2(d). The unique characteristic could seem to be induced by a shorten proton diffusion path by the membrane thinning [2]. After operating at 300 mA cm-2 for more than 600 h at RH 30%, TEM surface analyses were conducted. As shown in Figure 3(a-e), the Pt particles were grown more largely on cathode than anode, which implies that reverse current decay (cathode carbon corrosion) occurs even in the dehydration degradation. In summary, the degradation mechanism under dehydration can be separately identified in sequential order: (1) ionomer degradation, (2) membrane thinning, and (3) reverse current decay. References [1] V.A. Sethuraman, J.W. Weidner, A.T. Haug, L.V. Protsailo, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 155 (2008) B119-B124. [2] X.-Z. Yuan, S. Zhang, H. Wang, J. Wu, J.C. Sun, R. Hiesgen, K.A. Friedrich, M. Schulze, A. Haug, Journal of Power Sources, 195 (2010) 7594-7599. Figure 1

Due to the extra-high capacity (3860 mAhg-1) and the lowest electrochemcial equilibrium potential (-3.040 VSHE), lithium metal has been considered as a promising candidate for high-energy lithium ion battery anode [1]. However, the undesired dendrite growth results in detrimental effects in the cell performance, such as cell short-circuit, low coulombic efficiency, and dead lithium, which have hampered widespread exploits of lithium metal-based batteries. Therefore, in recent year, numerous strategies to prevent or mitigate the problematic dendrite growth, including protective layers on Li metal surface, solid electrolytes, artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and so forth has been reported. Among them, one of the effective methods is to provide heterogeneous lithiophilic nucleation sites on the surface of current collectors as first suggested by Yan et al., [2]. They found that heterogeneous metal seeds, which have solubility of lithium in binary phase diagram, could induce selective deposition of lithium on its surface. Recently, Hou et al., reported lithiophilic Ag nanoparticles as nucleation sites by using electroless deposition for stable electrodeposition of lithium [3]. However, from a heterogeneous nucleation point of view, the morphology of electrodeposited lithium metal will be strongly affected by uniformity of nucleation seed layers, in other words, the more uniform distribution of nucleation seeds, the more stable morphology of lithium. In this study, we introduce a thermal evaporation method to deposit Ag nanoparticles as well-distributed nucleation sites. The Ag seeds with various evaporation thicknesses (1, 3 and 5 nm) were deposited on the commercial copper foils (thickness ≈ 25 um) to study the effect of evaporation thickness on the morphology of electrodeposited lithium metal. To electrodeposit lithium on Ag-seeded Cu foil and investigate the electrochemical properties of deposited Li metal electrodes, CR 2032-type coin cells were assembled in an Ar-filled glove box (CE: Li strip, WE: Ag-seeded Cu foil, and Celgard separator). We used 1M lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (LiTFSI) dissolved in 1,3-dioxolane/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DOL/DME, 1:1 by volume) as electrolyte without any additives. Figure 1 shows SEM surface morphologies of a pristine copper foil and Ag-seeded Cu foils with different evaporation thicknesses of Ag. After evaporation of Ag 1 nm on the pristine Cu foil (Fig. 1-(a)), it is showed that nano-sized Ag particles uniformly distributed on the surface of Cu foil (Fig. 1-(b)). In addition, from Fig. 1-(b) to Fig. 1-(d) it is clearly confirmed that the sizes of Ag particles increased with increasing evaporation thicknesses. Figure 2 shows the morphologies of electrodeposited lithium on Ag-seeded layers with different evaporation thickness. Figure 2-(a) shows SEM image of lithium metal deposited on a pristine Cu foil, which has well-known dendritic structure. In case of electrodeposited lithium on the Ag 1 nm-seeded Cu foil (Fig. 2-(b)), it also shows dendrites on its surface although heterogeneous nucleation sites are provided. However, the morphology of lithium on the Ag-3nm seeded Cu foil has distinct differences in shape and size of lithium deposits (Fig. 2-(c)). The width size of lithium deposits was smaller than those of Ag 1 nm-seeded Cu foil and pristine Cu foil, and they have interlacing vine-like structure. Further increased evaporation thickness of Ag nucleation layer to 5 nm leads to large morphological changes of electrodeposited lithium metal (Fig. 2-(d)). It shows highly dense structure with less pore and flat surface, meaning that dendrite-free lithium film was deposited. In summary, we used thermally evaporated Ag nanoparticles as heterogeneous nucleation sites to electroplate uniform lithium metal. From the results, it was concluded that through a facile thermal evaporation controllable and well-distributed heterogeneous nucleation metal seeds can be formed on the commercial Cu current collectors, leading to a dendrite-free deposition of lithium. References [1] X.-B Cheng, R. Zhang, C. -Z. Zhao, and Q. Zhang, “Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries : A Review,” Chem. Rev, 117, 10403, 2017. [2] K. Yan, Z. Lu, H. -W Lee, F. Xiong, P. -C. Hsu, Y. Li, J. Zhao, S. Chu and Y. Cui, “Selective Deposition and Stable Encapsulation of Lithium throuh Heterogeneous Seeded Growth,” Nature Energy, 1, 16010, 2016. [3] Z. Hou, Y. Yu, W. Wang, X. Zhao, Q. Di, Q. Chen, W. Chen, Y. Liu, and Z. Quan, “Lithiophilic Ag Nanoparticle layer on Cu Current Collector toward Stable Li Metal Anode,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 8148, 2019. Figure 1